Skip to main content
Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior 2/2007

01.03.2007 | Original Paper

Intentional Unprotected Anal Intercourse among Sex Who have Sex with Men: Barebacking—from Behavior to Identity

verfasst von: Jeffrey T. Parsons, David S. Bimbi

Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior | Ausgabe 2/2007

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Unprotected sex among gay/bisexual men throughout the AIDS epidemic has usually been described as unintentional due to a relapse from safer sex behavior. The term “barebacking” emerged among HIV-positive men explicitly seeking unprotected sex with seroconcordant partners, but has come into use in the larger gay community to simply mean condomless sex. Some men have also taken on the identity as a “barebacker.” The present study assessed prevalence and predictors of bareback identity in a sample 687 gay/bisexual men attending community events. Barebackers reported significantly more use of crystal methamphetamine and higher peer norms for unprotected sex; HIV-negative barebackers were higher in sexual compulsivity while HIV-positive barebackers were higher in romantic obsession as well as drug/alcohol influenced sexual expectancies. HIV prevention efforts targeting barebackers and barebacking must be carefully developed if programs and campaigns are to be effective given the open debates about this phenomenon in the gay community.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Adam, B. D. (2005). Constructing the neoliberal sexual actor: Responsibility and care of the self in the discourse of barebackers. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 7, 333–346.CrossRef Adam, B. D. (2005). Constructing the neoliberal sexual actor: Responsibility and care of the self in the discourse of barebackers. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 7, 333–346.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Adam, B. D., Husbands, W., Murray, J., & Maxwell, J. (2005). AIDS optimism, condom fatigue or self esteem? Explaining unsafe sex among gay and bisexual men. Journal of Sex Research, 42, 238–248.PubMed Adam, B. D., Husbands, W., Murray, J., & Maxwell, J. (2005). AIDS optimism, condom fatigue or self esteem? Explaining unsafe sex among gay and bisexual men. Journal of Sex Research, 42, 238–248.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Adib, S. M., Joseph, J. G., Ostrow, D. G., & James, S. A. (1991a). Predictors of relapse in sexual practices among homosexual men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 3, 293–304. Adib, S. M., Joseph, J. G., Ostrow, D. G., & James, S. A. (1991a). Predictors of relapse in sexual practices among homosexual men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 3, 293–304.
Zurück zum Zitat Adib, S. M., Joseph, J. G., Ostrow, D. G., Tal, M., & Schwartz, S. A. (1991b). Relapse in sexual behavior among homosexual men: A 2 year follow up from the Chicago MACS/CCS cohort. AIDS, 5, 757–760.CrossRef Adib, S. M., Joseph, J. G., Ostrow, D. G., Tal, M., & Schwartz, S. A. (1991b). Relapse in sexual behavior among homosexual men: A 2 year follow up from the Chicago MACS/CCS cohort. AIDS, 5, 757–760.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Adib, S. M., & Ostrow, D. G. (1991). Trends in HIV behavioral research among homosexual and bisexual men in the United States: 1981–1991. AIDS Care, 3, 281–288.PubMedCrossRef Adib, S. M., & Ostrow, D. G. (1991). Trends in HIV behavioral research among homosexual and bisexual men in the United States: 1981–1991. AIDS Care, 3, 281–288.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Adib, S. M., & Ostrow, D. G. (1995). Stages sexual behavior change to reduce the risk of HIV/AIDS: The Chicago MACS/CCS cohort. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 7, 121–133.CrossRef Adib, S. M., & Ostrow, D. G. (1995). Stages sexual behavior change to reduce the risk of HIV/AIDS: The Chicago MACS/CCS cohort. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 7, 121–133.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bancroft, J. (2000). Individual differences in sexual risk taking: A biopsychosocial theoretical approach. In J. Bancroft (Ed.), The role of theory in sex research (pp. 175–212). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Bancroft, J. (2000). Individual differences in sexual risk taking: A biopsychosocial theoretical approach. In J. Bancroft (Ed.), The role of theory in sex research (pp. 175–212). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Benotsch, E. G., Kalichman, S. C., & Kelly, J. A. (1999). Sexual compulsivity and substance use in HIV-seropositive men who have sex with men: Prevalence and predictors of high-risk behaviors. Addictive Behaviors, 24(6), 857–868.PubMedCrossRef Benotsch, E. G., Kalichman, S. C., & Kelly, J. A. (1999). Sexual compulsivity and substance use in HIV-seropositive men who have sex with men: Prevalence and predictors of high-risk behaviors. Addictive Behaviors, 24(6), 857–868.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Beren, S. E., Hayden, H. A., Wilfley, D. E., & Grilo, C. M. (1996). The influence of sexual orientation on body dissatisfaction in adult men and women. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 20, 135–141.PubMedCrossRef Beren, S. E., Hayden, H. A., Wilfley, D. E., & Grilo, C. M. (1996). The influence of sexual orientation on body dissatisfaction in adult men and women. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 20, 135–141.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bimbi, D. S., & Parsons, J. T. (2004, August). Intentional unsafe sex: Reframing the theory of reasoned action to include “unreasonable” intentions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI. Bimbi, D. S., & Parsons, J. T. (2004, August). Intentional unsafe sex: Reframing the theory of reasoned action to include “unreasonable” intentions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI.
