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Open Access 11.12.2017 | Original Article

International Union of Immunological Societies: 2017 Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Committee Report on Inborn Errors of Immunity

verfasst von: Capucine Picard, H. Bobby Gaspar, Waleed Al-Herz, Aziz Bousfiha, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Talal Chatila, Yanick J. Crow, Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles, Amos Etzioni, Jose Luis Franco, Steven M. Holland, Christoph Klein, Tomohiro Morio, Hans D. Ochs, Eric Oksenhendler, Jennifer Puck, Mimi L. K. Tang, Stuart G. Tangye, Troy R. Torgerson, Kathleen E. Sullivan

Erschienen in: Journal of Clinical Immunology | Ausgabe 1/2018

Abstract

Beginning in 1970, a committee was constituted under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO) to catalog primary immunodeficiencies. Twenty years later, the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) took the remit of this committee. The current report details the categorization and listing of 354 (as of February 2017) inborn errors of immunity. The growth and increasing complexity of the field have been impressive, encompassing an increasing variety of conditions, and the classification described here will serve as a critical reference for immunologists and researchers worldwide.

Introduction

In 1970, Drs. Fudenberg, Good, Hitzig, Kunkel, Roitt, Rosen, Rowe, Seligmann, and Soothill met under the auspices of the World Health Organization to classify the emerging “primary immune deficiencies.” This august group focused on understanding whether immunodeficiencies could be categorized as B cell disorders or T cell disorders [1, 2]. Their initial report identified 16 distinct immunodeficiencies and included the prophetic comment that “the variable immunodeficiency group probably lumps together a series of syndromes…. Included in this group are cases previously classified as ‘congenital’, non-sex linked or sporadic hypogammaglobulinemia, primary ‘dysgammglobulinemia’ of both childhood and adult life, and ‘acquired’ primary hypogammaglobulinemia. It is hoped that careful analysis of such patients…. will result in delineation of several homogeneous syndromes…”. Indeed, the emergence of monogenic causes of hypogammaglobulinemia (Table 3) and disorders with variable immunoglobulin abnormalities associated with immune dysregulation (Table 4) have been the groups of immunodeficiencies most transformed by the advent of new technologies. Another group dramatically impacted by resetting of the clinical radar and new techniques has been the set of disorders associated with a limited spectrum of infectious susceptibility. The graphs in Fig. 1 define the transformation of the field over the interval during which next-generation sequencing came to prominence. The tremendous progress, energy, and enthusiasm in the field currently have led to a greater need than ever for a current cataloging of the disorders.

The new disorders (since 2015 [3]) represent an impressive spectrum of phenotypes. There are 354 distinct disorders with 344 different gene defects listed. The emerging dominance of next-generation sequencing has driven the rapid increase in the number of recognized disorders which has led to two major consequences. Often new inborn errors of immunity are initially described in a single kindred or a small number of kindreds. This may lead to incorrect assumptions about prevalence and phenotype. In fact, for most disorders, we have little idea of the prevalence within even the recognized population with the described phenotype. The second consequence of the rapid rise of next-generation sequencing is a striking expansion of the phenotypic spectrum associated with many diseases. Where once the phenotype of a given disorder was clear, the spectrum of manifestations often extends impressively once the ascertainment is not linked to a preconceived idea [20]. As a community, we recognize the importance of publishing cases and small series and to report specific mutations with clinical findings because publications are used to define likelihood of causality during bioinformatic analysis of next-generation sequencing results.

In 1999, the Committee on Primary Immunodeficiencies came under the auspices of the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). The current committee met on February 23–24, 2017, in London to update the classification of human primary immunodeficiencies. Inclusion in this “master list” requires a body of literature supporting causality of a gene defect and a penetrance indicating clinical relevance [21]. Committee members vote on inclusion of each new disorder and this publications lists those included as of the February 2017 meeting. The landscape is changing so rapidly, and the number of primary immunodeficiencies growing so fast, that two major changes have been implemented. The published list will continue to serve as a reference; however, this list will now be available as a csv file on the IUIS website to enable sorting according to gene, disease name, or clinical/laboratory feature. This file will also include the associated ICD10 codes in order to promote harmonization of utilization. The second major change is to the nomenclature. The term primary immunodeficiency has an important legacy—the abbreviations PID or PIDD are often used by patient organizations and are recognized around the world. However, this terminology does limit the conceptualization of disorders to those in which susceptibility to infection is the main manifestation. The improving recognition of immune dysregulation diseases, including the growing field of autoinflammatory disorders and interferonopathies, has mandated that a more encompassing terminology be used. This manuscript, therefore, utilizes “inborn errors of immunity” as the descriptor for the work and the categorization. In addition to embracing technology to remain updated, the companion publication “Update of the Phenotypical IUIS Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies” will provide a phenotype-oriented approach to the IUIS categorization of disorders. Moreover, a new free application can be found as “PID phenotypical diagnosis” or “PID classification” from iTunes and Android app stores [22, 23]. Information that is readily accessible is the new standard, and the IUIS Expert Committee on Primary Immunodeficiencies believes that improved access to information will positively impact patient care around the world.

The tables divide disease categories according to common phenotypes for ease of review and searching. Table 1 lists combined immunodeficiencies, Table 2 lists combined immunodeficiencies with syndromic features, Table 3 lists predominantly antibody deficiencies, Table 4 lists diseases of immune dysregulation, Table 5 lists defects of phagocyte number or function, Table 6 lists defects in intrinsic and innate immunity, Table 7 lists autoinflammatory diseases, Table 8 lists complement deficiencies, and Table 9 lists phenocopies of inborn errors of immunity. The division into phenotypes for the purpose of this list does not imply that the presentation is homogeneous. Each disorder is listed only once for the sake of simplicity although distinct modes of inheritance can be listed separately. There are nine genes for which both loss-of-function and gain-of-function variants have been identified: CFB, C3, CARD11, STAT1, STAT3, WAS, JAK1, IFIH1, and ZAP70. For these, the loss-of-function and gain-of-function aspects are listed. Within each table, there are additional sub-tables that segregate into coherent phenotypic sets. At the end of each table, the new disorders, added for this publication, are listed for easy reference. Other features important for navigation of the list include the use of OMIM links [24]. For additional information on a gene, the links can be accessed from within the online publication. For the second time, we also include non-inborn errors of immunity in Table 9, representing phenocopies of inborn errors which might be important to consider diagnostically.

