Background
Methods
Eligibility criteria
Search strategy
Selection of sources of evidence
Data charting process
Data synthesis
Results
Study characteristics
Measuring cognitive decline
Predictors of cognitive decline assessed by > 1 study
Predictor of cognitive decline | # of studies assessing predictor | References | Cumulative sample size | # of studies with predictor as a risk factor | # of studies showing no association with predictor | # of studies with predictor as a protective factor | # of studies using multivariate analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cluster 1: Comorbidities | Dementia | 9 | 299 469 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 8 | |
Depression† | 8 | 299 436 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 5 | ||
Hypertension | 5 | 269 084 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 4 | ||
Full-syndromal delirium | 4 | 1 719 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 | ||
Pain | 4 | 323 832 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | ||
Sensory impairment | 4 | 6 805 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | ||
Chronic lung disease | 3 | 268 584 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | ||
Diabetes† | 3 | 267 647 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | ||
Parkinsonism | 3 | 268 584 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | ||
SARS-CoV-2 infection | 3 | 673 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | ||
# of health conditions | 3 | 10 984 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | ||
Arthritis | 2 | 267 305 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | ||
Cancer | 2 | 267 280 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | ||
Depression with dementia | 2 | 454 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Elevated arterial stiffness | 2 | 1 555 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | ||
Incontinence | 2 | 2 583 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Physical frailty | 2 | 275 648 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | ||
Pressure ulcers | 2 | 2 583 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | ||
Stroke | 2 | 267 305 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||
Subsyndromal Delirium | 2 | 350 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | ||
Cluster 2: Functional and Behavioural | ADL independence | 4 | 32 670 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | |
Physical restraints | 4 | 114 167 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | ||
Behavioural problems | 3 | 19 387 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | ||
Social engagement | 3 | 114 320 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | ||
Aggression | 2 | 1 330 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
BMI | 2 | 2 583 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
COVID-19 lockdown | 2 | 533 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | ||
Falls | 2 | 2 583 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Malnutrition | 2 | 2 527 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Weight loss | 2 | 1 337 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cluster 3: Medications | Antipsychotics | 6 | 399 118 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | |
Antidepressants | 4 | 287 336 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | ||
Polypharmacy | 3 | 5 961 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | ||
BZD/Z drugs | 2 | 266 227 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | ||
Cluster 4: Demographic Information | Older age† | 6 | 308 972 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 5 | |
Female Gender† | 3 | 297 359 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
Marital status | 2 | 31 358 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | ||
Racial minority | 2 | 267 305 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Predictors of cognitive decline assessed by 1 study
Predictor of cognitive decline | References | Sample Size | Risk factor, protective factor, or no association | Use of multivariate analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cluster 1: Comorbidities | Anxiety | [15] | 266 001 | No association | Yes |
Coronary artery disease | [7] | 1 304 | No association | No | |
Epilepsy | [15] | 266 001 | Risk | Yes | |
Heart failure | [15] | 266 001 | No association | Yes | |
Hip fracture | [15] | 266 001 | Risk | Yes | |
History of depression | [13] | 313 | No association | Yes | |
Infection related hospitalization | [44] | 20 698 | Risk | Yes | |
Medical instability | [9] | 33 | No association | No | |
Multiple sclerosis | [15] | 266 001 | No association | Yes | |
Osteoporosis | [15] | 266 001 | No association | Yes | |
Pulse pressure amplification | [17] | 682 | No association | Yes | |
Sarcopenia | [39] | 58 | No association | Yes | |
Tachycardia | [17] | 682 | No association | Yes | |
Cluster 2: Functional and Behavioural | Decreased oral intake | [7] | 1 304 | No association | Yes |
Dysphagia | [7] | 1 304 | No association | Yes | |
Hearing aid use | [31] | 2 233 | Risk | No | |
Height | [8] | 1 279 | No association | No | |
Institutionalized > 5 years | [8] | 1 279 | No association | No | |
Living alone before admission | [7] | 1 304 | No association | Yes | |
Living with others before admission | [10] | 30 054 | Risk | Yes | |
Medicaid | [7] | 1 304 | No association | No | |
Not living in a private household before admission | [10] | 30 054 | Risk | Yes | |
RAP - communication | [8] | 1 279 | No association | No | |
RAP - dental care | [8] | 1 279 | No association | No | |
RAP - functional rehabilitation | [8] | 1 279 | No association | No | |
Rural nursing home | [15] | 266 001 | Risk | Yes | |
Suprapubic tube placement | [18] | 9 647 | No association | Yes | |
Tube feeding | [7] | 1 304 | No association | Yes | |
Unstable cognition | [7] | 1 304 | No association | No | |
Visual aid use | [31] | 2 233 | Protective | No | |
Weight | [8] | 1 279 | No association | No | |
Cluster 3: Medications | Anti-anxiety medications | [15] | 266 001 | No association | Yes |
Anticholinergics | [40] | 3 536 | No association | Yes | |
Anti-dementia medications | [36] | 18 950 | Protective | Yes | |
Estrogen use | [41] | 854 | No association | Yes | |
Glucose lowering medications | [42] | 1 784 | No association | Yes | |
Mood stabilizers | [36] | 18 950 | No association | Yes | |
Cluster 4: Demographic Information | Educational years | [8] | 1 279 | No association | No |
Cluster 5: Other‡ | Baseline MDS COGS | [8] | 1 279 | No association | No |
CPS score | [9] | 33 | No association | No | |
DNR | [7] | 1 304 | No association | Yes | |
Higher number of RAP triggers | [8] | 1 279 | Risk | Yes | |
MDS COGS decline | [8] | 1 279 | No association | No | |
MMSE Score | [8] | 1 279 | No association | No | |
Poor performance on MMSE - orientation for time | [43] | 505 | Risk | Yes | |
Poor performance on MMSE - delayed recall | [43] | 505 | No association | Yes | |
Poor performance on MMSE - attention | [43] | 505 | No association | Yes | |
Poor performance on MMSE - orientation for place | [43] | 505 | No association | Yes | |
Presence of living will | [7] | 1 304 | No association | No |