Background
Methods
Study design and subjects
Measures
Statistical analysis
Variables (n, %) | Prevalence of nocturnal awakening n (%) | Univariate regression models OR (95% CI) |
Pvalue |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics
| |||
Age (years) | <.001 | ||
5-6 (2534, 12.4%) | 196 (7.7) | 1.00 | |
7- (3781, 18.6%) | 343 (9.1) | 1.19 (0.99-1.43) | .063 |
8- (3817, 18.7%) | 351 (9.2) | 1.18 (0.98-1.42) | .074 |
9- (3781, 18.2%) | 377 (10.0) | 1.32 (1.10-1.58) | .002 |
10- (3703, 17.1%) | 370 (10.0) | 1.32 (1.10-1.58) | 003 |
11- (2762, 13.6%) | 298 (10.9) | 1.44 (1.19-1.74) | <.001 |
Gender (%) | |||
Boys (10095, 49.5%) | 1005 (10.0) | 1.13 (1.03-1.24) | .013 |
Girls (10306, 50.5%) | 921 (8.9) | 1.00 | |
Ethnicity | |||
Han ethnic group (19346, 94.9%) | 1809 (9.4) | 1.00 | |
Minority ethnic group (1038, 5.1%) | 114 (11.0) | 1.20 (0.98-1.46) | .080 |
Socioeconomic characteristics
| |||
Family income | <.001 | ||
<800 (3903, 19.3%) | 567 (14.5) | 2.57 (2.22-2.98) | <.001 |
800-2500 (11460, 56.6%) | 1033 (9.0) | 1.50 (1.31-1.71) | <.001 |
≥2500 (4902, 24.2%) | 304 (6.2) | 1.00 | |
Family structure | <.001 | ||
Single parent family (1081, 5.3%) | 150 (13.9) | 1.53 (1.27-1.83) | <.001 |
Large family (6478, 31.7%) | 551 (8.5) | 0.88 (0.79-0.98) | .019 |
Nuclear family (12852, 63.0%) | 1226 (9.5) | 1.00 | |
Mather’s education level | <.001 | ||
Low (5687, 28.2%) | 853 (15.0) | 2.91 (2.58-3.28) | <.001 |
Medium (6716, 33.3%) | 589 (8.8) | 1.58 (1.39-1.80) | <.001 |
High (7741, 38.4%) | 443 (5.7) | 1.00 | |
Father’s education level | <.001 | ||
Low (4884, 24.0%) | 764 (15.6) | 2.86 (2.54-3.22) | <.001 |
Medium (6969, 34.2%) | 639 (9.2) | 1.56 (1.38-1.76) | <.001 |
High (8538, 41.9%) | 520 (6.1) | 1.00 | |
Biological chronic health problems
| |||
Overweight/obesity | |||
Yes (4119, 20.6%) | 660 (16.2) | 1.87 (1.42-2.48) | <.001 |
No (15878, 79.4%) | 1471 (9.3) | 1.00 | |
Chronic pain during night | |||
Yes (1362, 6.7%) | 299 (22.0) | 3.03 (2.64-3.47) | <.001 |
No (18995, 93.3%) | 1616 (8.5) | 1.00 | |
History of ADHD diagnosis | |||
Yes (921, 4.5%) | 151 (16.4) | 1.95 (1.63-2.34) | <.001 |
No (19568, 95.5%) | 1787 (9.1) | 1.00 | |
Chronic respiratory condition | |||
Yes (7000, 34.2%) | 754 (10.8) | 1.26 (1.14-1.39) | <.001 |
No (13457, 65.8%) | 1178 (8.8) | 1.00 | |
Food/drug allergy | |||
Yes (1160, 5.7%) | 122 (10.5) | 1.13 (0.93-1.38) | .046 |
No (19331, 94.3%) | 1816 (9.4) | 1.00 | |
Psychosocial condition
| |||
Poor mental and emotional condition | |||
Yes (6856, 33.4%) | 844 (12.3) | 1.61 (1.46-1.77) | <.001 |
No (13649, 66.6%) | 1097 (8.0) | 1.00 | |
Poor peer acceptance/social functioning | |||
Yes (5685, 27.7%) | 663 (11.7) | 1.40 (1.27-1.55) | <.001 |
No (14820, 72.3%) | 1278 (8.6) | 1.00 | |
Poor parenthood | |||
Yes (6495, 31.7%) | 762 (11.7) | 1.45 (1.31-1.59) | <.001 |
No (14010, 68.35%) | 1179 (8.4) | 1.00 | |
Sleep environments
| |||