Table 1

Immunodeficiencies affecting cellular and humoral immunity

Disease	Genetic defect	Inheritance	OMIM	T cells	B cells	Ig	Associated features
1. T-B+ severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)
γc deficiency (common gamma chain SCID, CD132 deficiency)	IL2RG	XL	308380	Very low	Normal to high	Low	Low NK
JAK3 deficiency	JAK3	AR	600173	Very low	Normal to high	Low	Low NK
IL7Rα deficiency	IL7R	AR	146661	Very low	Normal to high	Low	Nl NK
CD45 deficiency	PTPRC	AR	151460	Very low	Normal	Low	Nl γ/δ Τ cells
CD3δ deficiency	CD3D	AR	186790	Very low	Normal	Low	Nl NK, no γ/δ T cells
CD3ε deficiency	CD3E	AR	186830	Very low	Normal	Low	Nl NK, no γ/δ T cells
CD3ζ deficiency	CD247	AR	186780	Very low	Normal	Low	Nl NK, no γ/δ T cells
Coronin-1A deficiency	CORO1A	AR	605000	Very low	Normal	Low	Detectable thymus, EBV
LAT deficiency	LAT	AR	602354	Nl to low number	Nl to low	High	Adenopathy, splenomegaly, recurrent infections, autoimmunity
2. T-B- SCID
RAG1 deficiency	RAG1	AR	179615	Very low	Very low	Decreased	Nl NK
RAG2 deficiency	RAG2	AR	179616	Very low	Very low	Decreased	Nl NK
DCLRE1C (Artemis) deficiency	DCLRE1C	AR	605988	Very low	Very low	Decreased	Nl NK, radiation sensitive
DNA PKcs deficiency	PRKDC	AR	176977	Very low	Very low	Variable	Nl NK, radiation sensitive, microcephaly
Cernunnos/XLF deficiency	NHEJ1	AR	611290	Very low	Very low	Decreased	Nl NK, radiation sensitive, microcephaly
DNA ligase IV deficiency	LIG4	AR	601837	Very low	Very low	Decreased	Nl NK, radiation sensitive, microcephaly
Reticular dysgenesis	AK2	AR	103020	Very low	Nl to low	Decreased	Granulocytopenia and deafness
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency	ADA	AR	608958	Very low	Low, decreasing	Low, decreasing	Low NK, bone defects, may have pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, cognitive defects
3. Combined immunodeficiencies generally less profound than severe combined immunodeficiency
DOCK2 deficiency	DOCK2	AR	603122	Low	Normal	IgG Nl or low, poor antibody responses	Nl NK cells, but defective function. Poor interferon responses in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells
CD40 ligand deficiency (CD154)	CD40LG (TNFSF5)	XL	300386	Nl to low	sIgM⁺, IgD⁺ cells present, absent sIgG⁺, IgA⁺, and IgE⁺ cells	IgM normal or high, other Ig isotypes low	Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, opportunistic infections, biliary tract and liver disease, Cryptosporidium infections
CD40 deficiency	CD40 (TNFRSF5)	AR	109535	Normal	sIgM⁺, IgD⁺ cells present, absent sIgG⁺, IgA⁺ and IgE⁺ cells	IgM normal or high, other Ig isotypes low	Neutropenia, opportunistic infections, gastrointestinal and biliary tract and liver disease, Cryptosporidium infections
ICOS deficiency	ICOS	AR	604558	Normal	Normal	Low	Recurrent infections, autoimmunity, gastroenteritis, granulomas
CD3γ deficiency	CD3G	AR	186740	Nl number, but low TCR expression	Normal	Normal
CD8 deficiency	CD8A	AR	186910	Absent CD8, nl CD4	Normal	Normal	Recurrent infections, may be asymptomatic
ZAP-70 deficiency (ZAP70 LOF)	ZAP70	AR	176947	Low CD8, Nl CD4 number but poor function	Normal	Normal	May have immune dysregulation, autoimmunity
MHC class I deficiency	TAP1	AR	170260	Low CD8, Nl CD4, absent MHC I on lymphocytes	Normal	Normal	Vasculitis, pyoderma gangrenosum
MHC class I deficiency	TAP2	AR	170261	Low CD8, Nl CD4, absent MHC I on lymphocytes	Normal	Normal	Vasculitis, pyoderma gangrenosum
MHC class I deficiency	TAPBP	AR	601962	Low CD8, Nl CD4, absent MHC I on lymphocytes	Normal	Normal	Vasculitis, pyoderma gangrenosum
MHC class I deficiency	B2M	AR	109700	Low CD8, Nl CD4, absent MHC I on lymphocytes	Normal	Normal	Sinopulmonary infections, cutaneous granulomas. Absent β2m associated proteins MHC I, CD1a, CD1b, CD1c
MHC class II deficiency group A	CIITA	AR	600005	Low CD4 cells Absent MHC II expression on lymphocytes	Normal	Nl to low	Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, liver/biliary tract disease
MHC class II deficiency group B	RFXANK	AR	603200	Low CD4 cells Absent MHC II expression on lymphocytes	Normal	Nl to low	Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, liver/biliary tract disease
MHC class II deficiency group C	RFX5	AR	601863	Low CD4 cells Absent MHC II expression on lymphocytes	Normal	Nl to low	Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, liver/biliary tract disease
MHC class II deficiency group D	RFXAP	AR	601861	Low CD4 cells Absent MHC II expression on lymphocytes	Normal	Nl to low	Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, liver/biliary tract disease
DOCK8 deficiency	DOCK8	AR	243700	Low, poor proliferation, few, poorly functioning Treg	Low, low CD27+ memory B cells Poor peripheral B cell tolerance	Low IgM, Nl to high IgG and IgA, high IgE	Low NK cells with poor function, eosinophilia, recurrent infections, cutaneous viral, fungal and staphylococcal infections, severe atopy, cancer diathesis
Rhoh deficiency	RHOH	AR	602037	Nl number, low naïve T cells, restricted repertoire, poor proliferation to CD3	Normal	Normal	HPV infection, lung granulomas, molluscum contagiosum, lymphoma
MST1 deficiency	STK4	AR	614868	Low, low terminal differentiated effector memory (TEMRA) cells, low naïve T cells, poor proliferation	Low	High	Intermittent neutropenia, bacterial, viral (HPV), candidal infections, EBV lymphoproliferation, autoimmune cytopenias, lymphoma, congenital heart disease
TCRα deficiency	TRAC	AR	615387	Absent TCRαβ, all T cells are γδ, poor proliferation	Normal	Normal	Recurrent viral, bacterial, fungal infections, immune dysregulation and autoimmunity, diarrhea
LCK deficiency	LCK	AR	615758	Low CD4⁺, low Treg, restricted T cell repertoire, poor TCR signaling	Normal	Nl IgG and IgA, high IgM	Recurrent infections, immune dysregulation, autoimmunity
MALT1 deficiency	MALT1	AR	615468	Nl number, poor proliferation	Normal	Nl levels, poor specific antibody response	Bacterial, fungal and viral infections
CARD11 deficiency (LOF)	CARD11	AR	615206	Nl number, predominant naïve T cells, poor proliferation	Normal, transitional B cell predominance	Absent/low	Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, bacterial and viral infections
BCL10 deficiency	BCL10	AR	616098	Nl number, low memory T and Treg cells, poor antigen and anti-CD3 proliferation	Nl number, decreased memory and switched B cells	Low	Recurrent bacterial and viral infections, candidiasis, gastroenteritis
BCL11B deficiency	BCL11B	AD	617237	Low, poor proliferation	Normal	Normal	Congenital abnormalities, neonatal teeth, dysmorphic facies, absent corpus callosum, neurocognitive deficits
IL-21 deficiency	IL21	AR	615767	Nl number, nl/low function	Low	Low IgG	Severe early-onset colitis, recurrent sinopulmonary infections
IL-21R deficiency	IL21R	AR	615207	Nl number, low cytokine production, poor antigen proliferation	Normal	Nl number, poor specific antibody responses	Recurrent infections, Pneumocystis jiroveci, Cryptosporidium infections and liver disease
OX40 deficiency	TNFRSF4	AR	615593	Nl numbers, low antigen specific memory CD4+	Nl numbers, low memory B cells	Normal	Impaired immunity to HHV8, Kaposi’s sarcoma
IKBKB deficiency	IKBKB	AR	615592	Nl number, absent Treg and γ/δ T cells, impaired TCR activation	Nl number, poor function	Low	Recurrent bacterial, viral, fungal infections, opportunistic infections
NIK deficiency	MAP3K14	AR	604655	Nl number, poor proliferation to antigen	Low, low switched memory B cells	Low Ig’s	Low NK number and function, recurrent bacterial, viral and Cryptosporidium infections
RelB deficiency	RELB	AR	604758	Nl number, poor diversity, poor function			Recurrent infections
Moesin deficiency	MSN	XL	300988	Nl number, defective migration, proliferation	Low number	Low Ig’s over time	Recurrent infections with bacteria, varicella, neutropenia
TFRC deficiency	TFRC	AR	616740	Nl number, poor proliferation	Nl number, low memory B cells	Low	Recurrent infections, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia

SCID/CID spectrum: Infants with SCID who have maternal T cell engraftment may have T cells in normal numbers that do not function normally; these cells may cause autoimmune cytopenias or graft versus host disease. Hypomorphic mutations in several of the genes that cause SCID may result in Omenn syndrome (OS), or “leaky” SCID, or still less profound combined immunodeficiency (CID) phenotypes. Both OS and leaky SCID can be associated with > 300 autologous T cells/μL of peripheral blood and reduced, rather than absent, proliferative responses when compared with typical SCID caused by null mutations. A spectrum of clinical findings including typical SCID, OS, leaky SCID, CID, granulomas with T lymphopenia, autoimmunity and CD4 T lymphopenia can be found in an allelic series of RAG1 and other SCID-associated genes. Total number of disorders in Table 1: 49 (17 SCID, 32 CID). New disorders: 5, MOESIN, BCL11B, TFRC, RELB, LAT. Removed gene: UNC119 deficiency has been removed. The UNC119 variant reported previously is a benign polymorphism in unaffected individuals

SCID severe combined immunodeficiency, EBV Epstein-Barr virus, MHC major histocompatibility complex, HPV human papillomavirus, Treg T regulatory cell, Nl normal, XL X-linked inheritance, AR autosomal recessive inheritance, AD autosomal dominant inheritance, LOF loss-of-function

