19. Idiopathische rezidivierende Aborte

Zurück zum Zitat American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2002) ACOG Practice Bulletin. Management of recurrent pregnancy loss. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 78(2): 179–190CrossRef American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2002) ACOG Practice Bulletin. Management of recurrent pregnancy loss. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 78(2): 179–190CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2012) Evaluation and treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 98(5): 1103–1111CrossRef American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2012) Evaluation and treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 98(5): 1103–1111CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Andersen AN, Wohlfahrt J, Christens P, Olsen J, Melbye M (2000) Maternal age and fetal loss: population based register linkage study. Brit Med J 320: 1708–1712CrossRefPubMedCentral Andersen AN, Wohlfahrt J, Christens P, Olsen J, Melbye M (2000) Maternal age and fetal loss: population based register linkage study. Brit Med J 320: 1708–1712CrossRefPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Barnhart KT, Sammel M, Rinaudo PF, Zhou L, Hummel AC, Guo W (2004) Symptomatic patients with an early viable intrauterine pregnancy – hCG curves redefined. Obstet Gynecol 104: 50–55CrossRefPubMed Barnhart KT, Sammel M, Rinaudo PF, Zhou L, Hummel AC, Guo W (2004) Symptomatic patients with an early viable intrauterine pregnancy – hCG curves redefined. Obstet Gynecol 104: 50–55CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Boklage CE (1990) Survival probability of human conceptions from fertilization to term. Int J Fertil 35: 75–94PubMed Boklage CE (1990) Survival probability of human conceptions from fertilization to term. Int J Fertil 35: 75–94PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Carmichael SL (2013) Hypospadias and maternal intake of phytoestrogens. Am J Epidemiol 178(3): 434–440CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Carmichael SL (2013) Hypospadias and maternal intake of phytoestrogens. Am J Epidemiol 178(3): 434–440CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Carrington B, Sacks G, Regan L (2005) Recurrent miscarriage: pathophysiology and outcome. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 17(6): 591–597CrossRefPubMed Carrington B, Sacks G, Regan L (2005) Recurrent miscarriage: pathophysiology and outcome. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 17(6): 591–597CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Check JH (2012) The use of heparin for preventing miscarriage. Am J Reprod Immunol 67(4): 326–333CrossRefPubMed Check JH (2012) The use of heparin for preventing miscarriage. Am J Reprod Immunol 67(4): 326–333CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Clifford K, Rai R, Regan L (1997) Future pregnancy outcome in unexplained recurrent first trimester miscarriage. Human Reproduction 12(2): 387–389CrossRefPubMed Clifford K, Rai R, Regan L (1997) Future pregnancy outcome in unexplained recurrent first trimester miscarriage. Human Reproduction 12(2): 387–389CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Coomarasamy A, Truchanowicz EG, Rai R (2011) Does first trimester progesterone prophylaxis increase the live birth rate in women with unexplained recurrent miscarriages? BMJ 342: 1914CrossRef Coomarasamy A, Truchanowicz EG, Rai R (2011) Does first trimester progesterone prophylaxis increase the live birth rate in women with unexplained recurrent miscarriages? BMJ 342: 1914CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Coomarasamy A, Williams H, Truchanowicz E, Seed PT, Small R, Quenby S, Gupta P, Dawood F, Koot YE, Bender Atik R, Bloemenkamp KW, Brady R, Briley AL, Cavallaro R, Cheong YC, Chu JJ, Eapen A, Ewies A, Hoek A, Kaaijk EM, Koks CA, Li TC, MacLean M, Mol BW, Moore J, Ross JA, Sharpe L, Stewart J, Vaithilingam N, Farquharson RG, Kilby MD, Khalaf Y, Goddijn M, Regan L, Rai R (2015) A randomized trial of progesterone in women with recurrent miscarriages. N Engl J Med 373(22): 2141–2148CrossRefPubMed Coomarasamy A, Williams H, Truchanowicz E, Seed PT, Small R, Quenby S, Gupta P, Dawood F, Koot YE, Bender Atik R, Bloemenkamp KW, Brady R, Briley AL, Cavallaro R, Cheong YC, Chu JJ, Eapen A, Ewies A, Hoek A, Kaaijk EM, Koks CA, Li TC, MacLean M, Mol BW, Moore J, Ross JA, Sharpe L, Stewart J, Vaithilingam N, Farquharson RG, Kilby MD, Khalaf Y, Goddijn M, Regan L, Rai R (2015) A randomized trial of progesterone in women with recurrent miscarriages. N Engl J Med 373(22): 2141–2148CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Fawzy M (2008) Treatment options and pregnancy outcome in women with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 278(1): 33–38CrossRefPubMed Fawzy M (2008) Treatment options and pregnancy outcome in women with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 278(1): 33–38CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Field K, Murphy DJ (2015) Perinatal outcomes in a subsequent pregnancy among women who have experienced recurrent miscarriage: a retrospective cohort study. Hum Reprod 30: 1239CrossRefPubMed Field K, Murphy DJ (2015) Perinatal outcomes in a subsequent pregnancy among women who have experienced recurrent miscarriage: a retrospective cohort study. Hum Reprod 30: 1239CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Gerhard I, Daniel F, Runnebaum B (1996) Habitueller Abort. Gynäkol Prax 20: 13–24 Gerhard I, Daniel F, Runnebaum B (1996) Habitueller Abort. Gynäkol Prax 20: 13–24

