Background
Methods
Data source
Dependent variables- mental disorders
Independent variables
Covariates
Statistical analyses
Results
Childhood abuse frequency by gender
Variable | Men | Women | P-value | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95 % CIa | % | 95 % CI | |||
Physical abuse | <0.001 | |||||
Never | 26.48 | 26.02–27.54 | 32.46 | 31.72–33.21 | ||
1–2 times | 10.29 | 9.72–10.89 | 9.67 | 9.07–10.31 | ||
3–5 times | 7.30 | 6.78–7.86 | 4.50 | 4.13–4.90 | ||
6–10 times | 2.99 | 2.69–3.31 | 2.14 | 1.89–2.42 | ||
> 10 times | 1.93 | 1.64–2.27 | 1.94 | 1.64–2.30 | ||
All | 100.0 % | |||||
Sexual abuse |
<0.001
| |||||
Never | 45.94 | 45.56–46.33 | 43.25 | 42.77–43.72 | ||
1–2 times | 1.89 | 1.64–2.17 | 4.34 | 3.99–4.71 | ||
3–5 times | 0.42 | 0.31–0.56 | 1.39 | 1.15–1.67 | ||
6–10 times | 0.34 | 0.23–0.51 | 1.11 | 0.93–1.34 | ||
> 10 times | 0.69 | 0.51–0.94 | 0.63 | 0.47–0.85 | ||
All | 100.0 % | |||||
Exposure to interpersonal violence | <0.001 | |||||
Never | 42.04 | 41.40–42.68 | 42.89 | 42.32–43.45 | ||
1–2 times | 3.70 | 3.29–4.15 | 3.46 | 3.10–3.86 | ||
3–5 times | 1.09 | 0.91–1.30 | 1.46 | 1.23–1.74 | ||
6–10 times | 0.49 | 0.37–0.64 | 0.57 | 0.45–0.72 | ||
> 10 times | 1.79 | 1.51–2.13 | 2.52 | 2.16–2.94 | ||
All | 100.0 % | |||||
Any abuse | <0.001 | |||||
Never | 25.30 | 24.53–26.08 | 29.25 | 28.52–29.99 | ||
1–2 times | 10.19 | 9.64–10.77 | 9.52 | 8.95–10.12 | ||
3–5 times | 7.47 | 6.95–8.03 | 5.50 | 5.07–5.96 | ||
6–10 times | 3.66 | 3.33–4.02 | 3.12 | 2.77–3.50 | ||
> 10 times | 2.67 | 3.33–3.06 | 3.33 | 2.96–3.75 | ||
All | 100.0 % |
Socio-demographic variables by different types of childhood abuse
Selected characteristics | Physical abuse (%) | Sexual abuse (%) | Exposure to interpersonal violence (%) | Any abuse (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes |
P
| No | Yes |
P
| No | Yes |
P
| No | Yes |
P
| |
Age | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
18–24 | 13.57 | 8.56 | 12.26 | 4.92 | 11.88 | 9.38 | 13.94 | 8.67 | ||||
25–44 | 33.15 | 36.25 | 35.00 | 30.40 | 33.76 | 39.30 | 32.97 | 36.13 | ||||
45–64 | 33.02 | 39.96 | 34.75 | 45.71 | 35.39 | 39.41 | 32.67 | 39.62 | ||||
65+ | 20.26 | 15.23 | 17.99 | 18.97 | 18.97 | 11.92 | 20.42 | 15.58 | ||||
Gender | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.100 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Male | 45.20 | 55.21 | 51.51 | 30.90 | 49.50 | 46.87 | 46.37 | 52.78 | ||||
Female | 54.80 | 44.79 | 48.49 | 69.10 | 50.50 | 53.13 | 53.63 | 47.22 | ||||
Marital Status | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.418 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Married/Common law | 56.76 | 64.92 | 59.71 | 63.22 | 63.28 | 62.46 | 55.99 | 65.00 | ||||
Single | 30.64 | 21.69 | 27.95 | 19.11 | 23.38 | 22.85 | 31.65 | 21.41 | ||||
Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 12.59 | 13.38 | 12.34 | 17.68 | 13.34 | 14.70 | 12.36 | 13.58 | ||||
Income | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
< 15,000 | 25.97 | 17.99 | 22.38 | 24.09 | 19.05 | 23.51 | 26.40 | 18.32 | ||||
15,000–29,999 | 21.53 | 20.49 | 20.44 | 26.21 | 21.37 | 23.87 | 20.87 | 21.32 | ||||
30,000–49,999 | 23.12 | 24.03 | 23.58 | 22.95 | 24.72 | 22.02 | 23.21 | 23.84 | ||||
50,000–69,999 | 13.66 | 16.12 | 14.85 | 13.53 | 15.58 | 14.10 | 13.76 | 15.75 | ||||
70,000–89,999 | 7.39 | 9.58 | 8.58 | 6.29 | 8.66 | 8.75 | 7.21 | 9.56 | ||||
90,000+ | 8.34 | 11.79 | 10.17 | 6.94 | 10.62 | 7.76 | 8.55 | 11.21 | ||||