Table 2

Combined immunodeficiencies with associated or syndromic features

Disease	Genetic defect	Inheritance	OMIM	T cells	B cells	Ig	Associated features
1. Immunodeficiency with congenital thrombocytopenia
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS LOF)	WAS	XL	300392	Progressive decrease in numbers, abnormal lymphocyte responses to anti-CD3	Normal numbers	Low IgM and antibody responses to polysaccharides, often high IgA and IgE	Thrombocytopenia with small platelets, recurrent bacterial and viral infections, bloody diarrhea, eczema, lymphoma, autoimmune disease, IgA nephropathy, vasculitis. XL thrombocytopenia is a mild form of WAS, and XL neutropenia is caused by missense mutations in the GTPase binding domain of WASp
WIP deficiency	WIPF1	AR	602357	Reduced, defective lymphocyte responses to anti-CD3	Normal or low	Normal, except for high IgE	Thrombocytopenia with or without small platelets, recurrent bacterial and viral infections, eczema, bloody diarrhea, WAS protein absent
ARPC1B deficiency	ARPC1B	AR	604223	Normal	Normal numbers	Normal except for high IgA and IgE	Mild thrombocytopenia with normal sized platelets, recurrent invasive infections, colitis, vasculitis, autoantibodies (ANA, ANCA), eosinophilia, defective Arp2/3, filament branching
2. DNA repair defects other than those listed in Table 1
Ataxia-telangiectasia	ATM	AR	607585	Progressive decrease, abnormal proliferation to mitogens	Normal	Often low IgA, IgE and IgG subclasses, increased IgM monomers, antibodies variably decreased	Ataxia, telangiectasia, pulmonary infections, lymphoreticular and other malignancies, increased alpha fetoprotein, increased radiosensitivity, chromosomal instability and chromosomal translocations
Nijmegen breakage syndrome	NBS1	AR	602667	Progressive decrease	Variably reduced	Often low IgA, IgE, and IgG subclasses, increased IgM, antibodies variably decreased	Microcephaly, dysmorphic facies, lymphomas, solid tumors, increased radiosensitivity, chromosomal instability
Bloom Syndrome	BLM (RECQL3)	AR	604610	Normal	Normal	Low	Short stature, dysmorphic facies, sun-sensitive erythema, marrow failure, leukemia, lymphoma, chromosomal instability
Immunodeficiency with centromeric instability and facial anomalies, ICF1	DNMT3B	AR	602900	Decreased or normal, responses to PHA may be decreased	Decreased or normal	Hypogammaglobulinemia or agammaglobulinemia, variable antibody deficiency
Immunodeficiency with centromeric instability and facial anomalies, ICF2	ZBTB24	AR	614064	Decreased or normal,	Decreased or normal	Hypogammaglobulinemia or agammaglobulinemia, variable antibody deficiency
Immunodeficiency with centromeric instability and facial anomalies, ICF3	CDCA7	AR	609937	responses to PHA may be decreased	Decreased or normal	Hypogammaglobulinemia or agammaglobulinemia, variable antibody deficiency
Immunodeficiency with centromeric instability and facial anomalies, ICF4	HELLS	AR	603946	Decreased or normal	Decreased or normal	Hypogammaglobulinemia or agammaglobulinemia, variable antibody deficiency
PMS2 deficiency	PMS2	AR	600259	Normal	Low B cells, switched and non-switched	Low IgG and IgA, high IgM, abnormal antibody responses	Recurrent infections, café-au-lait spots, lymphoma, colorectal carcinoma, brain tumors
RNF168 deficiency (radiosensitivity, immune deficiency, dysmorphic features, learning difficulties [RIDDLE] syndrome)	RNF168	AR	612688	Normal	Normal	Low IgG or IgA	Short stature, mild defect of motor control to ataxia, normal intelligence to learning difficulties, mild facial dysmorphism to microcephaly, increased radiosensitivity
MCM4 deficiency	MCM4	AR	602638	Normal	Normal	Normal	NK cells: low number and function. Viral infections (EBV, HSV, VZV), short stature, B cell lymphoma, adrenal failure
POLE1 (polymerase ε subunit 1) deficiency (FILS syndrome)	POLE	AR	174762	Decreased T cell proliferation	Low memory B cells	Low IgG2 and IgM, lack of antibody to PPS	Recurrent respiratory infections, meningitis, facial dysmorphism, livido, short stature
POLE2 (polymerase ε subunit 2) deficiency	POLE2	AR	602670	Lymphopenia, lack of TRECS, absent proliferation in response to antigens	Very low	Hypogammaglobulinemia	Recurrent infections, disseminated BCG infections, autoimmunity (type 1 diabetes, hypothyroidism, facial dysmorphism
Ligase I deficiency	LIG1	AR	126391	Lymphopenia, decreased mitogen response	Normal	Low IgA and IgG Reduced antibody responses	Recurrent respiratory infections, growth retardation, sun sensitivity, lymphoma, radiation sensitivity
NSMCE3 deficiency	NSMCE3	AR	608243	Number decreased, poor response to mitogens and antigens	Normal	Normal Decreased Ab responses to PPS normal IgG, IgA, elevated IgM	Severe lung disease (possibly viral), thymic hypoplasia, chromosomal breakage, radiation sensitivity
ERCC6L2 (Hebo deficiency)	ERCC6L2	AR	615667	Lymphopenia	Low	Normal	Facial dysmorphism, microcephaly, bone marrow failure
GINS1 deficiency	GINS1	AR	610608	Low or normal	Low or normal	High IgA, low IgM and IgG	Neutropenia, IUGR, NK cells very low
3. Thymic defects with additional congenital anomalies
DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS)	Large deletion (3 Mb) typically in chromosome 22	AD	602054	Decreased or normal, 5% have < 1500 CD3T cells/μL in neonatal period	Normal	Normal or decreased	Hypoparathyroidism, conotruncal cardiac malformation, velopalatal insufficiency, abnormal facies, intellectual disability
DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome	Unknown	Sporadic		Decreased or normal	Normal	Normal or decreased	Hypoparathyroidism, conotruncal cardiac malformation, velopalatal insufficiency, abnormal facies, intellectual disability
TBX1 deficiency	TBX1	AD	602054	Decreased or normal	Normal	Normal or decreased	Hypoparathyroidism, conotruncal cardiac malformation, velopalatal insufficiency, abnormal facies, intellectual disability
CHARGE syndrome due to CHD7 deficiency	CHD7	AD	608892	Decreased or normal, response to PHA may be decreased	Normal	Normal or decreased	Coloboma, heart anomaly, choanal atresia, intellectual disability, genital and ear anomalies, CNS malformation, some are SCID-like and have low TRECs
CHARGE syndrome due to SEMA3E deficiency	SEMA3E	AD	608166	Decreased or normal, response to PHA may be decreased	Normal	Normal or decreased	Coloboma, heart anomaly, choanal atresia, intellectual retardation, genital and ear anomalies, CNS malformation, some are SCID-like and have low TRECs
CHARGE syndrome	Unknown			Decreased or normal, response to PHA may be decreased	Normal	Normal or decreased	Coloboma, heart anomaly, choanal atresia, intellectual disability, genital and ear anomalies, CNS malformation, some are SCID-like and have low TRECs
Winged helix nude FOXN1 deficiency	FOXN1	AR	600838	Very low	Normal	Decreased	Severe infections, abnormal thymic epithelium, immunodeficiency, congenital alopecia, nail dystrophy, neural tube defect
Chromosome 10p13-p14 deletion Syndrome (10p13-p14DS)	Del10p13-p14	AD	601362	Normal, rarely lymphopenia and decreased lymphoproliferation to mitogens and antigens, hypolastic thymus may be present	Normal	Normal	Hypoparathyroidism, renal disease, deafness, growth retardation, facial dysmorphism, cardiac defects may be present, recurrent infections +/−
4. Immuno-osseous dysplasias
Cartilage hair hypoplasia (CHH)	RMRP	AR	157660	Varies from severely decreased (SCID) to normal, impaired lymphocyte proliferation	Normal	Normal or reduced, antibodies variably decreased	Short-limbed dwarfism with metaphyseal dysostosis, sparse hair, bone marrow failure, autoimmunity, susceptibility to lymphoma and other cancers, impaired spermatogenesis, neuronal dysplasia of the intestine
Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia	SMARCAL1	AR	606622	Decreased	Normal	Normal	Short stature, spondiloepiphyseal dysplasia, intrauterine growth retardation, nephropathy, bacterial, viral, fungal infections, may present as SCID, bone marrow failure
MYSM1 deficiency	MYSM1	AR	612176	T cell lymphopenia, reduced naïve T cells	Immature B cells	Hypogammaglobulinemia	Short stature, recurrent infections, congenital bone marrow failure, myelodysplasia, immunodeficiency affecting B cells and granulocytes, skeletal anomalies, cataracts, developmental delay.
MOPD1 deficiency	RNU4ATAC	AR	601428	Normal	Normal	Normal, specific antibodies variably decreased	Recurrent bacterial infections, lymphadenopathy, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, extreme intrauterine growth retardation, retinal dystrophy, facial dysmorphism, may present with microcephaly
EXTL3 deficiency	EXTL3	AR		Reduced	Normal	Variably decreased	Platyspondyly, kyphosis, variable skeletal dysplasias, developmental delay
5. Hyper IgE syndromes (HIES)
AD-HIES STAT3 deficiency (Job syndrome)	STAT3	AD LOF	102582	Normal overall, Th-17 and T-follicular helper cells decreased	Normal, reduced switched and non-switched memory B cells, BAFF expression increased	High IgE, specific antibody production decreased	Distinctive facial features (broad nasal bridge), bacterial infections (boils and pulmonary abscesses, pneumatoceles) due to S. aureus, pulmonary aspergillus, Pneumocystis jirovecii, eczema, mucocutaneous candidiasis, hyperextensible joints, osteoporosis and bone fractures, scoliosis, retention of primary teeth, coronary and cerebral aneurysm formation
Comel-Netherton syndrome	SPINK5	AR	605010	Normal	Low Switched and non-switched B cells	High IgE and IgA Antibody variably decreased	Congenital ichthyosis, bamboo hair, atopic diathesis, increased bacterial infections, failure to thrive
PGM3 deficiency	PGM3	AR	172100	CD8 and CD4 T cells may be decreased	Low B and memory B cells	Normal or elevated IgG and IgA, most high IgE, eosinophilia	Severe atopy, autoimmunity, bacterial and viral infections, skeletal anomalies dysplasia: short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, and intellectual disability cognitive impairment, hypomyelination
6. Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC), myelodysplasia, short telomeres
XL-DKC due to dyskerin deficiency	DKC1	XL	300126	Progressive decrease	Progressive decrease	Variable hypogammaglobulinemia	Intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, nail dystrophy, sparse scalp hair and eyelashes, hyperpigmentation of skin, palmar hyperkeratosis, premalignant oral leukoplakia, pancytopenia, myelodysplasia, +/− recurrent infections. A severe phenotype with developmental delay and cerebellar hypoplasia known as Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome (HHS) may occur in some DKC patients
AR-DKC due to nucleolar protein family A member 2 (NHP2) deficiency	NHP2	AR	606470	Decreased	Variable	Variable
AR-DKC due to nucleolar protein family A member 3 (NHP3) or NOP10 deficiency	NOP10	AR	606471	Decreased	Variable	Variable
AD/AR-DKC due to regulator of telomere elongation (RTEL1) deficiency	RTEL1	AD or AR	608833	Decreased	Variable	Variable
AD-DKC due to TERC deficiency	TERC	AD	602322	Variable	Variable	Variable
AD/AR-DKC due to TERT deficiency	TERT	AD or AR	187270	Variable	Variable	Variable
AD-DKC due to TINF2 deficiency	TINF2	AD	604319	Variable	Variable	Variable
AD/AR-DKC due to TPP1 deficiency	TPP1	AD or AR	609377	Variable	Variable	Variable
AR-DKC due to DCLRE1B deficiency	DCLRE1B/SNM1/APOLLO:	AR	609683	Variable	Variable	Variable
AR-DKC due to PARN deficiency	PARN	AR (AD?)	604212	Variable	Variable	Variable
AR-DKC due to WRAP53 deficiency	WRAP53	AR	612661	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
Coats plus syndrome due to STN1 deficiency	STN1	AR	613128	Variable	Variable	Not known	Intrauterine growth retardation, premature aging, pancytopenia, hypocellular bone marrow, gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to vascular ectasia, intracranial calcification, abnormal telomeres
Coats plus syndrome due to CTC1 deficiency	CTC1	AR	613129	Normal	Normal	Normal	Intrauterine growth retardation, sparse graying hair, dystrophic nails, trilinear bone marrow failure, osteopenia, gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to vascular ectasia, retinal telangiectasia, intracranial calcification, abnormal telomeres
SAMD9	SAMD9	AD (GOF)	617053	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	IUGR with gonadal abnormalities, adrenal failure, MDS with chromosome 7 aberrations, predisposition to infections, enteropathy, absent spleen
SAMD9L	SAMD9L	AD (GOF)	159550	Normal	Low	Not reported	Cytopenia, predisposition to MDS with chromosome 7 aberrations, immunodeficiency, and progressive cerebellar dysfunction
7. Defects of vitamin B₁₂ and folate metabolism
Transcobalamin 2 deficiency	TCN2	AR	613441	Normal	Variable	Decreased	Megaloblastic anemia, pancytopenia, if untreated for prolonged periods results in intellectual disability
SLC46A1/PCFT deficiency causing hereditary folate malabsorption	SLC46A1	AR	229050	Variable numbers and activation profile	Variable	Decreased	Megaloblastic anemia, if untreated for prolonged periods results in intellectual disability
Methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1) deficiency	MTHFD1	AR	172460	Low thymic output, normal in vitro proliferation	Low	Decreased/poor antibody responses to conjugated polysaccharide antigens	Recurrent bacterial infection, Pneumocystis jirovecii, megaloblastic anemia, neutropenia, seizures, intellectual disability, folate-responsive
8. Anhidrotic ectodermodysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID))
EDA-ID due to NEMO /IKBKG deficiency (ectodermal dysplasia, immune deficiency)	NEMO (IKBKG)	XL	300248	Normal or decreased, TCR activation impaired	Normal Low memory and isotype switched B cells	Decreased, some with elevated IgA, IgM, poor specific antibody responses, absent antibody to polysaccharide antigens	Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (in some), various infections (bacteria, mycobacteria, viruses and fungi), colitis, conical teeth, variable defects of skin, hair and teeth, monocyte dysfunction
EDA-ID due to IKBA GOF mutation	IKBA (NFKBIA)	AD GOF	164008	Normal total T cells, TCR activation impaired	Normal B cell numbers, impaired BCR activation, low memory and isotype switched B cells	Decreased IgG and IgA, elevated IgM, poor specific antibody responses, absent antibody to polysaccharide antigens	Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, various infections (bacteria, mycobacteria, viruses and fungi), colitis, variable defects of skin, hair and teeth, T cell and monocyte dysfunction
9. Calcium channel defects
ORAI-1 deficiency	ORAI1	AR	610277	Normal, defective TCR mediated activation	Normal	Normal	Autoimmunity, EDA, non-progressive myopathy
STIM1 deficiency	STIM1	AR	605921	Normal, defective TCR mediated activation	Normal	Normal	Autoimmunity, EDA, non-progressive myopathy
10. Other defects
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency	PNP	AR	164050	Progressive decrease	Normal	Normal or low	Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, neurological impairment
Immunodeficiency with multiple intestinal atresias	TTC7A	AR	609332	Variable, but sometimes absent low TRECs	Normal or low	Markedly decreased IgG, IgM, IgA	Bacterial (sepsis), fungal, viral infections, multiple intestinal atresias, often with intrauterine polyhydramnios and early demise, some with SCID phenotype
Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency (VODI)	SP110	AR	604457	Normal (decreased memory T cells)	Normal (decreased memory B cells)	Decreased IgG, IgA, IgM, absent germinal centers and tissue plasma cells	Hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Susceptibility to Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, CMV, candida, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, cerebrospinal leukodystrophy
Vici syndrome due to EPG5 deficiency	EPG5	AR	615068	Profound depletion of CD4+ cells	Defective	Decreased (particularly IgG2)	Agenesis of the corpus callosum, cataracts, cardiomyopathy, skin hypopigmentation, intellectual disability, microcephaly, recurrent infections, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
HOIL1 deficiency	HOIL1 (RBCK1)	AR	610924	Normal numbers	Normal, decreased memory B cells	Poor antibody responses to polysaccharides	Bacterial infections, autoinflammation, amylopectinosis
HOIP deficiency	RNF31	AR	612487	Normal numbers	Normal, decreased memory B cells	decreased	Bacterial infections, autoinflammation, amylopectinosis, lymphangiectasia
Hennekam-lymphangiectasia-lymphedema syndrome due to CCBE1 deficiency	CCBE1	AR	612753	Low/variable	Low/variable	decreased	Lymphangiectasia and lymphedema with facial abnormalities and other dysmorphic features
Hennekam-lymphangiectasia-lymphedema syndrome due to FAT4 deficiency	FAT4	AR	612411	Low/variable	Low/variable	decreased	Lymphangiectasia and lymphedema with facial abnormalities and other dysmorphic features
STAT5b deficiency	STAT5B	AR	604260	Modestly decreased	Normal	Normal	Growth-hormone insensitive dwarfism, dysmorphic features, eczema, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, autoimmunity
Kabuki syndrome 1 due to KMT2D deficiency	KMT2D (MLL2)	AD	602113	Normal	Normal	Low IgA and occasionally low IgG	Typical facial abnormalities, cleft or high arched palate, skeletal abnormalities, short stature, intellectual disability, congenital heart defects, recurrent infections (otitis media, pneumonia) in 50% of patients. Autoimmunity may be present
Kabuki syndrome 2 due to KDM6A deficiency	KDM6A	XL (females may be affected)	300128	Normal	Normal	Low IgA and occasionally IgG

