Introduction
Methods
Sample and study design
Assessments
Statistical analyses
Results
Sample characteristics
Total sample T0 (n = 1504) | No help-seeking T0 (n = 1455; 96.7%) | Help-seeking T0 (n = 49; 3.3%) | Statistics; effect size | Total sample T1 (n = 535) | No help-seeking T1 (n = 456; 85.2%) | Help-seeking T1 (n = 79; 14.8%) | Statistics; effect size | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex: male, n (%) | 714 (47.5%) | 698 (48.0%) | 16 (32.7%) | χ2(1) = 3.868, p = 0.041; V = 0.054 | 229 (42.8%) | 211 (46.3%) | 18 (22.8%) | χ2(1) = 14.228, p < 0.001; V =0 .168 |
Age, median (mean ± SD) | 33 (30.79 ± 7.28) | 33 (30.76 ± 7.28) | 34 (31.61 ± 7.34) | U = 33,112, p = 0.396; r = – 0.007 | 32 (30.18 ± 7.46) | 32 (30.22 ± 7.43) | 32 (29.97 ± 7.70) | U = 18,167, p = 0.903; r = 0.056 |
Nationality: Swiss, n (%) | 1444 (96.0%) | 1396 (95.9%) | 48 (98.0%) | χ2(1) = 0.114, p = 0.719; V = 0.018 | 520 (97.2%) | 444 (97.4%) | 76 (96.2%) | χ2(1) = 0.044, p = 0.474; V = 0.025 |
Educationa, n (%) | ||||||||
ISCED 2 | 42 (2.8%) | 39 (2.7%) | 3 (6.1%) | χ2(5) = 3.859, p = 0.418; V = 0.051 | 19 (3.6%) | 10 (2.2%) | 9 (11.4%) | χ2(5) = 16.723, p = 0.017; V = 0.177 |
ISCED 3 | 98 (6.5%) | 93 (6.4%) | 5 (10.2%) | 39 (7.3%) | 34 (7.5%) | 5 (6.3%) | ||
ISCED 4 | 13 (0.9%) | 13 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (1.5%) | 7 (1.5%) | 1 (1.3%) | ||
ISCED 5 | 784 (52.1%) | 761 (52.3%) | 23 (46.9%) | 268 (50.1%) | 232 (50.9%) | 36 (45.6%) | ||
ISCED 7 | 543 (36.1%) | 526 (36.2%) | 17 (34.7%) | 195 (36.4%) | 168 (36.8%) | 27 (34.2%) | ||
ISCED 8 | 24 (1.6%) | 23 (1.6%) | 1 (2.0%) | 6 (1.1%) | 5 (1.1%) | 1 (1.3%) | ||
Employment: yes, n (%) | 1480 (98.4%) | 1434 (98.6%) | 46 (93.9%) | χ2(1) = 3.966, p = 0.041; V = 0.066 | 525 (98.1%) | 450 (98.7%) | 75 (94.9%) | χ2(1) = 3.315, p = 0.046; V = 0.098 |
Marital status, n (%) | ||||||||
Unmarried | 790 (52.6%) | 762 (52.4%) | 28 (57.1%) | χ2(2) = 4.767, p = 0.084; V = 0.056 | 293 (55.0%) | 249 (54.8%) | 44 (55.7%) | χ2(2) = 7.359, p = 0.035; V = 0.118 |
Married or registered partnership | 662 (44.1%) | 645 (44.4%) | 17 (34.7%) | 228 (42.8%) | 198 (43.6%) | 30 (38.0%) | ||
Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 50 (3.3%) | 46 (3.2%) | 4 (8.2%) | 12 (2.3%) | 7 (1.5%) | 5 (6.3%) | ||
Specific information acquisition about health: yes, n (%) | 584 (38.8%) | 560 (38.5%) | 24 (49.0%) | χ2(1) = 1.777, p = 0.140; V = 0.038 | 214 (40.0%) | 178 (39.0%) | 36 (45.6%) | χ2(1) = 0.941, p = 0.320; V = 0.047 |
Familiarity with mental disorders: yes, n (%) | 652 (43.4%) | 622 (42.7%) | 30 (61.2%) | χ2(1) = 5.858, p = .012; V = .066 | 246 (46.0%) | 193 (42.3%) | 53 (67.1%) | χ2(1) = 15.643, p < .001; V = .176 |
Number of previous help-seeking contacts for mental problems, median (mean ± SD) | 0 (0.35 ± 0.73) | 0 (0.32 ± 0.69) | 1 (1.22 ± 1.30) | U = 18,760, p < 0.001; r = – 0.193 | 0 (0.46 ± 0.88) | 0 (0.32 ± 0.70) | 1 (1.24 ± 1.32) | U = 9672, p < 0.001; r = –0.353 |
Correct vignette identification: yes, n (%) | 850 (56.5%) | 817 (56.2%) | 33 (67.3%) | χ2(1) = 1.984, p = 0.143; V = 0.040 | 319 (59.6%) | 262 (57.5%) | 57 (72.2%) | χ2(1) = 5.446, p < .018; V = .106 |
Prognosis without treatment (1 = progressing to 5 = completely remitting), median (mean ± SD) | 1 (1.34 ± 0.74) | 1 (1.34 ± 0.74) | 1 (1.43 ± 0.71) | U = 32,645, p < .166; r = -0.025 | 1 (1.31 ± 0.71) | 1 (1.32 ± 0.72) | 1 (1.25 ± 0.71) | U = 19,160, p = .193; r = -0.037 |
Causal explanation: yes, n (%) | ||||||||