Education | <0.001 | 0.039 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Less than secondary | 21.84 | 12.72 | 18.21 | 17.35 | 14.17 | 16.89 | 22.28 | 13.13 | ||||
Secondary graduation | 16.39 | 14.87 | 16.06 | 13.36 | 16.37 | 16.83 | 16.45 | 14.95 | ||||
Some post secondary | 6.80 | 7.58 | 6.96 | 8.40 | 6.45 | 8.97 | 6.53 | 7.81 | ||||
Post secondary | 54.97 | 64.83 | 58.77 | 60.90 | 63.01 | 57.30 | 54.73 | 64.11 | ||||
Place of residence | 0.181 | 0.236 | 0.143 | 0.404 | ||||||||
Urban | 81.94 | 83.24 | 82.63 | 81.15 | 82.19 | 84.00 | 82.12 | 82.90 | ||||
Rural | 18.06 | 16.76 | 17.37 | 18.85 | 17.81 | 16.00 | 17.88 | 17.10 | ||||
Immigrant | 0.218 | <0.001 | 0.161 | 0.054 | ||||||||
Yes | 25.67 | 24.39 | 25.76 | 20.01 | 25.45 | 27.47 | 26.05 | 24.07 | ||||
No | 74.33 | 75.61 | 74.24 | 79.99 | 74.55 | 72.53 | 73.95 | 75.93 |
Prevalence of selected mental disorders by gender
Selected mental disorders | Men | Women | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95 % CIa | % | 95 % CI | ||
Internalizing disorders lifetime | |||||
Bipolar disorder | 2.71 | 2.33–3.16 | 2.53 | 2.11–3.03 | 0.559 |
Depression | 8.49 | 7.73–9.32 | 14.05 | 13.10–15.06 | <0.001 |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 6.04 | 5.46–6.68 | 11.32 | 10.42–12.28 | <0.001 |
Hypomania | 1.81 | 1.50–2.18 | 1.69 | 1.35–2.12 | 0.658 |
Mania | 2.71 | 2.32–3.15 | 2.53 | 2.11–3.03 | 0.574 |
Mood disorder | 10.03 | 9.20–10.93 | 15.06 | 14.09–16.10 | <0.001 |
Any kind of internalizing disorders | 12.75 | 11.85–13.70 | 20.47 | 19.31–21.69 | <0.001 |
Internalizing disorders 12-month | |||||
Bipolar disorder | 1.58 | 1.28–1.96 | 1.44 | 1.13–1.82 | 0.551 |
Depression | 3.62 | 3.17–4.14 | 5.79 | 5.15–6.52 | <0.001 |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.95 | 1.62–2.35 | 3.17 | 2.75–3.64 | <0.001 |
Hypomania | 0.98 | 0.74–1.30 | 0.74 | 0.55–0.99 | 0.176 |
Mania | 0.91 | 0.68–1.21 | 1.11 | 0.85–1.45 | 0.312 |
Mood disorder | 4.37 | 3.86–4.95 | 6.41 | 5.74–7.16 | <0.001 |
Any kind of internalizing disorders | 5.24 | 4.67–5.87 | 7.71 | 7.00–8.49 | <0.001 |
Externalizing disorders lifetime | |||||
Alcohol abuse or dependence | 26.60 | 25.28–27.97 | 9.83 | 9.08–10.64 | <0.001 |
Drug abuse or dependence | 11.64 | 10.70–12.66 | 5.56 | 4.99–6.20 | <0.001 |
Any kind of externalizing disorders | 30.36 | 28.96–31.80 | 12.24 | 11.37–13.16 | <0.001 |
Externalizing disorders 12-month | |||||
Alcohol abuse or dependence | 4.67 | 4.09–5.34 | 1.71 | 1.42–2.04 | <0.001 |
Drug abuse or dependence | 2.51 | 2.15–2.93 | 1.07 | 0.86–1.34 | <0.001 |
Any kind of externalizing disorders | 6.19 | 5.55–6.91 | 2.42 | 2.08–2.82 | <0.001 |
Prevalence of selected mental disorders by types of childhood abuse
Selected mental disorders | Physical abuse | Sexual abuse | Exposure to parent hit other adult | Any abuse |
---|---|---|---|---|
% (95 % CI)b | % (95 % CI) | % (95 % CI) | % (95 % CI) | |
Internalizing disorders lifetime | ||||
Bipolar disorder | 3.90 (3.33–4.56) | 5.82 (4.77–7.09) | 6.55 (5.24–8.16) | 3.97 (3.43–4.59) |
Depression | 16.12 (14.98–17.34) | 11.31 (10.69–11.96) | 19.01 (16.99–21.21) | 16.42 (15.32–17.58) |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 12.72 (11.77–13.73) | 19.91 (17.76–22.25) | 15.58 (13.84–17.50) | 12.79 (11.89–13.75) |
Hypomania | 2.48 (2.03–3.03) | 3.51 (2.74–4.48) | 4.30 (3.20–5.76) | 2.51 (2.08–3.03) |
Mania | 3.88 (3.31–4.54) | 5.95 (4.89–7.23) | 6.48 (5.18–8.09) | 3.95 (3.41–4.57) |