Pure bone marrow failure syndromes have not been included. Total number of disorders in Table 2: 67. New disorders: 23, ARPC1B, CDCA7, HELLS, POLE2, LIG1, GINS1, NSMCE3, ERCC6L2, TBX1, MYSM1, MOPD1, STN1, CTC1, KMT2D, KDM6A, SAMD9, SAMD9L, EXTL3, WRAP53, FAT4. Unknown cause of DiGeorge syndrome, unknown cause CHARGE, 10p13-14 deletion

IUGR intrauterine growth retardation, HSV herpes simplex virus, VZV varicella zoster virus, BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, XL X-linked inheritance, AR autosomal recessive inheritance, AD autosomal dominant inheritance, LOF loss-of-function, GOF gain-of-function

Table 3

Predominantly antibody deficiencies

Disease	Genetic defect	Inheritance	OMIM	Ig	Associated features
1. Severe reduction in all serum immunoglobulin isotypes with profoundly decreased or absent B cells, agammaglobulinemia
BTK deficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)	BTK	XL	300300	All isotypes decreased in majority of patients, some patients have detectable immunoglobulins	Severe bacterial infections, normal numbers of pro-B cells
μ heavy chain deficiency	IGHM	AR	147020	All isotypes decreased	Severe bacterial infections, normal numbers of pro-B cells
λ5 deficiency	IGLL1	AR	146770	All isotypes decreased	Severe bacterial infections, normal numbers of pro-B cells
Igα deficiency	CD79A	AR	112205	All isotypes decreased	Severe bacterial infections, normal numbers of pro-B cells
Igβ deficiency	CD79B	AR	147245	All isotypes decreased	Severe bacterial infections, normal numbers of pro-B cells
BLNK deficiency	BLNK	AR	604515	All isotypes decreased	Severe bacterial infections, normal numbers of pro-B cells
PIK3R1 deficiency	PIK3R1	AR	171833	All isotypes decreased	Severe bacterial infections, decreased or absent pro-B cells
E47 transcription factor deficiency	TCF3	AD	147141	All isotypes decreased	Recurrent bacterial infections
2. Severe reduction in at least 2 serum immunoglobulin isotypes with normal or low number of B cells, CVID phenotype
Common variable immune deficiency with no gene defect specified (CVID)	Unknown	Variable		Low IgG and IgA and/or IgM	Clinical phenotypes vary: most have recurrent infections, some have polyclonal lymphoproliferation, autoimmune cytopenias and/or granulomatous disease
PIK3CD mutation (GOF)	PIK3CD GOF	AD	602839	All isotypes decreased	Severe bacterial infections; decreased or absent pro-B cells, EBV
PIK3R1 deficiency (LOF)	PIK3R1	AD	616005	All isotypes decreased	Severe bacterial infections, pro-B cells present and low numbers of memory B cells, EBV
PTEN Deficiency (LOF)	PTEN	AD	601728	Decreased	Lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity
CD19 deficiency	CD19	AR	107265	Low IgG and IgA and/or IgM	Recurrent infections, may have glomerulonephritis
CD81 deficiency	CD81	AR	186845	Low IgG, low or normal IgA and IgM	Recurrent infections, may have glomerulonephritis
CD20 deficiency	MS4A1	AR	112210	Low IgG, normal or elevated IgM and IgA	Recurrent infections
CD21 deficiency	CR2	AR	120650	Low IgG, impaired anti-pneumococcal response	Recurrent infections
TACI deficiency	TNFRSF13B (TACI)	AD or AR	604907	Low IgG and IgA and/or IgM	Variable clinical expression
BAFF receptor deficiency	TNFRSF13C (BAFF-R)	AR	606269	Low IgG and IgM,	Variable clinical expression
TWEAK deficiency	TNFSF12	AD	602695	Low IgM and A, lack of anti-pneumococcal antibody	Pneumonia, bacterial infections, warts, thrombocytopenia. Neutropenia
Mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase deficiency (MOGS)	MOGS (GCS1)	AR	601336	Severe hypogammaglobulinemia,	Bacterial and viral infections, severe neurologic disease, also known as congenital disorder of glycosylation type IIb (CDG-IIb)
TRNT1 deficiency	TRNT1	AR	612907	B cell deficiency and hypogammaglobulinemia	Congenital sideroblastic anemia, deafness, developmental delay
TTC37 deficiency	TTC37	AR	614649	Poor antibody response to pneumococcal vaccine	Recurrent bacterial and viral infections, abnormal hair findings: trichorrhexis nodosa
NFKB1 deficiency	NFKB1	AD	164011	Normal or low IgG, IgA, IgM, low or normal B cells, low memory B cells	Recurrent sinopulmonary infections, COPD, EBV proliferation, autoimmune cytopenias, alopecia and autoimmune thyroiditis
NFKB2 deficiency	NFKB2	AD	615577	Low serum IgG, A and M; low B cell numbers	Recurrent sinopulmonary infections, alopecia, and endorinopathies
IKAROS deficiency	IKZF1	AD	603023	Low IgG, IgA, IgM, low or normal B cells, potentially reducing levels with age	Recurrent sinopulmonary infections
IRF2BP2 deficiency	IRF2BP2	AD	615332	Hypogammaglobulenia, absent IgA	Recurrent infections, possible autoimmunity and inflammatory disease
ATP6AP1 deficiency	ATP6AP1	XL	300197	Variable immunoglobulin findings	Hepatopathy, leukopenia, low copper
3. Severe reduction in serum IgG and IgA with normal/elevated IgM and normal numbers of B cells, hyper IgM
AID deficiency	AICDA	AR	605257	IgG and IgA decreased, IgM increased	Bacterial infections, enlarged lymph nodes and germinal centers
UNG deficiency	UNG	AR	191525	IgG and IgA decreased, IgM increased	Enlarged lymph nodes and germinal centers
INO80	INO80	AR	610169	IgG and IgA decreased, IgM increased	Severe bacterial infections
MSH6	MSH6	AR	600678	Variable IgG, defects, increased IgM in some, normal B cells, low switched memory B cells, Ig-class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation defects	Family or personal history of cancer
4. Isotype, light chain, or functional deficiencies with generally normal numbers of B cells
Ig heavy chain mutations and deletions	Mutation or chromosomal deletion at 14q32	AR		One or more IgG and/or IgA subclasses as well as IgE may be absent	May be asymptomatic
Kappa chain deficiency	IGKC	AR	147200	All immunoglobulins have lambda light chain	Asymptomatic
Isolated IgG subclass deficiency	Unknown	?		Reduction in one or more IgG subclass	Usually asymptomatic, a minority may have poor antibody response to specific antigens and recurrent viral/bacterial infections
IgG subclass deficiency with IgA deficiency	Unknown	?		Reduced IgA with decrease in one or more IgG subclass	Recurrent bacterial infections
Selective IgA deficiency	Unknown	?		Very low to absent IgA with other isotypes normal, normal subclasses and specific antibodies	Bacterial infections, autoimmunity mildly increased
Specific antibody deficiency with normal Ig levels and normal B cells	Unknown	?		Normal	Reduced ability to produce antibodies to specific antigens
Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy	Unknown	?		IgG and IgA decreased	Normal ability to produce antibodies to vaccine antigens, usually not associated with significant infections
CARD11 GOF	CARD11	AD GOF	607210	High B cell numbers due to constitutive NF-κB activation	Splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, poor vaccine response
Selective IgM deficiency	Unknown	?		Absent serum IgM	Pneumococcal / bacterial infections