Zurück zum Zitat Goetzl L, Krantz D, Simpson JL, Silver RK, Zachary JM (2004) Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, free ß-hCG, nuchal translucency, and risk of pregnancy loss. Obstetrics Gynecol 104: 30–36CrossRef Goetzl L, Krantz D, Simpson JL, Silver RK, Zachary JM (2004) Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, free ß-hCG, nuchal translucency, and risk of pregnancy loss. Obstetrics Gynecol 104: 30–36CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Gris JC (2011) LMWH have no place in recurrent pregnancy loss: debate-against the motion. Thromb Res 127 (suppl 3): S110–112CrossRef Gris JC (2011) LMWH have no place in recurrent pregnancy loss: debate-against the motion. Thromb Res 127 (suppl 3): S110–112CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Harger JH, Archer DF, Marchese SG (1983) Etiology of recurrent pregnancy losses and outcome of subsequent pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 62: 574PubMed Harger JH, Archer DF, Marchese SG (1983) Etiology of recurrent pregnancy losses and outcome of subsequent pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 62: 574PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Hsu, LYF (1998) Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities through amniocentesis. In: Milunsky A (ed) Genetic disorders and the fetus. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 179 Hsu, LYF (1998) Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities through amniocentesis. In: Milunsky A (ed) Genetic disorders and the fetus. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 179

Zurück zum Zitat Jauniaux E (2006) Evidence-based guidelines for the investigation and medical treatment of recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod 21(9): 2216–2222CrossRefPubMed Jauniaux E (2006) Evidence-based guidelines for the investigation and medical treatment of recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod 21(9): 2216–2222CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Jeng GT, Scott JR, Burmeister LF (1995) A comparison of meta-analytic results using literature vs individual patient data. Paternal cell immunization for recurrent miscarriage.JAMA 274(10): 830–836CrossRefPubMed Jeng GT, Scott JR, Burmeister LF (1995) A comparison of meta-analytic results using literature vs individual patient data. Paternal cell immunization for recurrent miscarriage.JAMA 274(10): 830–836CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Jivraj S, Anstie B, Cheong YC (2001) Obstetric and neonatal outcome in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage: a cohort study. Hum Reprod 16: 102CrossRefPubMed Jivraj S, Anstie B, Cheong YC (2001) Obstetric and neonatal outcome in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage: a cohort study. Hum Reprod 16: 102CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat de Jong PG, Goddijn M, Middeldorp S (2013) Antithrombotic therapy for pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod Update 19(6): 656–673CrossRefPubMed de Jong PG, Goddijn M, Middeldorp S (2013) Antithrombotic therapy for pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod Update 19(6): 656–673CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Kaandorp S (2009) Aspirin or anticoagulants for treating recurrent miscarriage in women without antiphospholipid syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1: CD004734PubMed Kaandorp S (2009) Aspirin or anticoagulants for treating recurrent miscarriage in women without antiphospholipid syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1: CD004734PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Kaandorp S (2010) Aspirin plus heparin or aspirin alone in women with recurrent miscarriage. N Engl J Med 362(17): 1586–1589CrossRefPubMed Kaandorp S (2010) Aspirin plus heparin or aspirin alone in women with recurrent miscarriage. N Engl J Med 362(17): 1586–1589CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Liddell HS, Pattison NS, and Zanderigo A (1991) Recurrent miscarriage - outcome after supportive care in early pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 31(4): 320–322CrossRefPubMed Liddell HS, Pattison NS, and Zanderigo A (1991) Recurrent miscarriage - outcome after supportive care in early pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 31(4): 320–322CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat McCracken SA (1999) Gestational regulation of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor receptor expression in the human placenta. Biol Reprod 60(4): 790–796CrossRefPubMed McCracken SA (1999) Gestational regulation of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor receptor expression in the human placenta. Biol Reprod 60(4): 790–796CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Musters AM (2013) Supportive care for women with recurrent miscarriage: a survey to quantify women′s preferences. Hum Reprod 28(2): 398–405CrossRefPubMed Musters AM (2013) Supportive care for women with recurrent miscarriage: a survey to quantify women′s preferences. Hum Reprod 28(2): 398–405CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Nybo Andersen AM, Wohlfahrt J, Christens P (2000) Maternal age and fetal loss: population based register linkage study. BMJ 320: 1708CrossRefPubMed Nybo Andersen AM, Wohlfahrt J, Christens P (2000) Maternal age and fetal loss: population based register linkage study. BMJ 320: 1708CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Ogasawara M, Aoki K, Okada S, Suzumori K (2000) Embryonic karyotype of abortuses in relation to the number of previous miscarriages.Fertil Steril 73(2): 300–304CrossRefPubMed Ogasawara M, Aoki K, Okada S, Suzumori K (2000) Embryonic karyotype of abortuses in relation to the number of previous miscarriages.Fertil Steril 73(2): 300–304CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Osborn JF, Cattaruzza MS, Spinelli A (2000) Risk of spontaneous abortion in Italy, 1978-1995, and the effect of maternal age, gravidity, marital status, and education. Am J Epidemiol 151: 98CrossRefPubMed Osborn JF, Cattaruzza MS, Spinelli A (2000) Risk of spontaneous abortion in Italy, 1978-1995, and the effect of maternal age, gravidity, marital status, and education. Am J Epidemiol 151: 98CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Philipp T, Philipp K, Reiner A, Beer F, Kalousek DK (2003) Embryoscopic and cytogenetic analysis of 233 missed abortions: factors involved in the pathogenesis of developmental defects of early failed pregnancies. Hum Reprod 18(8): 1724–1732CrossRefPubMed Philipp T, Philipp K, Reiner A, Beer F, Kalousek DK (2003) Embryoscopic and cytogenetic analysis of 233 missed abortions: factors involved in the pathogenesis of developmental defects of early failed pregnancies. Hum Reprod 18(8): 1724–1732CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Regan L, Rai R (2000) Epidemiology and the medical causes of miscarriage. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 14: 839CrossRefPubMed Regan L, Rai R (2000) Epidemiology and the medical causes of miscarriage. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 14: 839CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) (2011) Recurrent Miscarriage, Investigation and Treatment of Couples (Green-top Guideline No. 17). https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg17 (Zugriff: 30.08.2015) Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) (2011) Recurrent Miscarriage, Investigation and Treatment of Couples (Green-top Guideline No. 17). https://​www.​rcog.​org.​uk/​en/​guidelines-research-services/​guidelines/​gtg17 (Zugriff: 30.08.2015)

Zurück zum Zitat Santjohanser C (2013) Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor as treatment option in patients with recurrent miscarriage. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 61(2): 159–164CrossRef Santjohanser C (2013) Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor as treatment option in patients with recurrent miscarriage. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 61(2): 159–164CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Saravelos SH, Li TC (2012) Unexplained recurrent miscarriage: how can we explain it? Human Reproduction 27(7): 1882–1886CrossRefPubMed Saravelos SH, Li TC (2012) Unexplained recurrent miscarriage: how can we explain it? Human Reproduction 27(7): 1882–1886CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Scarpellini F, Sbracia M (2009) Use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for the treatment of unexplained recurrent miscarriage: a randomised controlled trial. Hum Reprod 24(11): 2703–2708CrossRefPubMed Scarpellini F, Sbracia M (2009) Use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for the treatment of unexplained recurrent miscarriage: a randomised controlled trial. Hum Reprod 24(11): 2703–2708CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Scott JR (1994) Recurrent miscarriage: overview and recommendations. Clin Obstet Gynecol 37: 768CrossRefPubMed Scott JR (1994) Recurrent miscarriage: overview and recommendations. Clin Obstet Gynecol 37: 768CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Scott JR, Pattison N (2000) Human chorionic gonadotrophin for recurrent miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD000101PubMed Scott JR, Pattison N (2000) Human chorionic gonadotrophin for recurrent miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD000101PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Schleussner E, Kamin G, Seliger G, Rogenhofer N, Ebner S, Toth B, Schenk M, Henes M, Bohlmann MK, Fischer T, Brosteanu O, Bauersachs R, Petroff D; ETHIG II group (2015) Low-molecular-weight heparin for women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: a multicenter trial with a minimization randomization scheme. Ann Intern Med 162(9): 601–609CrossRefPubMed Schleussner E, Kamin G, Seliger G, Rogenhofer N, Ebner S, Toth B, Schenk M, Henes M, Bohlmann MK, Fischer T, Brosteanu O, Bauersachs R, Petroff D; ETHIG II group (2015) Low-molecular-weight heparin for women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: a multicenter trial with a minimization randomization scheme. Ann Intern Med 162(9): 601–609CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Stray-Pedersen B, Stray-Pedersen S (1984) Etiologic factors and subsequent reproductive performance in 195 couples with a prior history of habitual abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 148(2): 140–146CrossRefPubMed Stray-Pedersen B, Stray-Pedersen S (1984) Etiologic factors and subsequent reproductive performance in 195 couples with a prior history of habitual abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 148(2): 140–146CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Stray-Pedersen B, Stray-Pedersen S (1988) Recurrent abortion: The role of psychotherapy. In: Beard R, Sharp F (eds.) Early pregnancy loss. Mechanisms and treatment. Springer, Heidelberg, p. 433–440CrossRef Stray-Pedersen B, Stray-Pedersen S (1988) Recurrent abortion: The role of psychotherapy. In: Beard R, Sharp F (eds.) Early pregnancy loss. Mechanisms and treatment. Springer, Heidelberg, p. 433–440CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Tempfer CB, Kurz C, Bentz EK, Unfried G, Walch K, Czizek U, Huber JC (2006) A combination treatment of prednisone, aspirin, folate, and progesterone in women with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage: a matched-pair study. Fertil Steril 86(1): 145–148CrossRefPubMed Tempfer CB, Kurz C, Bentz EK, Unfried G, Walch K, Czizek U, Huber JC (2006) A combination treatment of prednisone, aspirin, folate, and progesterone in women with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage: a matched-pair study. Fertil Steril 86(1): 145–148CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Toth B et al.; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (DGGG) und Arbeitsgemeinschaft Immunologie in der Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (AGIM) (2014) Diagnostik und Therapie beim wiederholten Spontanabort. AWMF-Leitlinie 015/050. http://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/015-050k_S1_Spontanabort_Diagnostik_Therapie_2014-05.pdf (Zugriff: 30.08.2015) Toth B et al.; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (DGGG) und Arbeitsgemeinschaft Immunologie in der Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (AGIM) (2014) Diagnostik und Therapie beim wiederholten Spontanabort. AWMF-Leitlinie 015/050. http://​www.​awmf.​org/​uploads/​tx_​szleitlinien/​015-050k_​S1_​Spontanabort_​Diagnostik_​Therapie_​2014-05.​pdf (Zugriff: 30.08.2015)

Zurück zum Zitat Wallace EM, Marjono B, Tyzack K, Tong S (2004) First trimester levels of inhibins and activin A in normal and failing pregnancies. Clin Endocrinol 60: 484–490CrossRef Wallace EM, Marjono B, Tyzack K, Tong S (2004) First trimester levels of inhibins and activin A in normal and failing pregnancies. Clin Endocrinol 60: 484–490CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Wang X, Chen C, Wang L (2003) Conception, early pregnancy loss, and time to clinical pregnancy: a population-based prospective study. Fertil Steril 79: 577CrossRefPubMed Wang X, Chen C, Wang L (2003) Conception, early pregnancy loss, and time to clinical pregnancy: a population-based prospective study. Fertil Steril 79: 577CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, O´Connor JF, Baird DD, Schlatterer JP (1988) Incidence of early loss of prgnancy. N Engl J Med 319: 189–194CrossRefPubMed Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, O´Connor JF, Baird DD, Schlatterer JP (1988) Incidence of early loss of prgnancy. N Engl J Med 319: 189–194CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat World Health Organization (WHO) (1977) Recommended definitions, terminology and format for statistical tables related to the perinatal period and use of a new certificate for cause of perinatal deaths. Modifications recommended by FIGO as amended October 14, 1976. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 56(3): 247–253 World Health Organization (WHO) (1977) Recommended definitions, terminology and format for statistical tables related to the perinatal period and use of a new certificate for cause of perinatal deaths. Modifications recommended by FIGO as amended October 14, 1976. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 56(3): 247–253