Zurück zum Zitat Bimbi, D. S., & Parsons, J. T. (2005). Barebacking among Internet-based male sex workers. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 9(3/4), 89–110.CrossRef Bimbi, D. S., & Parsons, J. T. (2005). Barebacking among Internet-based male sex workers. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 9(3/4), 89–110.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Boily, M., Godin, G., Hogben, M., Sherr, L., & Bastos, F. I. (2005). The impact of the transmission dynamics of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on sexual behavior: A new hypothesis to explain recent increases in risk taking behavior among men who have sex with men. Medical Hypotheses, 65, 215–226.PubMedCrossRef Boily, M., Godin, G., Hogben, M., Sherr, L., & Bastos, F. I. (2005). The impact of the transmission dynamics of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on sexual behavior: A new hypothesis to explain recent increases in risk taking behavior among men who have sex with men. Medical Hypotheses, 65, 215–226.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cadwell, S. (1991). Twice removed: The stigma suffered by gay men with AIDS. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 61, 236–246. Cadwell, S. (1991). Twice removed: The stigma suffered by gay men with AIDS. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 61, 236–246.
Zurück zum Zitat Carballo-Dieguez, A., Stein, Z., Saez, H., Dolezal, C., Nieves-Rosa, L., & Diaz, F. (2000). Frequent use of lubricants for anal sex among men who have sex with men: The HIV prevention potential of a microbicidal gel. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1117–1120.PubMedCrossRef Carballo-Dieguez, A., Stein, Z., Saez, H., Dolezal, C., Nieves-Rosa, L., & Diaz, F. (2000). Frequent use of lubricants for anal sex among men who have sex with men: The HIV prevention potential of a microbicidal gel. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1117–1120.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Carballo-Dieguez, A. (2001). HIV, barebacking, and gay men’s sexuality, Circa 2001. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 26, 225–233. Carballo-Dieguez, A. (2001). HIV, barebacking, and gay men’s sexuality, Circa 2001. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 26, 225–233.
Zurück zum Zitat Carballo-Dieguez, A., & Bauermeister, J. (2004). “Barebacking”: Intentional condomless anal sex in HIV-risk contexts reasons for and against it. Journal of Homosexuality, 47, 1–16.PubMedCrossRef Carballo-Dieguez, A., & Bauermeister, J. (2004). “Barebacking”: Intentional condomless anal sex in HIV-risk contexts reasons for and against it. Journal of Homosexuality, 47, 1–16.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Clark, M. (1993). From gay men’s lives: Toward a more inclusive ecological vision. Journal of Men’s Studies, 1, 347–358.CrossRef Clark, M. (1993). From gay men’s lives: Toward a more inclusive ecological vision. Journal of Men’s Studies, 1, 347–358.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Colfax, G. N., Buchbinder, S. P., Cornelisse, P. G., Vittinghoff, E., Mayer, K., & Celum, C. (2002). Sexual risk behaviors and implications for secondary HIV transmission during and after HIV seroconversion. AIDS, 16, 1529–1535.PubMedCrossRef Colfax, G. N., Buchbinder, S. P., Cornelisse, P. G., Vittinghoff, E., Mayer, K., & Celum, C. (2002). Sexual risk behaviors and implications for secondary HIV transmission during and after HIV seroconversion. AIDS, 16, 1529–1535.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Colfax, G., Coates, T. J., Husnik, M. J., Huang, Y., Buchbinder, S., Koblin, B., Chesney, M., & Vittinghoff, E. (2005). Longitudinal patterns of methamphetamine, popper (amyl nitrite), and cocaine use and high-risk sexual behavior among a cohort of San Francisco men who have sex with men. Journal of Urban Health, 82, 62–70. Colfax, G., Coates, T. J., Husnik, M. J., Huang, Y., Buchbinder, S., Koblin, B., Chesney, M., & Vittinghoff, E. (2005). Longitudinal patterns of methamphetamine, popper (amyl nitrite), and cocaine use and high-risk sexual behavior among a cohort of San Francisco men who have sex with men. Journal of Urban Health, 82, 62–70.