Sleep arrangements | .215 | ||
Bed-sharing (4817, 23.5%) | 477 (9.9) | 1.09 (0.97-1.22) | .145 |
Room-sharing (3035, 14.8%) | 302 (10.0) | 1.09 (0.96-1.25) | .192 |
Sleeping alone (12653, 61.7%) | 1162 (9.2) | 1.00 | |
Bedroom intrusive noise | |||
Yes (861, 4.2%) | 112 (13.0) | 1.46 (1.19-1.79) | <.001 |
No (19577, 95.8%) | 1821 (9.3) | 1.00 | |
Bedroom intrusive light | |||
Yes (2173, 10.6%) | 279 (13.0) | 1.51 (1.32-1.72) | <.001 |
No (17880, 89.4%) | 1660 (9.1) | 1.00 | |
Bedtime hygiene
| |||
Having drinks with caffeine after 6:00 pm | |||
Usually/often (7935, 38.8%) | 892 (11.2) | 1.39 (1.27-1.53) | <.001 |
Occasionally/never (12512, 61.2%) | 1043 (8.3) | 1.00 | |
Dong exciting activities before bedtime | |||
Usually/often (6092, 29.8%) | 758 (12.4) | 1.59 (1.44-1.75) | <.001 |
Occasionally/never (14331, 70.2%) | 1179 (8.2) | 1.00 | |
Bedtime resistance | |||
Yes (14421, 71.7%) | 1528 (10.6) | 1.65 (1.47-1.85) | <.001 |
No (5690, 28.3%) | 382 (6.7) | 1.00 | |
Irregular bedtime | |||
Yes (5952, 29.1%) | 653 (11.0) | 1.27 (1.15-1.40) | <.001 |
No (14518, 70.8%) | 1285 (8.9) | 1.00 | |
Family history of insomnia
| |||
Grandparents’ history of insomnia | |||
Yes (1778, 8.7%) | 179 (10.1) | 1.08 (0.92-1.27) | .365 |
No (18727, 91.3%) | 1762 (9.4) | 1.00 | |
Parents’ history of insomnia | |||
Yes (3369, 16.4%) | 455 (13.5) | 1.64 (1.47-1.84) | <.001 |
No (17136, 83.6%) | 1486 (8.7) | 1.00 |
Variables | Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Pvalue | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Pvalue | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Pvalue | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Pvalue | |
Biological health problems
| ||||||||
Overweight/obesity vs. none | 1.89 (1.40-2.55) | <.001 | 1.80 (1.32-2.44) | <.001 | 1.78 (1.31-2.42) | <.001 | 1.70 (1.25-2.35) | <.001 |
Chronic pain during night vs. none | 2.87 (2.48-3.32) | <.001 | 2.67 (2.29-3.10) | <.001 | 2.60 (2.24-3.02) | <.001 | 2.47 (2.12-2.88) | <.001 |
History of ADHD diagnosis vs. none | 1.56 (1.28-1.89) | <.001 | 1.29 (1.05-1.59) | .014 | 1.25 (1.02-1.54) | .033 | 1.20 (0.98-1.49) | .078 |
Chronic respiratory condition vs. none | 1.42 (1.28-1.57) | <.001 | 1.27 (1.14-1.41) | <.001 | 1.25 (1.12-1.39) | <.001 | 1.23 (1.10-1.37) | <.001 |
Food/drug allergy vs. none | 1.17 (0.95-1.44) | .147 | 0.98 (0.78-1.21) | .824 | 0.97 (0.78-1.20) | .759 | 0.99 (0.80-1.23) | .916 |
Psychosocial condition
| ||||||||
Poor mental and emotional condition | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
Yes vs. no | 1.53 (1.41-1.71) | 1.36 (1.25-1.53) | 1.35 (1.21-1.53) | 1.34 (1.20-1.49) | ||||
Poor peer acceptance/social functioning | <.001 | .107 | .113 | .110 | ||||
Yes vs. no | 1.22 (1.10-1.34) | 1.07 (0.96-1.20) | 1.06 (0.96-1.21) | 1.06 (0.98-1.22) | ||||
Poor parenthood | <.001 | .008 | .018 | .063 | ||||