Common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) include several clinical and laboratory phenotypes that may be caused by distinct genetic and/or environmental factors. Some patients with CVID and no known genetic defect have markedly reduced numbers of B cells as well as hypogammaglobulinemia. Identification of causal variants can assist in defining treatment. In addition to monogenic causes on this table, a small minority of patients with XLP (Table 4), WHIM syndrome (Table 6), ICF (Table 2), VOD1 (Table 2), thymoma with immunodeficiency (Good syndrome) or myelodysplasia are first seen by an immunologist because of recurrent infections, hypogammaglobulinemia and normal or reduced numbers of B cells. Total number of disorders in Table 3: 40. New disorders: 7, PTEN, NFKB1, IKZF1, IRF2BP2, ATP6AP1. Selective igA deficiency, selective IgM deficiency

EBV Epstein-Barr virus, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, XL X-linked inheritance, AR autosomal recessive inheritance, AD autosomal dominant inheritance, LOF loss-of-function, GOF gain-of-function

Table 4

Diseases of immune dysregulation

Disease	Genetic defect	Inheritance	OMIM	Circulating T cells	Circulating B cells	Functional defect	Associated features
1. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL syndromes)
Perforin deficiency (FHL2)	PRF1	AR	170280	Increased activated T cells	Normal	Decreased to absent NK and CTL activities cytotoxicity	Fever, (H)SM, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), cytopenias
UNC13D/Munc13-4 deficiency (FHL3)	UNC13D	AR	608897	Increased activated T cells	Normal	Decreased to absent NK and CTL activities (cytotoxicity and/or degranulation)	Fever, (H)SM, HLH, cytopenias,
Syntaxin 11 deficiency (FHL4)	STX11	AR	605014	Increased activated T cells	Normal	Decreased NK activity (cytotoxicity and/or degranulation)	Fever, (H)SM, cHLH, cytopenias,
STXBP2/Munc18-2 deficiency (FHL5)	STXBP2	AR or AD	601717	Increased activated T cells	Normal	Decreased NK and CTL activities (cytotoxicity and/or degranulation)	Fever, (H)SM, cHLH, cytopenias, enteropathy
FAAP24 deficiency	FAAP24	AR	610884	Increased activated T cells	Normal	Failure to kill autologous EBV transformed B cells. Normal NK cell function	EBV infection-driven lymphoproliferative disease
2. FHL syndromes with hypopigmentation
Chediak-Higashi syndrome	LYST	AR	606897	Increased activated T cells	Normal	Decreased NK and CTL activities (cytotoxicity and/or degranulation)	Partial albinism, recurrent infections, fever, HSM, HLH, giant lysosomes, neutropenia, cytopenias, bleeding tendency, progressive neurological dysfunction
Griscelli syndrome, type 2	RAB27A	AR	603868	Normal	Normal	Decreased NK and CTL activities (cytotoxicity and/or degranulation)	Partial albinism, fever, HSM, HLH, cytopenias
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, type 2	AP3B1	AR	603401	Normal	Normal	Decreased NK and CTL activities (cytotoxicity and/or degranulation)	Partial albinism, recurrent infections, pulmonary fibrosis, increased bleeding, neutropenia, HLH
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, type 10	AP3D1	AR	617050	Normal	Normal	Decreased NK and CTL activities (cytotoxicity and/or degranulation)	Oculocutaneous albinism, severe neutropenia, recurrent infections, seizures, hearing loss, and neurodevelopmental delay
3. Regulatory T cell defects
IPEX, immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy X-linked	FOXP3	XL	300292	Normal	Normal	Lack of (and/or impaired function of) CD4⁺ CD25⁺ FOXP3⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs)	Autoimmune enteropathy, early-onset diabetes, thyroiditis hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, eczema, elevated IgE, IgA
CD25 deficiency	IL2RA	AR	147730	Normal to decreased	Normal	No CD4 + C25+ cells with impaired function of Tregs cells	Lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity, impaired T cell proliferation
CTLA4 deficiency (ALPSV)	CTLA4	AD	123890	Decreased	Decreased	Impaired function of Tregs.	Autoimmune cytopenias, enteropathy, interstitial lung disease, extra-lymphoid lymphocytic infiltration recurrent infections
LRBA deficiency	LRBA	AR	606453	Normal or decreased CD4 numbers, T cell dysregulation	Low or normal numbers of B cells	Reduced I IgG and IgA in most	Recurrent infections, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmunity, EBV infections
STAT3 GOF mutation	STAT3	AD (GOF)	102582	Decreased	Decreased	Enhanced STAT3 signaling, leading to increased Th17 cell differentiation, lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity. Decreased Tregs and impaired function	Lymphoproliferation, solid organ autoimmunity, recurrent infections
BACH2 deficiency	BACH2	AD	605394	Progressive T cell lymphopenia	Impaired memory B cell development	Haplosufficiency for a critical lineage specification transcription factor	Lymphocytic colitis, sinopulmonary infections
4. Autoimmunity with or without Lymphoproliferation
APECED (APS-1), autoimmune polyendocrinopathy with candidiasis and ectodermal dystrophy	AIRE	AR or AD	607358	Normal	Normal	AIRE serves as check-point in the thymus for negative selection of autoreactive T cells and for generation of Tregs	Autoimmunity: hypoparathyroidism hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, diabetes, gonadal dysfunction and other endocrine abnormalities, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, dental enamel hypoplasia, alopecia areata enteropathy, pernicious anemia
ITCH deficiency	ITCH	AR	606409	Not assessed	Not assessed	Itch deficiency may cause immune dysregulation by affecting both anergy induction in autoreactive effector T cells and generation of Tregs	Early-onset chronic lung disease (interstitial pneumonitis), autoimmunity (thyroiditis, type I diabetes, chronic diarrhea/enteropathy, and hepatitis), failure to thrive, developmental delay, dysmorphic facial features
ZAP-70 combined hypomorphic and activation mutations	ZAP70	AR (LOF/GOF)	176947	Decreased CD8, normal or decreased CD4 cells	Normal or decreased	Hyperactive Zap70 kinase	Severe autoimmunity
Tripeptidyl-peptidase II deficiency	TPP2	AR	190470	Decreased	Decreased	TPP2 deficiency results in premature immunosenescence and immune dysregulation	Variable lymphoproliferation, severe autoimmune cytopenias, hypergammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections
JAK1 GOF	JAK1	AD GOF	147795	Not assessed	Not assessed	Hyperactive JAK1	HSM, eosinophilia, eosinophilic enteritis, thyroid disease, poor growth, viral infections
Prolidase deficiency	PEPD	AR	613230	Normal	Normal	Peptidase D	Autoantibodies common, chronic skin ulcers, eczema, infections
5. Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS, Canale-Smith syndrome)
ALPS-FAS	TNFRSF6	AD or AR	134637	Increased CD4⁻CD8⁻TCR α/β-double negative (DN) T cells	Normal, low memory B cells	Apoptosis defect FAS mediated	Splenomegaly, adenopathies, autoimmune cytopenias, increased lymphoma risk, IgG and A normal or increased, elevated serum FasL and IL-10, vitamin B₁₂
ALPS-FASLG	FASLG	AR	134638	Increased DN T cells	Normal	Apoptosis defect FAS mediated	Splenomegaly, adenopathies, autoimmune cytopenias, SLE, soluble FasL is not elevated
ALPS-caspase 10	CASP10	AD	601762	Increased DN T cells	Normal	Defective lymphocyte apoptosis	Adenopathies, splenomegaly, autoimmunity
ALPS-caspase 8	CASP8	AR	601763	Slightly increased DN T cells	Normal	Defective lymphocyte apoptosis and activation	Adenopathies, splenomegaly, bacterial and viral infections, hypogammaglobulinemia
FADD deficiency	FADD	AR	602457	Increased DN T cells	Normal	Defective lymphocyte apoptosis	Functional hyposplenism, bacterial and viral infections, recurrent episodes of encephalopathy and liver dysfunction
6. Immune dysregulation with colitis
IL-10 deficiency	IL10	AR	124092	Normal	Normal	No functional IL-10 secretion	Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Folliculitis, recurrent respiratory diseases, arthritis,
IL-10Ra deficiency	IL10RA	AR	146933	Normal	Normal	Leukocytes unresponsive to IL-10	IBD, Folliculitis, recurrent respiratory diseases, arthritis, lymphoma
IL-10Rb deficiency	IL10RB	AR	123889	Normal	Normal	Leukocytes unresponsive to IL-10, IL-22, IL-26, IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29	IBD, folliculitis, recurrent respiratory diseases, arthritis, lymphoma
NFAT5 haploinsufficiency	NFAT5	AD	604708	Normal	Normal	Decreased memory B cells and plasmablasts	IBD, recurrent sinopulmonary infections
7. Susceptibility to EBV and lymphoproliferative conditions
SH2D1A deficiency (XLP1)	SH2D1A	XL	300490	Normal or increased activated T cells	Reduced memory B cells	normal NK cell and CTL cytotoxic activity	Clinical and immunologic features triggered by EBV infection: HLH, lymphoproliferation, aplastic anemia, lymphoma. hypogammaglobulinemia, absent iNKT cells
XIAP deficiency (XLP2)	XIAP	XL	300079	Normal or Increased activated T cells; low/normal iNKT cells	Normal or reduced memory B cells	Increased T cells susceptibility to apoptosis to CD95 and enhanced activation-induced cell death (AICD)	EBV infection, splenomegaly, lymphoproliferation HLH, colitis, IBD, hepatitis low iNKT cells, hypogammaglobulinemia
CD27 deficiency	CD27	AR	615122	Normal	No memory B cells	Low immunoglobulin after EBV infection	Features triggered by EBV infection, HLH, aplastic anemia, low iNKT cells, lymphoma
CTPS1 deficiency	CTPS1	AR	615897	Nl to low, poor proliferation to antigen	Nl/low	Nl/high IgG	Recurrent/chronic bacterial and viral infections (EBV, VZV), lymphoproliferation, B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma
RASGRP1 deficiency	RASGRP1	AR	603962	Poor activation, proliferation, motility	Poor activation, proliferation, motility	Normal IgM, IgG, increased IgA	Recurrent pneumonia, herpesvirus infections, EBV associated lymphoma
CD70 deficiency	CD70 (TNFSF7)	AR	602840	Nl number, low Treg, poor activation and function	Nl number, poor antibody and memory responses	Reduced IgM, IgG, IgA (75%) and reduced Ag-specific Ab responses (50%)	EBV susceptibility, Hodgkin lymphoma
RLTPR (CARMIL2) deficiency	RLTPR	AR	610859	Nl number, low Treg, high CD4, poor function	Nl number	Nl to low, poor T dependent antibody response	Recurrent bacterial, fungal and mycobacterial infections, viral warts, molluscum and EBV lymphoproliferative and other malignancy, atopy
ITK deficiency	ITK	AR	186973	Progressive decrease	Normal	Nl to low	EBV associated B cell lymphoproliferation, lymphoma, Nl or low IgG
MAGT1 deficiency (XMEN)	MAGT1	XL	300853	Low CD4 Low recent thymic emigrant cells, poor proliferation to CD3	Normal	Normal	EBV infection, lymphoma, viral infections, respiratory and GI infections
PRKCD deficiency	PRKCD	AR	176977	Normal	Low memory B cells, high CD5 B cells	Apoptotic defect in B cells	Recurrent infections, EBV chronic infection, lymphoproliferation, SLE-like autoimmunity (nephrotic and antiphospholipid syndromes), low IgG