Zurück zum Zitat Cox, J., Beauchemin, J., & Allard, R. (2004). HIV status of sexual partners is more important than antiretroviral treatment related perceptions for risk taking by HIV positive MSM in Montreal, Canada. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 80, 518–523.PubMedCrossRef Cox, J., Beauchemin, J., & Allard, R. (2004). HIV status of sexual partners is more important than antiretroviral treatment related perceptions for risk taking by HIV positive MSM in Montreal, Canada. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 80, 518–523.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Crossley, M. L. (2004). Making sense of ‘barebacking’: Gay men’s narratives, unsafe sex and the ‘resistance habitus’. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 225–244.PubMedCrossRef Crossley, M. L. (2004). Making sense of ‘barebacking’: Gay men’s narratives, unsafe sex and the ‘resistance habitus’. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 225–244.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Davis, M. (2002). HIV prevention rationalities and serostatus in the risk narratives of gay men. Sexualities, 5, 281–299.CrossRef Davis, M. (2002). HIV prevention rationalities and serostatus in the risk narratives of gay men. Sexualities, 5, 281–299.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Doll, L. S., Judson, F. N., Ostrow, D. G., O’Malley, P. M., Darrow, W. W., Hadler, S. C. et al. (1990). Sexual behavior before AIDS: The hepatitis B studies of homosexual and bisexual men. AIDS, 4(11), 1067–1073.PubMedCrossRef Doll, L. S., Judson, F. N., Ostrow, D. G., O’Malley, P. M., Darrow, W. W., Hadler, S. C. et al. (1990). Sexual behavior before AIDS: The hepatitis B studies of homosexual and bisexual men. AIDS, 4(11), 1067–1073.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ekstrand, M. L. (1992). Safer sex maintenance among gay men: Are we making any progress? AIDS, 6, 875–877.PubMedCrossRef Ekstrand, M. L. (1992). Safer sex maintenance among gay men: Are we making any progress? AIDS, 6, 875–877.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fordham, S., & Ogbu, J. (1986). Black students’ school success: Coping with the burden of acting white. The Urban Review, 18, 176–206.CrossRef Fordham, S., & Ogbu, J. (1986). Black students’ school success: Coping with the burden of acting white. The Urban Review, 18, 176–206.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gatter, P. (1995). One of us, one of them, or on of those? The construction of identity and sexuality in relation to HIV/AIDS. In P. Aggleton & P. Davies (Eds.), AIDS: Safety, sexuality and risk (pp. 159–171). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis. Gatter, P. (1995). One of us, one of them, or on of those? The construction of identity and sexuality in relation to HIV/AIDS. In P. Aggleton & P. Davies (Eds.), AIDS: Safety, sexuality and risk (pp. 159–171). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis.
Zurück zum Zitat Gauthier, D. K., & Forsyth, C. J. (1999). Bareback sex, bug chasers, and the gift of death. Deviant Behavior, 20, 85–100.CrossRef Gauthier, D. K., & Forsyth, C. J. (1999). Bareback sex, bug chasers, and the gift of death. Deviant Behavior, 20, 85–100.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gendin, S. (1997, June). Riding bareback: Skin-on-skin sex been there, done that, want more. POZ, 64–65. Gendin, S. (1997, June). Riding bareback: Skin-on-skin sex been there, done that, want more. POZ, 64–65.
