Introduction
Methods
Study area and period
Study design
Population
Source population
Study population
Eligibility criteria
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Sample size and sampling techniques
Sample size determination
Sampling techniques
Study variables
Dependent variable
Independent variables
Operational definitions
Postpartum depression
Social support
Household asset
Data collection tool and techniques
Data collection techniques
Data quality assurance
Data processing and analysis
Results
Socio‑demographic and economic characteristics of study participants
Reproductive, obstetrics, and maternal health services utilization-related characteristics of study participants
Respondents characteristics | Categories | Frequency | Percent |
---|---|---|---|
Parity | Primiparous Multiparous | 30 399 | 7.0 93.0 |
Number of living children | 1–2 3–4 ≥ 5 | 80 179 170 | 18.6 41.7 39.6 |
State of last pregnancy | Planned Unplanned | 277 152 | 64.6 35.4 |
Place of birth | Home Health center Hospital | 73 234 122 | 17.0 54.5 28.4 |
Mode of delivery | Spontaneous vaginal delivery Episiotomy Cesarean section | 308 61 60 | 71.8 14.2 14.0 |
Birth outcome | Alive Dead | 424 5 | 98.8 1.2 |
Newborn sex | Male Female | 209 220 | 48.7 51.3 |
Complication during pregnancy | Yes No | 23 406 | 5.4 94.6 |
Complication during delivery | Yes No | 61 368 | 14.2 85.8 |
Complication after delivery | Yes No | 14 415 | 3.3 96.7 |
Hospital admission history of newborn | Yes No | 8 421 | 1.9 98.1 |
Received at least four ANC visits | Yes No | 151 278 | 35.2 64.8 |
Received at least one PNC | Yes No | 331 98 | 77.2 22.8 |
Postpartum depression and related psychosocial characteristics of study participants
Health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) of the participants
Factors associated with health-related quality of life
Variables | Categories | HRQoL | COR(95% CI) | P value | AOR(95% CI) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | High | ||||||
Age of respondents | 17–24 | 72 | 34 | 0.51 (0.23–1.12) | 0.096 | 0.50 (0.19–1.26) | 0.145 |
25–34 | 199 | 68 | 0.71 (0.35–1.46) | 0.358 | 0.81 (0.34–1.89) | 0.630 | |
35–45 | 45 | 11 | 1 | 1 | |||
Mothers education | No formal education | 18 | 113 | 3.24 (1.46–7.2) | 0.004 | 3.44 (1.35–8.74) | 0.009* |
Primary | 24 | 73 | 1.57(0.72–3.41) | 0.252 | 1.49 (0.59–3.76) | ||
Secondary | 56 | 101 | 0.93(0.46–1.88) | 0.847 | 0.48 (0.20–1.15) | 0.398 | |
Above secondary | 15 | 29 | 1 | 1 | 0.102 | ||
Husband occupation | Daily laborers | 12 | 1 | 4.38 (0.56–34.2) | 0.159 | 4.72 (0.46–4.84) | 0.191 |
Gov’t employee | 39 | 14 | 1.01 (0.56–1.96) | 0.959 | 1.31 (0.56–3.09) | 0.526 | |
Private employee | 35 | 12 | 1.06 (0.52–2.14) | 0.860 | 1.36 (0.49–3.78) | 0.553 | |
Farmer | 230 | 84 | 1 | 1 | |||
Residence | Urban | 27 | 17 | 0.52 (0.27–1.01) | 0.054 | 0.27 (0.10–0.74) | 0.011* |
Rural | 289 | 96 | 1 | 1 | |||
Baby care assistance | Yes No | 73 243 | 36 77 | 0.64 (0.40–1.03) 1 | 0.068 | 0.90 (0.49–1.64) 1 | 0.744 |
Household asset | Lowest | 132 | 19 | 3.08 (1.69–5.613) | 0.001 | 5.68 (2.74–11.76) | 0.001* |
Middle | 87 | 51 | 0.75 (0.45–1.24) | 0.272 | 1 | 0.764 | |
Highest | 97 | 43 | 1 | 0.91 (0.50–1.65) | |||
Perceived social support | Poor | 151 | 34 | 2.43 (1.29–4.567) | 0.006 | 2.23 (1.02–4.89) | 0.043* |
Moderate | 123 | 56 | 1.20 (0.66–2.18) | 0.545 | 0.94 (0.44–1.98) | 0.882 | |
Strong | 42 | 23 | 1 | 1 | |||
Postpartum depression | Depressed Not depressed | 92 224 | 17 96 | 2.319 (1.31–4.10) 1 | 0.004 | 2.99 (1.52–5.86) 1 | 0.001* |
Mode of delivery | Cesarean section | 55 | 5 | 4.55 (1.77–11.68) | 0.002 | 3.18(1.09–9.26) | 0.034* |
Vaginal delivery | 261 | 108 | 1 | 1 | |||
Newborn sex | Male | 160 | 49 | 1.34 (0.86–2.06) | 0.185 | 1.11 (0.66–1.88) | 0.678 |
Female | 156 | 64 | 1 | 1 | |||
Complication after delivery | Yes | 10 | 4 | 0.89 (0.27, 2.89) | 0.84 | 2.32 (0.91–5.89) | 0.077 |
No | 306 | 109 | 1 | 1 | |||
Complication during delivery | Yes | 53 | 8 | 2.64 (1.21–5.75) | 0.014 | 2.32 (0.91–5.89) | 0.077 |
No | 263 | 105 | 1 | 1 | |||
ANC visits ≥ 4 | Yes | 104 | 47 | 0.68 (0.44–1.07) | 0.098 | 0.56 (0.33–0.95) | 0.032* |
No | 212 | 66 | 1 | ||||
Received at least one PNC | Yes | 235 | 96 | 0.51 (0.28–0.91) | 0.023 | 0.30 (0.14–0.62) | 0.001* |
No | 81 | 17 | 1 | 1 | |||
Pregnancy state | Planned | 198 | 79 | 0.72 (0.45–1.14) | 0.167 | 0.62 (0.35–1.08) | 0.092 |
Unplanned | 118 | 34 | 1 | 1 |