Background
Methods
Recruitment and ethical approval
Participants
Instruments
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Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales [11]. The PSYRATS is a 17-item, five-point scale (0–4), multidimensional measure of delusions and auditory hallucinations. Symptoms from the previous week were rated. Two scores were obtained: Auditory Hallucinations Scale (11 items) and Delusions Scale (6 items). The items for auditory hallucinations are: frequency, duration, location, loudness, beliefs about origin, negative content, intensity of negative content, amount of distress, intensity of distress, disruption of life and control. The items for delusions are: amount of preoccupation, duration of preoccupation, conviction, amount of distress, intensity of distress and disruption of life. The original English version of the PSYRATS was independently translated by two mother tongue French-speaking members of our workgroup and compared until full agreement was found. The translation was authorized by the main author of the original version.
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Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) [1, 26, 27]. The PANSS is a 30-item, seven point (1–7) rating instrument used for the assessment of phenomena associated with schizophrenia. Symptoms from the previous two weeks were rated. Seventy-five participants included in two studies were assessed using the items of the positive symptoms scale, and the anxiety (G2) and depression (G6) items of the general psychopathology scale.
Statistical analysis
Results
Inter-rater reliability
Inter-relationships items
PSYRATS hallucination factor analysis
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | 0.93 | |||
Duration | 0.44 | |||
Location | 0.78 | |||
Loudness | 0.78 | |||
Origin of voice | 0.81 | |||
Amount of negative content | 0.86 | |||
Degree of negative content | 0.76 | |||
Amount of distress | 0.93 | |||
Intensity of distress | 0.79 | |||
Disruption to life | 0.72 | |||
Controllability | 0.54 | |||
Eigenvalues | 4.1 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.0 |
Cumulative percentage of variance | 37.6 | 52.0 | 62.5 | 71.9 |
PSYRATS delusion factor analysis
1 | 2 | |
---|---|---|
Amount of preoccupation | 0.76 | |
Duration of preoccupation | 0.74 | |
Conviction | 0.41 | |
Amount of distress | 0.74 | |
Intensity of distress | 0.73 | |
Disruption to life | 0.65 | |
Eigenvalues | 2.3 | 1.5 |
Cumulative percentage of variance | 38.5 | 63.3 |
Convergent validity: relationships with other measures of symptoms
PANSS P3 Hallucination (N = 39) | |
---|---|
Frequency | 0.42** |
Duration | 0.33* |
Location | 0.07 |
Loudness | 0.30 |
Origin of voice | 0.46** |
Amount of negative content | 0.28 |
Degree of negative content | 0.55** |
Amount of distress | 0.33* |
Intensity of distress | 0.34* |
Disruption to life | 0.26 |
Controllability | 0.31 |
Total | 0.58** |
PANSS P1 Delusion | PANSS G6 Depression | PANSS G2 Anxiety | PANSS P5 Grandiosity | PANSS P6 Suspiciousness/persecution | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 72) | (N = 72) | (N = 72) | (N = 72) | (N = 72) | |
Amount of preoccupation | 0.41** | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.40** |
Duration of preoccupation | 0.27* | 0.13 | 0.30* | 0.16 | 0.31* |
Conviction | 0.47** | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.15 |
Amount of distress | 0.02 | 0.38** | -0.05 | -0.25* | 0.17 |
Intensity of distress | 0.13 | 0.43** | 0.17 | -0.24* | 0.14 |
Disruption to life | 0.14 | 0.31** | 0.42** | 0.07 | 0.35** |
Total PSYRATS delusion | 0.37** | 0.45** | 0.29* | -0.03 | 0.43** |