Zurück zum Zitat Gendin, S. (1999, February). They shoot barebackers don’t they? Poz, 50. Gendin, S. (1999, February). They shoot barebackers don’t they? Poz, 50.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., & Bushman, B. J. (1996). Relation between perceived vulnerability to HIV and precautionary sexual behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 390–409.PubMedCrossRef Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., & Bushman, B. J. (1996). Relation between perceived vulnerability to HIV and precautionary sexual behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 390–409.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Goodroad, B. K., Kirksey, K. M., & Butensky, E. (2000). Bareback sex and gay men: An HIV prevention failure. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 11(6), 29–36.PubMedCrossRef Goodroad, B. K., Kirksey, K. M., & Butensky, E. (2000). Bareback sex and gay men: An HIV prevention failure. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 11(6), 29–36.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gross, M., Buchbinder, S., Celum, C., Heagerty, P., & Seage, G. (1998). Rectal microbicides for U.S. gay men: Are clinical trials needed? Are they feasible? Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 25, 296–302.CrossRef Gross, M., Buchbinder, S., Celum, C., Heagerty, P., & Seage, G. (1998). Rectal microbicides for U.S. gay men: Are clinical trials needed? Are they feasible? Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 25, 296–302.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Grov, C. (2004). “make me your death slave”: Men who have sex with men and use the internet to intentionally spread HIV. Deviant Behavior, 25, 329–349.CrossRef Grov, C. (2004). “make me your death slave”: Men who have sex with men and use the internet to intentionally spread HIV. Deviant Behavior, 25, 329–349.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Halkitis, P. N., & Parsons, J. T. (2003). Intentional unsafe sex (barebacking) among HIV-positive gay men who seek sexual partners on the Internet. AIDS Care, 15(3), 367–378.PubMedCrossRef Halkitis, P. N., & Parsons, J. T. (2003). Intentional unsafe sex (barebacking) among HIV-positive gay men who seek sexual partners on the Internet. AIDS Care, 15(3), 367–378.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Halkitis, P. N., Parsons, J. T., & Stirratt, M. J. (2001). A double epidemic: Crystal methamphetamine use in relation to HIV transmission among gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 41, 17–35.PubMedCrossRef Halkitis, P. N., Parsons, J. T., & Stirratt, M. J. (2001). A double epidemic: Crystal methamphetamine use in relation to HIV transmission among gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 41, 17–35.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Halkitis, P. N., Parsons, J. T., & Wilton, L. (2003). Barebacking among gay and bisexual men in New York City: Explanations for the emergence of intentional unsafe behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32(4), 351–357.PubMedCrossRef Halkitis, P. N., Parsons, J. T., & Wilton, L. (2003). Barebacking among gay and bisexual men in New York City: Explanations for the emergence of intentional unsafe behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32(4), 351–357.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Halkitis, P. N., Wilton, L., Wolitski, R. J., Parsons, J. T., Hoff, C. C., & Bimbi, D. (2005). Barebacking identity among HIV-positive gay and bisexual men: Demographic, psychological, and behavioral correlates. AIDS, 19(S1), 27–36. Halkitis, P. N., Wilton, L., Wolitski, R. J., Parsons, J. T., Hoff, C. C., & Bimbi, D. (2005). Barebacking identity among HIV-positive gay and bisexual men: Demographic, psychological, and behavioral correlates. AIDS, 19(S1), 27–36.
Zurück zum Zitat HIV/AIDS Surveillance Project Group (2004). High-risk sexual behavior by HIV-positive men who have sex with men—16 sites, United States, 2000–2002. JAMA, 292, 2333–2334.CrossRef HIV/AIDS Surveillance Project Group (2004). High-risk sexual behavior by HIV-positive men who have sex with men—16 sites, United States, 2000–2002. JAMA, 292, 2333–2334.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Holmes, D., & Warner, D. (2005). The anatomy of forbidden desire: Men, penetration and semen exchange. Nursing Inquiry, 12, 10–20.PubMedCrossRef Holmes, D., & Warner, D. (2005). The anatomy of forbidden desire: Men, penetration and semen exchange. Nursing Inquiry, 12, 10–20.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Huebner, D. M., Proescholdbell, R. J., & Nemeroff, C. J. (2004, August). Do gay and bisexual men share researchers’ definitions of barebacking? Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI. Huebner, D. M., Proescholdbell, R. J., & Nemeroff, C. J. (2004, August). Do gay and bisexual men share researchers’ definitions of barebacking? Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI.
Zurück zum Zitat Irwin, T. W., Morgenstern, J., Parsons, J. T., Wainberg, M., & Labouvie, E. (in press). Alcohol and sexual HIV risk behavior among problem drinking men who have sex with men: An event level analysis of timeline followback data. AIDS and Behavior. Irwin, T. W., Morgenstern, J., Parsons, J. T., Wainberg, M., & Labouvie, E. (in press). Alcohol and sexual HIV risk behavior among problem drinking men who have sex with men: An event level analysis of timeline followback data. AIDS and Behavior.