Childhood-trauma | 523 (34.8%) | 501 (34.4%) | 22 (44.9%) | χ2(1) = 1.851, p = 0.169; V = 0.039 | 182 (34.0%) | 149 (32.7%) | 33 (41.8%) | χ2(1) = 2.094, p = 0.124; V = 0.068 |
Personality | 203 (13.5%) | 199 (13.7%) | 4 (8.2%) | χ2(1) = 0.807, p = 0.393; V = 0.029 | 75 (14.0%) | 59 (12.9%) | 16 (20.3%) | χ2(1) = 2.413, p = 0.112; V = 0.075 |
Psychosocial stress | 1209 (80.4%) | 1169 (80.3%) | 40 (81.6%) | χ2(1) = 0.002, p = 0.968; V = 0.006 | 434 (81.1%) | 373 (81.8%) | 61 (77.2%) | χ2(1) = 0.649, p = 0.351; V = 0.042 |
Substance abuse | 931 (61.9%) | 904 (62.1%) | 27 (55.1%) | χ2(1) = 0.717, p = 0.370; V = 0.026 | 328 (61.3%) | 279 (61.2%) | 49 (62.0%) | χ2(1) = 0.001, p = 0.987; V = 0.006 |
Biogenetics | 816 (54.3%) | 792 (54.4%) | 24 (49.0%) | χ2(1) = 0.370, p = 0.470; V = 0.019 | 292 (54.6%) | 242 (53.1%) | 50 (63.3%) | χ2(1) = 2.440, p = 0.111; V = 0.073 |
Treatment recommendation: yes, n (%) | ||||||||
Alternative medicine | 450 (29.9%) | 434 (29.8%) | 16 (32.7%) | χ2(1) = 0.071, p = 0.638; V = 0.011 | 168 (31.4%) | 141 (30.9%) | 27 (34.2%) | χ2(1) = 0.198, p = 0.600; V = 0.025 |
Self-care | 738 (49.1%) | 712 (48.9%) | 26 (53.1%) | χ2(1) = 0.179, p = 0.663; V = 0.015 | 282 (52.7%) | 234 (51.3%) | 48 (60.8%) | χ2(1) = 2.045, p = .143; V = .067 |
Mental health professional | 1301 (86.5%) | 1256 (86.3%) | 45 (91.8%) | χ2(1) = 0.807, p = 0.393; V = 0.029 | 457 (85.4%) | 386 (84.6%) | 71 (89.9%) | χ2(1) = 1.086, p = 0.299; V = 0.053 |
Health satisfaction (1 = horrible to 7 = very satisfied), median (mean ± SD) | 6 (6.07 ± 0.91) | 6 (6.11 ± 0.88) | 5 (5.16 ± 1.16) | U = 52,067, p < 0.001; r = – 0.149 | 6 (6.03 ± 0.93) | 6 (6.12 ± 0.86) | 6 (5.52 ± 1.15) | U = 23,471, p < .001; r = –0.193 |
Psychosocial functioningb, median (mean ± SD) | 87 (85.79 ± 6.35) | 88 (86.17 ± 5.68) | 78 (74.37 ± 12.08) | U = 58,883, p < 0.001; r = – 0.200 | 87 (85.41 ± 7.23) | 88 (86.51 ± 5.24) | 83 (79.08 ± 12.25) | U = 24,566, p < 0.001; r = – 0.220 |
Mental health problemsc, n (%) | ||||||||
No mental health problem | 1009 (67.1%) | 997 (68.5%) | 12 (24.5%) | χ2(2) = 136.95, p < 0.001; V = 0.302 | 318 (59.4%) | 288 (63.2%) | 30 (38.0%) | χ2(2) = 55.051, p < 0.001; V = 0.321 |
Only mental health problem, no mental health disorderd | 387 (25.7%) | 374 (25.7%) | 13 (26.5%) | 163 (30.5%) | 140 (30.7%) | 23 (29.1%) | ||
Mental health disorder | 108 (7.2%) | 84 (5.8%) | 24 (49.0%) | 54 (10.1%) | 28 (6.1%) | 26 (32.9%) |
Factors of causal explanations und treatment recommendations
Items | Factor 1: psychosocial stress | Factor 2: substance abuse | Factor 3: childhood trauma | Factor 4: personality | Factor 5: biogenetics | Communality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burdens and worries in partnership and family | 0.67 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.09 | – 0.17 | 0.52 |
Too demanding of oneself (too ambitious, too strict with oneself) | 0.62 | – 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.11 | – 0.02 | 0.40 |
Shock from a drastic life event such as the loss of someone close to you | 0.51 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.36 |
General hustle and bustle of contemporary life | 0.63 | – 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.16 | – 0.02 | 0.44 |
Job stress and worries (including unemployment) | 0.84 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.05 | – 0.05 | 0.72 |
An unconscious conflict | 0.38 | – 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.17 |