Total number of disorders in Table 4: 40. New disorders: 9, FAAP24, RASGRP1, CD70, RLTPR, ZAP70 (GOF + LOF), AP3D1, BACH2, JAK1 GOF, PEPD. Removed gene: Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 9 was removed due to retraction of the defining publication

FHL familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, HLH hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, HSM hepatosplenomegaly ((H)SM indicating variable hepatomegaly), DN double negative, SLE systemic lupus erythematous, IBD inflammatory bowel disease, XL X-linked inheritance, AR autosomal recessive inheritance, AD autosomal dominant inheritance, LOF loss-of-function, GOF gain-of-function

Table 5

Congenital defects of phagocyte number or function

Disease	Genetic defect	Inheritance	OMIM	Affected cells	Affected function	Associated features
1. Congenital neutropenias
Elastase deficiency (SCN1)	ELANE	AD	130130	N	Myeloid differentiation	Susceptibility to MDS/leukemia Severe congenital neutropenia or cyclic neutropenia
GFI 1 deficiency (SCN2)	GFI1	AD	600871	N	Myeloid differentiation	B/T lymphopenia
HAX1 deficiency (Kostmann disease) (SCN3)	HAX1	AR	605998	N	Myeloid differentiation	Cognitive and neurological defects in patients with defects in both HAX1 isoforms, susceptibility to MDS/leukemia
G6PC3 deficiency (SCN4)	G6PC3	AR	611045	N	Myeloid differentiation, chemotaxis, O₂ ⁻ production	Structural heart defects, urogenital abnormalities, inner ear deafness, and venous angiectasias of trunks and limbs
VPS45 deficiency (SCN5)	VPS45	AR	610035	N	Myeloid differentiation, migration	Extramedullary hematopoiesis, bone marrow fibrosis, nephromegaly
Glycogen storage disease type 1b	G6PT1	AR	602671	N + M	Myeloid differentiation, chemotaxis, O₂ ⁻ production	Fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperlipidemia, hepatomegaly
X-linked neutropenia/myelodysplasia WAS GOF	WAS	XL	300392	N	Differentiation, mitosis	Neutropenia, myeloid maturation arrest, monocytopenia, variable lymphoid anomalies
P14/LAMTOR2 deficiency	LAMTOR2	AR	610389	N + M	Endosomal biogenesis	Neutropenia Hypogammaglobulinemia ↓CD8 cytotoxicity, partial albinism, growth failure
Barth syndrome (3-methylglutaconic aciduria type II)	TAZ	XL	300394	N + L Mel	Mitochondrial function	Cardiomyopathy, myopathy, growth retardation, neutropenia
Cohen syndrome	VPS13B	AR	607817	N	Myeloid differentiation	Dysmorphism, mental retardation, obesity, deafness, neutropenia
Clericuzio syndrome (poikiloderma with neutropenia)	USB1	AR	613276	N	Myeloid differentiation	Retinopathy, developmental delay, facial dysmorphisms, poikiloderma
JAGN1 deficiency	JAGN1	AR	616012	N	Myeloid differentiation	Myeloid maturation arrest, osteopenia
3-Methylglutaconic aciduria	CLPB	AR	616254	N	Myeloid differentiation Mitochondrial protein	Neurocognitive developmental aberrations, microcephaly, hypoglycemia, hypotonia, ataxia, seizures, cataracts, IUGR
G-CSF receptor deficiency	CSF3R	AR	138971	N	Stress granulopoiesis disturbed
SMARCD2 deficiency	SMARCD2	AR	601736	N	Chromatin remodeling, myeloid differentiation and neutrophil functional defect	Neutropenia, developmental aberrations, skeletal abnormalities, hematopoietic stem cells, myelodysplasia
HYOU1 deficiency	HYOU1	AR	601746	N	Unfolded protein response	Hypoglycemia, inflammatory complications
2. Defects of motility
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD1)	ITGB2	AR	600065	N + M +L + NK	Adherence, chemotaxis, endocytosis, T/NK cytotoxicity	Delayed cord separation, skin ulcers, periodontitis, leukocytosis
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2 (LAD2)	SLC35C1	AR	605881	N + M	Rolling, chemotaxis	Mild LAD type 1 features with hh-blood group, growth retardation, developmental delay
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 3 (LAD3)	FERMT3	AR	607901	N + M + L + NK	Adherence, chemotaxis	LAD type 1 plus bleeding tendency
Rac 2 deficiency	RAC2	AD	602049	N	Adherence, chemotaxis O₂ ⁻ production	Poor wound healing, leukocytosis
β actin deficiency	ACTB	AD	102630	N + M	Motility	Mental retardation, short stature
Localized juvenile periodontitis	FPR1	AR	136537	N	Formylpeptide induced chemotaxis	Periodontitis only
Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome	CTSC	AR	602365	N + M	Chemotaxis	Periodontitis, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis in some patients
Specific granule deficiency	CEBPE	AR	189965	N	Chemotaxis	Neutrophils with bilobed nuclei
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome	SBDS	AR	607444	N	Chemotaxis	Pancytopenia, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, chondrodysplasia
WDR1 deficiency	WDR1	AR	604734	N	Spreading, survival, chemotaxis	Mild neutropenia, poor wound healing, severe stomatitis, neutrophil nuclei herniate
Cystic fibrosis	CFTR	AR	602421	M only	Chemotaxis	Respiratory infections, pancreatic insufficiency, elevated sweat chloride
Schwachman Diamond syndrome due to DNAJC21 deficiency	DNAJC21	AR	617048	N	Motility, ribosome biogenesis	Metaphyseal changes, short stature, developmental delay, pancreatic dysfunction, bone marrow failure
Neutropenia with combined immune deficiency due to MKL1 deficiency	MKL1	AR	606078	N + M +L + NK	Impaired expression of cytoskeletal genes	Mild thrombocytopenia
3. Defects of respiratory burst
X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), gp91phox	CYBB	XL	300481	N + M	Killing (faulty O₂ ⁻ production)	Infections, autoinflammatory phenotype, IBD McLeod phenotype in patients with deletions extending into the contiguous Kell locus
Autosomal recessive CGD p22phox	CYBA	AR	608508	N + M	Killing (faulty O₂ ⁻ production)	Infections, autoinflammatory phenotype
Autosomal recessive CGD p47phox	NCF1	AR	608,512	N + M	Killing (faulty O₂ ⁻ production)	Infections, autoinflammatory phenotype
Autosomal recessive CGD p67phox	NCF2	AR	608515	N + M	Killing (faulty O₂ ⁻ production)	Infections, autoinflammatory phenotype
Autosomal recessive CGD p40phox	NCF4	AR	601488	N + M	Killing (faulty O₂ ⁻ production)	Infections, autoinflammatory phenotype
G6PD deficiency class I	G6PD	XL	305900	N	Reduced O₂ ⁻ production	Infections
4. Other non-lymphoid defects
GATA2 deficiency (MonoMac syndrome)	GATA2: loss of stem cells	AD	137295	Monocytes + peripheral DC	Multi lineage cytopenias	Susceptibility to mycobacteria, HPV, histoplasmosis, alveolar proteinosis, MDS/AML/CMMoL, lymphedema
Congenital pulmonary alveolar proteinosis due to CSF2RB mutations	CSF2RB	AR	138981	Alveolar macrophages	GM-CSF signaling	Alveolar proteinosis
Congenital pulmonary alveolar proteinosis due to CSF2RA mutations	CSF2RA	XL (pseudoautosomal)	306250	Alveolar macrophages	GM-CSF signaling	Alveolar proteinosis