Zurück zum Zitat Joseph, K. M., Adib, S. M., Joseph, J. G., & Tal, M. (1991). Gay identity and risky sexual behavior related to the AIDS threat. Journal of Community Health, 16, 287–297.PubMedCrossRef Joseph, K. M., Adib, S. M., Joseph, J. G., & Tal, M. (1991). Gay identity and risky sexual behavior related to the AIDS threat. Journal of Community Health, 16, 287–297.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Junge, B. (2002). Bareback sex, risk, and eroticism: Anthropological themes (re-)surfacing in the post-AIDS Era. In W. L. E. Lewin (Ed.), Out in theory: The emergence of Lesbian and Gay anthropology (pp. 186–221). Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Junge, B. (2002). Bareback sex, risk, and eroticism: Anthropological themes (re-)surfacing in the post-AIDS Era. In W. L. E. Lewin (Ed.), Out in theory: The emergence of Lesbian and Gay anthropology (pp. 186–221). Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalichman, S. C., Johnson, J. R., Adair, V., Rompa, D., Multhauf, K., & Kelly, J. A. (1994). Sexual sensation seeking: Scale development and predicting AIDS risk behavior among homosexually active men. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 385–397.PubMedCrossRef Kalichman, S. C., Johnson, J. R., Adair, V., Rompa, D., Multhauf, K., & Kelly, J. A. (1994). Sexual sensation seeking: Scale development and predicting AIDS risk behavior among homosexually active men. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 385–397.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kalichman, S. C., & Rompa, D. (1995). Sexual sensation seeking and sexual compulsivity scales: Reliability, validity, and predicting HIV risk behavior. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 586–601.PubMedCrossRef Kalichman, S. C., & Rompa, D. (1995). Sexual sensation seeking and sexual compulsivity scales: Reliability, validity, and predicting HIV risk behavior. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 586–601.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kalichman, S. C., & Rompa, D. (2001). The sexual compulsivity scale: Further development and use with HIV-positive persons. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76, 379–395.PubMedCrossRef Kalichman, S. C., & Rompa, D. (2001). The sexual compulsivity scale: Further development and use with HIV-positive persons. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76, 379–395.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kippax, S. (2002). Negotiated safety agreements among gay men. In A. O’Leary (Ed.), Beyond condoms: Alternative approaches to HIV prevention (pp. 1–15). New York: Kluwer. Kippax, S. (2002). Negotiated safety agreements among gay men. In A. O’Leary (Ed.), Beyond condoms: Alternative approaches to HIV prevention (pp. 1–15). New York: Kluwer.
Zurück zum Zitat Kurtz, S. P. (2005). Post-circuit blues: Motivations and consequences of crystal meth use among gay men in Miami. AIDS and Behavior, 9, 63–72.PubMedCrossRef Kurtz, S. P. (2005). Post-circuit blues: Motivations and consequences of crystal meth use among gay men in Miami. AIDS and Behavior, 9, 63–72.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mansergh, G., Marks, G., Colfax, G., Guzman, R., Rader, M., & Buchbinder, S. (2002). Barebacking in a diverse sample of men who have sex with men. AIDS, 16, 653–659.PubMedCrossRef Mansergh, G., Marks, G., Colfax, G., Guzman, R., Rader, M., & Buchbinder, S. (2002). Barebacking in a diverse sample of men who have sex with men. AIDS, 16, 653–659.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Marks, G., Mansergh, G., Crepaz, N., Murphy, S., Miller, L., & Appleby, P. (2000). Future HIV prevention options for men who have sex with men: Intention to use a potential microbicide during anal intercourse. AIDS and Behavior, 4, 279–286.CrossRef Marks, G., Mansergh, G., Crepaz, N., Murphy, S., Miller, L., & Appleby, P. (2000). Future HIV prevention options for men who have sex with men: Intention to use a potential microbicide during anal intercourse. AIDS and Behavior, 4, 279–286.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mckirnan, D. J., Ostrow, D. G., & Hope, B. (1996). Sex, drugs and escape: A psychological model of HIV-risk sexual behaviors. AIDS Care, 8, 655–669.PubMedCrossRef Mckirnan, D. J., Ostrow, D. G., & Hope, B. (1996). Sex, drugs and escape: A psychological model of HIV-risk sexual behaviors. AIDS Care, 8, 655–669.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McKirnan, D. J., Vanable, P. A., Ostrow, D. G., & Hope, B. (2001). Expectancies of sexual “escape” and sexual risk among drug and alcohol-involved gay and bisexual men. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13, 137–154.PubMedCrossRef McKirnan, D. J., Vanable, P. A., Ostrow, D. G., & Hope, B. (2001). Expectancies of sexual “escape” and sexual risk among drug and alcohol-involved gay and bisexual men. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13, 137–154.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press: New York. Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press: New York.
Zurück zum Zitat Missildine, W., Feldstein, G., Punzalan, J. C., & Parsons, J. T. (2005). S/he loves me, s/he loves me not: Questioning heterosexist assumptions of gender and romantic attraction. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity, 12, 1–11.CrossRef Missildine, W., Feldstein, G., Punzalan, J. C., & Parsons, J. T. (2005). S/he loves me, s/he loves me not: Questioning heterosexist assumptions of gender and romantic attraction. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity, 12, 1–11.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Morin, S. F., Vernon, K., Harcourt, J., Steward, W. T., Volk, J., Riess, T. H., Neilands, T. B., McLaughlin, M., & Coates, T. J. (2003). Why HIV infections have increased among men who have sex with men and what to do about it: Findings from California focus groups. AIDS and Behavior, 7, 353–362.PubMedCrossRef Morin, S. F., Vernon, K., Harcourt, J., Steward, W. T., Volk, J., Riess, T. H., Neilands, T. B., McLaughlin, M., & Coates, T. J. (2003). Why HIV infections have increased among men who have sex with men and what to do about it: Findings from California focus groups. AIDS and Behavior, 7, 353–362.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Morton, T. A., & Duck, J. M. (2000, August). Social identity and media dependency in the Gay community. Communication Research, 27, 438–461. Morton, T. A., & Duck, J. M. (2000, August). Social identity and media dependency in the Gay community. Communication Research, 27, 438–461.