Abuse of medication or drugs | – 0.04 | 0.84 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.75 |
Excessive consumption of alcohol | 0.10 | 0.75 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.63 |
Growing up in a broken family or in an institution | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.75 | 0.10 | – 0.01 | 0.60 |
Unkind treatment at home or too strict upbringing | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.73 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.65 |
Lack of support from other people | 0.25 | -0.01 | 0.31 | 0.16 | – 0.19 | 0.22 |
Spoiling or overprotective parents | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.41 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.28 |
Weak constitution (has always been low in resilience, very sensitive or nervous | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.51 | 0.14 | 0.31 |
Immoral lifestyle | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.53 | – 0.15 | 0.42 |
Weakness of will | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.70 | – 0.20 | 0.57 |
God's will | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.38 | 0.03 | 0.17 |
Heredity | 0.04 | 0.16 | – 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.78 | 0.64 |
Disease of the brain | – 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.07 | –0.07 | 0.47 | 0.39 |
Eigenvalue | 2.63 | 1.57 | 1.53 | 1.46 | 1.06 | |
Cronbachs‘ alpha | 0.80 | 0.82 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.60 | |
Composite reliability | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.67 | 0.59 | 0.56 |
Items | Factor 1: mental health professionals | Factor 2: alternative medicine | Factor 3: self-care | Factor 4: other | Communality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psychotherapist | 0.79 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.63 |
Social psychiatric service | 0.59 | – 0.08 | – 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.37 |
Psychiatrist | 0.81 | – 0.08 | – 0.05 | – 0.09 | 0.68 |
Psychotherapy | 0.81 | 0.01 | – 0.03 | – 0.02 | 0.65 |
Medications for the mind (psychotropic drugs) | 0.51 | – 0.16 | – 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.30 |
Naturopath or other alternative doctor | – 0.04 | 0.74 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.62 |
Natural remedies | – 0.12 | 0.86 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.82 |
Acupuncture | – 0.10 | 0.72 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.67 |
Concentration or relaxation exercises (autogenic training) | – 0.06 | 0.31 | 0.77 | 0.10 | 0.71 |
Meditation or yoga | – 0.07 | 0.32 | 0.75 | 0.11 | 0.69 |
Self-help group | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.17 |
Family doctor or general practitioner | 0.13 | 0.04 | – 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.09 |
Cure | – 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.42 | 0.22 |
Educational counselor or other counseling service | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.45 | 0.23 |
Pastor/priest | – 0.04 | – 0.01 | – 0.09 | 0.41 | 0.18 |
Trusted person | – 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.30 | 0.13 |
Electroconvulsive treatment (therapy with electric shocks) | 0.00 | 0.08 | – 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.06 |
Eigenvalue | 2.63 | 2.09 | 1.48 | 1.02 | |
Cronbachs ‘ alpha | 0.83 | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.50 | |
Composite reliability | 0.78 | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.44 |