Total number of disorders in Table 5: 39. New disorders: 9, WDR1, CFTR, SMARCD2, JAGN1, HYOU1, MKL1, DNAJC21, G6PD, CSF2RB. Removed: cyclic neutropenia was merged with elastase deficiency

MDS myelodysplastic syndrome, IUGR intrauterine growth retardation, LAD leukocyte adhesion deficiency, AML acute myelogenous leukemia, CMML chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, N neutrophil, M monocyte, MEL melanocyte, L lymphocyte, NK natural killer, XL X-linked inheritance, AR autosomal recessive inheritance, AD autosomal dominant inheritance, GOF gain-of-function

Table 6

Defects in intrinsic and innate immunity

Disease	Genetic defect	Inheritance	OMIM	Affected cells	Affected function	Associated features
1. Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD)
IL-12 and IL-23 receptor β1 chain deficiency	IL12RB1	AR	601604	L + NK	IFN-γ secretion	Susceptibility to mycobacteria and Salmonella
IL-12p40 (IL-12 and IL-23) deficiency	IL12B	AR	161561	M	IFN-γ secretion	Susceptibility to mycobacteria and Salmonella
IFN-γ receptor 1 deficiency	IFNGR1	AR/AD	107470	M + L	IFN-γ binding and signaling	Susceptibility to mycobacteria and Salmonella
IFN-γ receptor 2 deficiency	IFNGR2	AR	147569	M + L	IFN-γ signaling	Susceptibility to mycobacteria and Salmonella
STAT1 deficiency (AD LOF)	STAT1	AD	600555	M + L	IFN-γsignaling	Susceptibility to mycobacteria, Salmonella
Macrophage gp91 phox deficiency	CYBB	XL	300481	Macrophage only	Killing (faulty O₂ ⁻ production)	Isolated susceptibility to mycobacteria
IRF8 deficiency (AD)	IRF8	AD	601565	CD1c+ MDC	Differentiation of CD1c+ MDC subgroup	Susceptibility to mycobacteria
IRF8 deficiency (AR)	IRF8	AR	601565	CD1c+ MDC	Differentiation of CD1c+ MDC subgroup	Susceptibility to mycobacteria and multiple other infectious agents
Tyk2 deficiency	TYK2	AR	176941	Normal, but multiple cytokine signaling defect	Normal	Susceptibility to intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, Salmonella), viruses, +/− elevated IgE
ISG15 deficiency	ISG15	AR	147571		IFNγ production defect	Susceptibility to mycobacteria (BCG), brain calcification
RORc deficiency	RORC	AR	602943	L + NK	Lack of functional RORγT protein, IFNγ production defect, complete absence of IL-17A/F-producing T cells	Susceptibility to mycobacteria and candida
JAK1 (LOF)	JAK1	AR	147795	N + L	IFNγ production	Susceptibility to mycobacteria and viruses, urothelial carcinoma
2. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (HPV)
EVER1 deficiency	TMC6	AR	605828	Keratinocytes and leukocytes	EVER proteins may be involved in the regulation of cellular zinc homeostasis in lymphocytes	Human papillomavirus (HPV) (group B1) infections and cancer of the skin (typical EV)
EVER2 deficiency	TMC8	AR	605829	Keratinocytes and leukocytes	EVER proteins may be involved in the regulation of cellular zinc homeostasis in Ly	HPV (group B1) infections and cancer of the skin (typical EV)
WHIM (warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, myelokathexis) syndrome	CXCR4	AD GOF	162643	Granulocytes + lymphocytes	Increased response of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor to its ligand CXCL12 (SDF-1)	Warts, neutropenia, low B cell number, hypogammaglobulinemia
3. Predisposition to severe viral infection
STAT1 deficiency (AR LOF)	STAT1	AR	600555	T and NK cells and monocytes	STAT1-dependent IFN-α, β, and γ response	Severe viral infections, mycobacterial infection
STAT2 deficiency	STAT2	AR	600556	T and NK cells	STAT2-dependent IFN-α, β, and γ response	Severe viral infections (disseminated vaccine-strain measles)
IRF7 deficiency	IRF7	AR	605047	Leukocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, non-hematopoietic cells	IFN-α, β, and γ production and IFN-λ production	Severe influenza disease
IFNAR2 deficiency	IFNAR2	AR	602376	Broadly expressed	No response to IFN-α	Severe viral infections (disseminated vaccine-strain measles, HHV6)
CD16 deficiency	FCGR3A	AR	146740	NK cells	Altered NK cells function	Severe herpes viral infections, particularly VZV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and (HPV)
MDA5 deficiency (LOF)	IFIH1	AR	606951	Somatic and hematopoietic	Viral recognition	Rhinovirus and other RNA viruses
4. Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE)
TLR3 deficiency	TLR3	AD or AR	603029	Central nervous system (CNS) resident cells and fibroblasts	TLR3-dependent IFN-α, β, and γ response	Herpes simplex virus 1 encephalitis (incomplete clinical penetrance for all etiologies listed here)
UNC93B1 deficiency	UNC93B1	AR	608204	CNS resident cells and fibroblasts	UNC-93B-dependent IFN-α, β, and γ response	Herpes simplex virus 1 encephalitis
TRAF3 deficiency	TRAF3	AD	601896	CNS resident cells and fibroblasts	TRAF3-dependent IFN-α, β, and γ response	Herpes simplex virus 1 encephalitis
TRIF deficiency	TICAM1	AD or AR	607601	CNS resident cells and fibroblasts	TRIF-dependent IFN-α, β, and γ response	Herpes simplex virus 1 encephalitis
TBK1 deficiency	TBK1	AD	604834	CNS resident cells and fibroblasts	TBK1-dependent IFN-α, β, and γ response	Herpes simplex virus 1 encephalitis
IRF3 deficiency	IRF3	AD	616532	CNS resident cells and fibroblasts	Low IFN-α/β production in response to HSV1 and decreased IRF3 phosphorylation	Herpes simplex virus 1 encephalitis
5. Predisposition to invasive fungal diseases
CARD9 deficiency	CARD9	AR	607212	Mononuclear phagocytes	CARD9 signaling pathway	Invasive candidiasis infection, deep dermatophytoses, other invasive fungal infections
6. Predisposition to mucocutaneous candidiasis
IL-17RA deficiency	IL17RA	AR	605461	Epithelial cells, fibroblasts, mononuclear phagocytes	IL-17RA signaling pathway	CMC, folliculitis
IL-17RC deficiency	IL17RC	AR	610925	Epithelial cells, fibroblasts, mononuclear phagocytes	IL-17RC signaling pathway	CMC
IL-17F deficiency	IL17F	AD	606496	T cells	IL-17F-containing dimers	CMC, folliculitis
STAT1 GOF	STAT1	AD GOF	600555	T cells, B cells, monocytes	Gain-of-function STAT1 mutations that impair the development of IL-17-producing T cells	CMC, various fungal, bacterial and viral (HSV) infections, autoimmunity (thyroiditis, diabetes, cytopenias), enteropathy
ACT1 deficiency	TRAF3IP2	AR	607043	T cells, fibroblasts	Fibroblasts fail to respond to IL-17A and IL-17F, and their T cells to IL-17E	CMC, blepharitis, folliculitis and macroglossia
7. TLR signaling pathway deficiency with bacterial susceptibility
IRAK-4 deficiency	IRAK4	AR	606883	Lymphocytes + granulocytes + monocytes	TIR-IRAK4 signaling pathway	Bacterial infections (pyogens)
MyD88 deficiency	MYD88	AR	602170	Lymphocytes + granulocytes + monocytes	TIR-MyD88 signaling pathway	Bacterial infections (pyogens)
IRAK1 deficiency	IRAK1	XL	Not yet attributed	Lymphocytes + granulocytes + monocytes	TIR-IRAK1 signaling pathway	Bacterial infections, X-linked MECP2 deficiency-related syndrome due to a large de novo Xq28 chromosomal deletion encompassing both MECP2 and IRAK1
TIRAP deficiency	TIRAP	AR	614382	Lymphocytes + granulocytes+ monocytes	TIRAP- signaling pathway, TLR1/2, TLR2/6, and TLR4 agonists were impaired in the fibroblasts and leukocytes	Staphylococcal disease during childhood
8. Other inborn errors of immunity related to non-hematopoietic tissues
Isolated congenital asplenia (ICA) due to RPSA deficiency	RPSA	AD	271400	No spleen	RPSA encodes ribosomal protein SA, a component of the small subunit of the ribosome	Bacteremia (encapsulated bacteria)
Isolated congenital asplenia (ICA) due to HMOX deficiency	HMOX	AR	141250	Macrophages	HO-1 regulates iron recycling and heme-dependent damage occurs	Hemolysis, nephritis, inflammation
Trypanosomiasis	APOL1	AD	603743	Somatic	Lipid	Trypanosomiasis
Acute liver failure due to NBAS deficiency	NBAS	AR	608025	Somatic and hematopoietic	ER stress	Fever induces liver failure
Acute necrotizing encephalopathy	RANBP2	AD	601181	Ubiquitous expression	Nuclear pore	Fever induces acute encephalopathy
CLCN7 deficiency associated osteopetrosis	CLCN7	AR	602727	Osteoclasts	Secretory lysosomes	Osteopetrosis with hypocalcemia, neurologic features
SNX10 deficiency associated osteopetrosis	SNX10	AR	614780	Osteoclasts	Secretory lysosomes	Osteopetrosis with visual impairment
OSTM1 deficiency associated osteopetrosis	OSTM1	AR	607649	Osteoclasts	Secretory lysosomes	Osteopetrosis with hypocalcemia, neurologic features
PLEKHM1 deficiency associated osteopetrosis	PLEKHM1	AR	611466	Osteoclasts	Secretory lysosomes	Osteopetrosis
TCIRG1 deficiency associated osteopetrosis	TCIRG1	AR	604592	Osteoclasts	Secretory lysosomes	Osteopetrosis with hypocalcemia
TNFRSF11A deficiency associated osteopetrosis	TNFRSF11A	AR	603499	Osteoclasts	Osteoclastogenesis	Osteopetrosis
TNFSF11 deficiency associated osteopetrosis	TNFSF11	AR	602642	Stromal	Osteoclastogenesis	Osteopetrosis with severe growth retardation
NCSTN deficiency hidradenitis suppurativa	NCSTN	AD	605254	Epidermis	Gamma-secretase in hair follicle regulates keratinization	Hidradenitis suppurativa with acne
PSEN deficiency hidradenitis suppurativa	PSEN	AD	104311	Epidermis	Gamma-secretase in hair follicle regulates keratinization	Hidradenitis suppurative with cutaneous hyperpigmentation
PSENEN deficiency hidradenitis suppurativa	PSENEN	AD	607632	Epidermis	Gamma-secretase in hair follicle regulates keratinization	Hidradenitis suppurativa

