The rapid pandemic spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and the paucity of new, effective antibiotics are placing patients’ safety at risk worldwide [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) adopted a global action plan on antimicrobial resistance, emphasising the need to optimise the use of antibiotic agents [2]. We recently reported in Critical Care the effectiveness of Gram stain results to reduce the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics [3]. Here, we would like to report the prospective validation of the usefulness of Gram staining for antibiotic choice.
We conducted a prospective observational study from July 2016 to June 2017. Patients diagnosed as having ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), defined by a modified clinical pulmonary infection score ≥ 5, were enrolled and treated according to a Gram stain-guided antibiotic choice algorithm (Fig. 1). The primary outcome was clinical response of VAP (Additional file 1: Table S1).
Fig. 1
Algorithm of Gram stain-guided antibiotic choice. *Patients with any of the following conditions considered at high risk: antimicrobial therapy in preceding 90 days, hospital stay of 96 h or longer, chronic dialysis, immunosuppressive disease or therapy, nursing home admission, septic shock at time of ventilator-associated pneumonia or colonising MDR pathogens. GPB Gram-positive bacilli, GPC Gram-positive cocci, GNR Gram-negative rods, MDR multidrug-resistant, MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
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Nineteen patients with a median age of 65 (49–81) years were enrolled during the study period. Clinical risk factors for MDR pathogens were present in 13 (68.4%) of the VAP patients. Pathogens isolated from endotracheal aspirates are presented in Additional file 2: Table S2. The primary outcome of the clinical response rate of VAP was 68.4%, which was comparable to previous trials using broad-spectrum antibiotics in similar clinical settings (Additional file 3: Table S3). Treatment failure occurred in six patients: antibiotic therapies were continued for more than 14 days in three patients, and pneumonia relapsed within 7 days after the end of therapy in the other three patients. The administered antibiotics did not cover pathogens isolated from an endotracheal aspirate in one patient (5.3%). The algorithm proposed narrower-spectrum antibiotics in 15 patients (78.9%) than those proposed by the 2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America–American Thoracic Society VAP guidelines [4] (Fig. 2). We restricted the use of anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus agents and anti-pseudomonal agents in 12 and 10 patients, respectively.
Fig. 2
Details of administered antibiotic agents. IDSA-ATS Infectious Diseases Society of America–American Thoracic Society, MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia
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Our Gram stain-guided antibiotic choice algorithm was shown not only to safely guide appropriate initial antibiotic therapy but also to properly cure VAP. On the basis of the promising results of this study, we are conducting a multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority trial (GRam stain-guided Antibiotics ChoicE for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (GRACE-VAP)) to compare our Gram stain-guided treatment with guidelines-based treatment for patients with VAP (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03506113, registered on 29 March 2018) [5]. Because Gram staining is an inexpensive examination and is easy to perform worldwide, including in developing countries, it could be a GRACEful method to optimise the use of antibiotics safely throughout the world.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr Morimoto, Dr Ohta and Dr Nakamura for thier GRACEful effort in our research.
Funding
The authors received no financial support for the study.
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Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Osaka General Medical Center. All participants consented prior to enrolment.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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