Zurück zum Zitat Muench, F., & Parsons, J. T. (2004). Sexual compulsivity and HIV: Identification and treatment. Focus, 19, 1–4.PubMed Muench, F., & Parsons, J. T. (2004). Sexual compulsivity and HIV: Identification and treatment. Focus, 19, 1–4.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nanin, J. E., & Parsons, J. T. (2006). Club drug use and risky sex among gay and bisexual men in New York City. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 10, 111–122.CrossRef Nanin, J. E., & Parsons, J. T. (2006). Club drug use and risky sex among gay and bisexual men in New York City. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 10, 111–122.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Parsons, J. T. (2005a). HIV-positive gay and bisexual men. In S. C. Kalichman (Ed.), Positive prevention: Reducing HIV transmission among people living with HIV/AIDS (pp. 99–133). New York: Kluwer. Parsons, J. T. (2005a). HIV-positive gay and bisexual men. In S. C. Kalichman (Ed.), Positive prevention: Reducing HIV transmission among people living with HIV/AIDS (pp. 99–133). New York: Kluwer.
Zurück zum Zitat Parsons, J. T. (2005b). Motivating the unmotivated: A treatment model for barebackers. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 9(3/4), 133–152.CrossRef Parsons, J. T. (2005b). Motivating the unmotivated: A treatment model for barebackers. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 9(3/4), 133–152.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Parsons, J. T., Vicioso, K., Punzalan, J. C., Halkitis, P. N., Kutnick, A., & Velasquez, M. M. (2004). The impact of alcohol use on the sexual scripts of HIV + men who have sex with men. Journal of Sex Research, 41, 160–172.PubMedCrossRef Parsons, J. T., Vicioso, K., Punzalan, J. C., Halkitis, P. N., Kutnick, A., & Velasquez, M. M. (2004). The impact of alcohol use on the sexual scripts of HIV + men who have sex with men. Journal of Sex Research, 41, 160–172.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Parsons, J. T., Schrimshaw, E. W., Wolitski, R. J., Halkitis, P. N., Purcell, D. W., Hoff, C. C., & Gomez, C. (2005). Sexual harm reduction practices of HIV seropositive gay and bisexual men: Serosorting, strategic positioning, and withdrawal before ejaculation. AIDS, 19(S1), 13–26. Parsons, J. T., Schrimshaw, E. W., Wolitski, R. J., Halkitis, P. N., Purcell, D. W., Hoff, C. C., & Gomez, C. (2005). Sexual harm reduction practices of HIV seropositive gay and bisexual men: Serosorting, strategic positioning, and withdrawal before ejaculation. AIDS, 19(S1), 13–26.