Mood disorder | 17.97 (16.80–19.20) | 27.89 (25.27–30.67) | 22.20 (20.05–24.52) | 18.32 (17.19–19.50) |
Any kind of internalizing disorders | 23.25 (21.97–24.58) | 35.17 (32.29–38.16) | 28.59 (26.24–31.07) | 23.62 (22.39–24.89) |
Internalizing disorders 12-month | ||||
Bipolar disorder | 2.45 (2.02–2.98) | 3.55 (2.72–4.63) | 3.59 (2.77–4.64) | 2.38 (1.98–2.85) |
Depression | 7.08 (6.31–7.93) | 11.40 (9.55–13.55) | 9.01 (7.64–10.59) | 6.95 (6.25–7.71) |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 3.87 (3.38–4.42) | 6.23 (5.25–7.38) | 5.28 (4.33–6.44) | 3.83 (3.37–4.35) |
Hypomania | 1.32 (1.03–1.69) | 1.68 (1.24–2.28) | 2.33 (1.71–3.17) | 1.29 (1.03–1.63) |
Mania | 1.65 (1.30–2.10) | 2.43 (1.88–3.12) | 2.33 (1.77–3.05) | 1.60 (1.27–2.00) |
Mood disorder | 8.19 (7.39–9.06) | 12.98 (11.08–15.14) | 10.69 (9.26–12.32) | 8.03 (7.31–8.81) |
Any kind of internalizing disorders | 9.66 (8.81–10.57) | 14.83 (12.88–17.03) | 12.62 (11.10–14.31) | 9.44 (8.68–10.26) |
Externalizing disorders lifetime | ||||
Alcohol abuse or dependence | 27.26 (25.82–28.75) | 24.61 (22.33–27.04) | 27.57 (25.40–29.84) | 26.19 (24.86–27.57) |
Drug abuse or dependence | 14.21 (13.02–15.49) | 16.06 (13.95–18.42) | 16.48 (14.43–18.75) | 13.56 (12.47–14.72) |
Any kind of externalizing disorder | 31.77 (30.20–33.38) | 29.69 (27.15–32.36) | 33.00 (30.50–35.60) | 30.62 (29.15–32.13) |
Externalizing disorders 12-month | ||||
Alcohol abuse or dependence | 4.40 (3.82–5.08) | 4.08 (2.99–5.54) | 4.71 (3.72–5.96) | 4.10 (3.57–4.72) |
Drug abuse or dependence | 2.50 (2.11–2.97) | 2.73 (2.02–3.68) | 3.06 (2.37–3.94) | 2.44 (2.07–2.86) |
Any kind of externalizing disorder | 5.87 (5.21–6.62) | 5.31 (4.14–6.78) | 6.67 (5.54–8.01) | 5.57 (4.96–6.24) |
Relationships between mental disorders and childhood abuse moderated by gender
Childhood abuse and mental disorders | Type of abuse | Female gender | Interactionsb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95 % CI) | P-value | OR (95 % CI) | P-value | OR (95 % CI) | P-value | |
Physical abuse | ||||||
Alcohol abuse or dependence past 12-month | 1.56 (1.16–2.09) | 0.003 | 0.29 (0.21–0.41) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.00–2.48) | 0.05 |
Alcohol abuse or dependence past 12-montha | 1.97 (1.37–2.85) | <0.001 | 0.29 (0.19–0.43) | <0.001 | 1.51 (0.87–2.59) | 0.13 |
Sexual abuse | ||||||
Alcohol abuse or dependence lifetime | 1.66 (1.30–2.12) | <0.001 | 0.26 (0.23–0.29) | <0.001 | 1.60 (1.17–2.19) | 0.003 |
Alcohol abuse or dependence lifetimea | 1.66 (1.27–2.17) | <0.001 | 0.25 (0.22–0.29) | <0.001 | 1.46 (1.04–2.04) | 0.03 |
Externalizing problems lifetime | 1.89 (1.46–2.44) | <0.001 | 0.28 (0.25–0.31) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.02–1.90) | 0.04 |
Externalizing problems lifetimea | 2.09 (1.59–2.75) | <0.001 | 0.26 (0.23–0.29) | <0.001 | 1.19 (0.85–1.67) | 0.31 |
Exposure to “parent hit other adult” | ||||||
Alcohol abuse or dependence lifetime | 1.65 (1.40–1.95) | <0.001 | 0.25 (0.22–0.29) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.20–2.06) | 0.001 |
Alcohol abuse or dependence lifetimea | 1.74 (1.45–2.08) | <0.001 | 0.26 (0.23–0.29) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.06–1.86) | 0.02 |
Externalizing problems lifetime | 1.89 (1.58–2.25) | <0.001 | 0.28 (0.25–0.31) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.04–1.76) | 0.02 |
Externalizing problems lifetimea | 2.03 (1.68–2.44) | <0.001 | 0.27 (0.24–0.31) | <0.001 | 1.19 (0.90–1.57) | 0.23 |