Yes vs. no | 1.35 (1.23-1.50) | 1.16 (1.05-1.28) | 1.13 (1.01-1.26) | 1.12 (1.00-1.23) | ||||
Family history of insomnia
| ||||||||
Grandparents’ history of insomnia | .227 | .851 | .705 | .506 | ||||
Yes vs. no | 1.11 (0.94-1.32) | 0.98 (0.82-1.18) | 0.97 (0.81-1.56) | 0.96 (0.82-1.14) | ||||
Parents’ history of insomnia | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
Yes vs. no | 1.52 (1.35-1.71) | 1.34 (1.18-1.51) | 1.34 (1.18-1.52) | 1.31 (1.15-1.48) |
Variables | Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Pvalue | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Pvalue | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Pvalue | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Pvalue | |
Sleep environments
| ||||||||
Sleep arrangements | .118 | .141 | .859 | .741 | ||||
Bed-sharing vs. sleeping alone | 1.14 (1.01-1.29) | .039 | 1.13 (1.00-1.28) | .050 | 0.99 (0.88-1.13) | .927 | 0.97 (0.86-1.10) | .548 |
Room-sharing vs. sleeping alone | 1.05 (0.92-1.22) | .467 | 1.06 (0.92-1.22) | .424 | 1.04 (0.90-1.20) | .620 | 1.04 (0.90-1.21) | .514 |
Bedroom intrusive noise vs. none | 1.13 (0.91-1.40) | .286 | 1.12 (0.90-1.39) | .326 | 1.09 (0.87-1.36) | .462 | 1.01 (0.81-1.27) | .9207 |
Bedroom intrusive light vs. none | 1.23 (1.06-1.42) | .006 | 1.22 (1.05-1.41) | .009 | 1.18 (1.01-1.37) | .032 | 1.15 (1.00-1.34) | .069 |
Bedtime hygiene
| ||||||||
Having caffeine drinks after 6:00pm | <.001 | <.001 | .002 | .054 | ||||
Usually/often vs. occasionally/no | 1.28 (1.16-1.41) | 1.27 (1.15-1.40) | 1.18 (1.07-1.30) | 1.12 (0.99-1.24) | ||||
Doing exciting activities before bedtime | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
Usually/often vs. occasionally/no | 1.43 (1.29-1.58) | 1.41 (1.27-1.56) | 1.31 (1.18-1.46) | 1.24 (1.10-1.39) | ||||
Bedtime resistance vs. none | 1.59 (1.41-1.80) | <.001 | 1.57 (1.39-1.78) | <.001 | 1.57 (1.37-1.80) | <.001 | 1.42 (1.24-1.63) | <.001 |
Irregular bedtime vs. none | 1.12 (1.01-1.24) | .041 | 1.11 (1.00-1.23) | .057 | 0.92 (0.82-1.03) | .154 | 0.91 (0.81-1.02) | .075 |
Results
Prevalence of FNA
Predisposing factors of FNA by logistical analyses
The impacts of FNA on subject sleep quality/quantity and daytime sleepiness
Model I | Model II | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Pvalue | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Pvalue | |
Nocturnal awakening and subject sleep quality (poor vs. good) | ||||
Nocturnal awakening | 1.46 (1.32-1.61) | <.001 | 1.24 (1.10-1.40) | <.001 |
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Nocturnal awakening and subject sleep amount (insufficiency vs. sufficiency) | ||||
Nocturnal awakening | 1.48 (1.34-1.63) | <.001 | 1.21 (1.06-1.41) | .007 |
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Nocturnal awakening and daytime sleepiness (daytime sleepiness vs. none) | ||||
Nocturnal awakening | 1.64 (1.48-1.82) | <.001 | 1.35 (1.21-1.53) | <.001 |
None | 1.00 | 1.00 |