Zurück zum Zitat Parsons, J. T., & Vicioso, K. (2005). Brief encounters: The Roles of public and commercial sex environments in the sexual lives of HIV-positive gay and bisexual men. In P. Halkitis, C. Gómez, & R. J. Wolitski (Eds.), HIV positive sex: The psychological and interpersonal dynamics of HIV-seropositive gay and bisexual men’s relationships (pp. 183–200). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Parsons, J. T., & Vicioso, K. (2005). Brief encounters: The Roles of public and commercial sex environments in the sexual lives of HIV-positive gay and bisexual men. In P. Halkitis, C. Gómez, & R. J. Wolitski (Eds.), HIV positive sex: The psychological and interpersonal dynamics of HIV-seropositive gay and bisexual men’s relationships (pp. 183–200). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Zurück zum Zitat Purcell, D. W., Parsons, J. T., Halkitis, P. N., Mizuno, Y., & Woods, W. (2001). Relationship of substance use by HIV-seropositive men who have sex with men and unprotected anal intercourse with HIV-negative and unknown serostatus partners. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13(1–2), 185–200.PubMedCrossRef Purcell, D. W., Parsons, J. T., Halkitis, P. N., Mizuno, Y., & Woods, W. (2001). Relationship of substance use by HIV-seropositive men who have sex with men and unprotected anal intercourse with HIV-negative and unknown serostatus partners. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13(1–2), 185–200.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Purcell, D. W., Moss, S., Remien, R. H., Woods, W. J., & Parsons, J. T. (2005). Illicit substance use, sexual risk, and HIV-positive gay and bisexual men: Differences by serostatus of casual partners. AIDS, 19(S1), 37–48.CrossRef Purcell, D. W., Moss, S., Remien, R. H., Woods, W. J., & Parsons, J. T. (2005). Illicit substance use, sexual risk, and HIV-positive gay and bisexual men: Differences by serostatus of casual partners. AIDS, 19(S1), 37–48.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rader, M., Marks, G., Mansergh, G., Crepaz, N., Miller, L., Appleby, S., & Murphy, S. (2001). Preferences about the characteristics of future HIV prevention products among men who have sex with men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 13, 149–159.PubMedCrossRef Rader, M., Marks, G., Mansergh, G., Crepaz, N., Miller, L., Appleby, S., & Murphy, S. (2001). Preferences about the characteristics of future HIV prevention products among men who have sex with men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 13, 149–159.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ridge, D. T. (2004). ‘It was an incredible thrill’: The social meanings and dynamics of younger gay men’s experiences of barebacking in Melbourne. Sexualities, 7, 259–279.CrossRef Ridge, D. T. (2004). ‘It was an incredible thrill’: The social meanings and dynamics of younger gay men’s experiences of barebacking in Melbourne. Sexualities, 7, 259–279.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ridge, D. T., Plummer, D. C., & Minichiello, V. (1994). Young gay men and HIV: Running the risk? AIDS Care, 6, 371–378.PubMedCrossRef Ridge, D. T., Plummer, D. C., & Minichiello, V. (1994). Young gay men and HIV: Running the risk? AIDS Care, 6, 371–378.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Robins, A. G., Dew, M. A., Kingsley, L. A., & Becker, J. T. (1997). Do homosexual and bisexual men who place others at potential risk for HIV have unique psychosocial profiles? AIDS Education and Prevention, 9, 239–251.PubMed Robins, A. G., Dew, M. A., Kingsley, L. A., & Becker, J. T. (1997). Do homosexual and bisexual men who place others at potential risk for HIV have unique psychosocial profiles? AIDS Education and Prevention, 9, 239–251.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Roffman, R. A., Stephens, R. S., Curtin, L., Gordan, J. R., Craver, J. N., Stern, M., Beadnell, B., & Downey, L. (1998). Relapse prevention as an intervention model for HIV risk reduction in gay and bisexual men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 10, 1–18.PubMed Roffman, R. A., Stephens, R. S., Curtin, L., Gordan, J. R., Craver, J. N., Stern, M., Beadnell, B., & Downey, L. (1998). Relapse prevention as an intervention model for HIV risk reduction in gay and bisexual men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 10, 1–18.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rogers, E. M., & Shefner-Rodgers, C. L. (1999). Diffusion of innovations and HIV/AIDS prevention research. In W. N. Elwood (Ed.), Power in the blood: A handbook on AIDS, politics, and communication (pp. 405–414). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Rogers, E. M., & Shefner-Rodgers, C. L. (1999). Diffusion of innovations and HIV/AIDS prevention research. In W. N. Elwood (Ed.), Power in the blood: A handbook on AIDS, politics, and communication (pp. 405–414). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Zurück zum Zitat Schonnesson, L. N., & Clement, U. (1995). Sexual attitudinal conflict and sexual behavior changes among homosexual HIV-positive men. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 7, 41–58.CrossRef Schonnesson, L. N., & Clement, U. (1995). Sexual attitudinal conflict and sexual behavior changes among homosexual HIV-positive men. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 7, 41–58.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Seibt, A. C., & Ross, M. W. (1995). Relationship between safe sex and acculturation into the gay subculture. AIDS Care, 7, 85–88.CrossRef Seibt, A. C., & Ross, M. W. (1995). Relationship between safe sex and acculturation into the gay subculture. AIDS Care, 7, 85–88.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Shoptaw, S., & Frosch, D. (2000). Substance abuse treatment as HIV prevention for men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 4, 193–203.CrossRef Shoptaw, S., & Frosch, D. (2000). Substance abuse treatment as HIV prevention for men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 4, 193–203.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Siever, M. D. (1994). Sexual orientation and gender as factors in socioculturally acquired vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 252–260.PubMedCrossRef Siever, M. D. (1994). Sexual orientation and gender as factors in socioculturally acquired vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 252–260.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Silverstein, C., & Picano, F. (2003). Barebacking. In The joy of gay sex (3rd ed., pp. 1–2). New York: Harper Collins. Silverstein, C., & Picano, F. (2003). Barebacking. In The joy of gay sex (3rd ed., pp. 1–2). New York: Harper Collins.
Zurück zum Zitat Stirratt, M. (2005). I have something to tell you: HIV serostatus disclosure practices of HIV-positive gay and bisexual men with sex partners. In P. N. Halkitis, C. A. Gomez, & R. J. Wolitiski (Eds.), HIV + Sex: The psychological and interpersonal dynamics of HIV-seropositive gay and bisexual men’s relationships (pp. 101–120). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Stirratt, M. (2005). I have something to tell you: HIV serostatus disclosure practices of HIV-positive gay and bisexual men with sex partners. In P. N. Halkitis, C. A. Gomez, & R. J. Wolitiski (Eds.), HIV + Sex: The psychological and interpersonal dynamics of HIV-seropositive gay and bisexual men’s relationships (pp. 101–120). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Zurück zum Zitat Strub, S. (1997, June). Talking about sex in an intelligent way is tough. POZ, 16. Strub, S. (1997, June). Talking about sex in an intelligent way is tough. POZ, 16.
Zurück zum Zitat Tabet, S., Callahan, M., Mauck, C., Gai, F, Coetti, A., Profy, A., Moench, T., Sotto-Torres, L., Poindexter III, A., Frezieres, R., Walsh, T., Kelly, C., Richardson, B., van Damme, L., & Celum, C. (2003). Safety and acceptability of penile application of 2 candidate topical microbicides: Buffergel and PRO 2000 Gel. Journal of AIDS, 33, 476–483.PubMed Tabet, S., Callahan, M., Mauck, C., Gai, F, Coetti, A., Profy, A., Moench, T., Sotto-Torres, L., Poindexter III, A., Frezieres, R., Walsh, T., Kelly, C., Richardson, B., van Damme, L., & Celum, C. (2003). Safety and acceptability of penile application of 2 candidate topical microbicides: Buffergel and PRO 2000 Gel. Journal of AIDS, 33, 476–483.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tawk, H. M., Simpson, J. M., & Mindel, A. (2004). Condom use in multi-partnered males: Importance of HIV and hepatitis B status. AIDS Care, 16, 890–900.PubMedCrossRef Tawk, H. M., Simpson, J. M., & Mindel, A. (2004). Condom use in multi-partnered males: Importance of HIV and hepatitis B status. AIDS Care, 16, 890–900.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tewksbury, R. (2003). Bareback sex and the quest for HIV: Assessing the relationship in Internet personal advertisements of men who have sex with men. Deviant Behavior, 24, 467–483.CrossRef Tewksbury, R. (2003). Bareback sex and the quest for HIV: Assessing the relationship in Internet personal advertisements of men who have sex with men. Deviant Behavior, 24, 467–483.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat van De Ven, P., Kippax, S., Crawford, J., Rawstorne, P., Prestage, G., Grulich, A., & Murphy, D. (2002). In a minority of gay men, sexual risk practice indicates strategic positioning for perceived risk reduction rather than unbridled sex. AIDS Care, 14, 471–480.PubMedCrossRef van De Ven, P., Kippax, S., Crawford, J., Rawstorne, P., Prestage, G., Grulich, A., & Murphy, D. (2002). In a minority of gay men, sexual risk practice indicates strategic positioning for perceived risk reduction rather than unbridled sex. AIDS Care, 14, 471–480.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Williams, M. L., Elwood, W. N., & Bowen, A. M. (2000). Escape from risk: A Qualitative exploration of relapse to unprotected anal sex among men who have sex with men. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 11, 25–49.CrossRef Williams, M. L., Elwood, W. N., & Bowen, A. M. (2000). Escape from risk: A Qualitative exploration of relapse to unprotected anal sex among men who have sex with men. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 11, 25–49.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wolitski, R. J. (2005). The emergence of barebacking among gay and bisexual men in the United States: A Public health perspective. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 9, 13–38.CrossRef Wolitski, R. J. (2005). The emergence of barebacking among gay and bisexual men in the United States: A Public health perspective. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 9, 13–38.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wood, M. J. (2004). The gay male gaze: Body image disturbance and gender oppression among gay men. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 17, 43–63.CrossRef Wood, M. J. (2004). The gay male gaze: Body image disturbance and gender oppression among gay men. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 17, 43–63.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Intentional Unprotected Anal Intercourse among Sex Who have Sex with Men: Barebacking—from Behavior to Identity
verfasst von
Jeffrey T. Parsons
David S. Bimbi
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2007
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
AIDS and Behavior / Ausgabe 2/2007
Print ISSN: 1090-7165
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3254
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-006-9135-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2007

AIDS and Behavior 2/2007 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

25.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.