Total number of disorders in Table 6: 52. New genes: 19, IFNAR 2, IRF3, JAK1, IRAK1, TIRAP, IFIH1, HMOX, NBAS, RANBP2, CLCN7, SNX10, OSTM1, PLEKHM1, TCIRG1, TNFRSF11A, TNFSF11, NCSTN, PSEN, PSENEN

NF-κB nuclear factor kappa B, TIR Toll and interleukin-1 receptor, IFN interferon, TLR Toll-like receptor, MDC myeloid dendritic cell, CNS central nervous system, CMC chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, HPV human papillomavirus, VZV varicella zoster virus, EBV Epstein-Barr virus, HHV6 human herpesvirus 6, XL X-linked inheritance, AR autosomal recessive inheritance, AD autosomal dominant inheritance, LOF loss-of-function, GOF gain-of-function

Table 7

Autoinflammatory disorders

1. Type 1 interferonopathies
Disease	Genetic defect	Inheritance	OMIM	T cells	B cells	Functional defect	Associated features
TREX1 deficiency, Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 1 (AGS1)	TREX1	AR or AD	606609	Not assessed	Not assessed	Intracellular accumulation of abnormal ss DNA species leading to increased type I IFN production	Classical AGS, SLE, FCL
RNASEH2B deficiency, AGS2	RNASEH2B	AR	610326	Not assessed	Not assessed	Intracellular accumulation of abnormal RNA-DNA hybrid species leading to increased type I IFN production	Classical AGS, SP
RNASEH2C deficiency, AGS3	RNASEH2C	AR	610330	Not assessed	Not assessed	Intracellular accumulation of abnormal RNA-DNA hybrid species leading to increased type I IFN production	Classical AGS
RNASEH2A deficiency, AGS4	RNASEH2A	AR	606034	Not assessed	Not assessed	Intracellular accumulation of abnormal RNA-DNA hybrid species leading to increased type I IFN production	Classical AGS
SAMHD1 deficiency, AGS5	SAMHD1	AR	606754	Not assessed	Not assessed	Controls dNTPs in the cytosol, failure of which leads to increased type I IFN production	Classical AGS, FCL
ADAR1 deficiency, AGS6	ADAR1	AR	146920	Not assessed	Not assessed	Catalyzes the deamination of adenosine to inosine in dsRNA substrates, failure of which leads to increased type I IFN production	Classical AGS, BSN, SP
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7 (AGS7)	IFIH1 (GOF)	AD	606951	Not assessed	Not assessed	IFIH1 gene encodes a cytoplasmic viral RNA receptor that activates type I interferon signaling through the MAVS adaptor molecule	Classical AGS, SLE, SP, SMS
Spondyloenchondro-dysplasia with immune dysregulation (SPENCD)	ACP5	AR	171640	Not assessed	Not assessed	Upregulation of IFN through mechanism possibly relating to pDCS	Short stature, SP, ICC, SLE, thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia, possibly recurrent bacterial and viral infections
STING-associated vasculopathy, infantile-onset	TMEM173	AR	612374	Not assessed	Not assessed	STING activates both the NF-kappa-B and IRF3 transcription pathways to induce expression of IFN	Skin vasculopathy, inflammatory lung disease, systemic autoinflammation and ICC, FCL
X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder	POLA1	XL	301220	Not assessed	Not assessed	POLA1 is required for synthesis of cytosolic RNA:DNA and its deficiency leads to increase production of type I interferon	Hyperpigmentation, characteristic facies, lung and GI involvement
USP18 deficiency	USP18	AR	607057	Not assessed	Not assessed	Defective negative regulation of ISG15 leading to increased IFN	TORCH like syndrome
CANDLE (chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatitis with lipodystrophy)	PSMB8 ^a	AR and AD	256040	Not assessed	Not assessed	Mutations cause increased IFN signaling through an undefined mechanism	Contractures, panniculitis, ICC, fevers
Singleton-Merten syndrome	DDX58	AD	609631	Not assessed	Not assessed	Recognizes double stranded RNA	Dental dysplasia), calcifications in the aorta, osteoporosis, especially in the hands and feet
2. Defects affecting the inflammasome
Disease	Genetic defect	Inheritance	OMIM	Affected cells	Functional defects	Associated features
Familial Mediterranean fever	MEFV	AR or AD	249100 134610	Mature granulocytes, cytokine-activated monocytes	Decreased production of pyrin permits ASC-induced IL-1 processing and inflammation following subclinical serosal injury, macrophage apoptosis decreased	Recurrent fever, serositis and inflammation responsive to colchicine. Predisposes to vasculitis and inflammatory bowel disease
Mevalonate kinase deficiency (Hyper IgD syndrome)	MVK	AR	260920	Somatic and hemaotpoietic	Affecting cholesterol synthesis, pathogenesis of disease unclear	Periodic fever and leukocytosis with high IgD levels
Muckle-Wells syndrome	NLRP3 (also called NALP3 CIAS1 or PYPAF1)	AD GOF	191900	PMNs Monocytes	Defect in cryopyrin, involved in leukocyte apoptosis and NFkB signaling and IL-1 processing	Urticaria, SNHL, amyloidosis
Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome 1	NLRP3	AD GOF	120100	PMNs, monocytes	As above	Non-pruritic urticaria, arthritis, chills, fever and leukocytosis after cold exposure
Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome 2	NLRP12	AD GOF	611762	PMNs, monocytes	As above	Non-pruritic urticaria, arthritis, chills, fever and leukocytosis after cold exposure
Neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID) or chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous and articular syndrome (CINCA)	NLRP3	AD GOF	607115	PMNs, chondrocytes	As above	Neonatal onset rash, chronic meningitis, and arthropathy with fever and inflammation
NLRC4-MAS (macrophage activating syndrome) or familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome 4	NLRC4	AD GOF	616050 616115	PMNs monocytes macrophages	Gain-of-function mutation in NLRC4 results in elevated secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 as well as macrophage activation	Severe enterocolitis and macrophage activation syndrome
PLAID (PLCγ2 associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation) or familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome 3 or APLAID (c2120A>C)	PLCG2	AD GOF	614468	B cells, NK, mast cells	Mutations cause activation of IL-1 pathways	Cold urticaria hypogammaglobulinemia, autoinflammation
NLRP1 deficiency	NLRP1	AR	606579	Leukocytes	Systemic elevation of IL-18 and caspase 1, suggesting involvement of NLRP1 inflammasome	Dyskeratosis, autoimmunity and arthritis
3. Non-inflammasome-related conditions
Disease	Genetic defect	Inheritance	OMIM	Affected cells	Functional defects	Associated Features
TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS)	TNFRSF1A	AD	142680	PMNs, monocytes	Mutations of 55-kD TNF receptor leading to intracellular receptor retention or diminished soluble cytokine receptor available to bind TNF	Recurrent fever, serositis, rash, and ocular or joint inflammation
Pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, acne (PAPA) syndrome, hyperzincemia, and hypercalprotectinemia	PSTPIP1 (also called C2BP1)	AD	604416	Hematopoietic tissues, upregulated in activated T cells	Disordered actin reorganization leading to compromised physiologic signaling during inflammatory response	Destructive arthritis, inflammatory skin rash, myositis
Blau syndrome	NOD2 (also called CARD15)	AD	186580	Monocytes	Mutations in nucleotide binding site of CARD15, possibly disrupting interactions with lipopolysaccharides and NF-kB signaling	Uveitis, granulomatous synovitis, camptodactyly, rash and cranial neuropathies, 30% develop Crohn colitis
ADAM17 deficiency	ADAM17	AR	614328	Leukocytes and epithelial cells	Defective TNFα production	Early-onset diarrhea and skin lesions
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis and congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (Majeed syndrome)	LPIN2	AR	609628	Neutrophils, bone marrow cells	Undefined	Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, transfusion-dependent anemia, cutaneous inflammatory disorders
DIRA (deficiency of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist)	IL1RN	AR	612852	PMNs, Monocytes	Mutations in the IL-1 receptor antagonist allow unopposed action of interleukin-1	Neonatal onset of sterile multifocal osteomyelitis, periostitis and pustulosis
DITRA (deficiency of IL-36 receptor antagonist)	IL36RN	AR	614204	Keratinocytes, leukocytes	Mutations in IL-36RN leads to increase IL-8 production	Pustular psoriasis
SLC29A3 mutation	SLC29A3	AR	602782	Leukocytes, bone cells		Hyperpigmentation hypertrichosis, histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus syndrome
CAMPS (CARD14 mediated psoriasis)	CARD14	AD	602723	Mainly in keratinocytes	Mutations in CARD14 activate the NF-kB pathway and production of IL-8	Psoriasis
Cherubism	SH3BP2	AD	118400	Stroma cells, bone cells	Hyperactived macrophage and increase NF-kB	Bone degeneration in jaws
COPA defect	COPA	AD	6011924	PMN and tissue specific cells	Defective intracellular transport via the coat protein complex I (COPI)	Autoimmune inflammatory arthritis and interstitial lung disease with Th17 dysregulation and autoantibody production
Otulipenia/ORAS	OTULIN	AR	615712	Leukocytes	Increase LUBAC induction of NF-KB activation leading to high proinflammatory cytokines levels	Fever, diarrhea, dermatitis
A20 deficiency	TNFAIP3	AD LOF	616744	Lymphocytes	Defective inhibition of NF-KB signaling pathway	Arthralgia, mucosal ulcers, ocular inflammation
ADA2 deficiency	CECR1	AR	607575	Lymphocytes	ADAs deactivate extracellular adenosine and terminate signaling through adenosine receptors	Polyarteritis nodosa, childhood-onset, early-onset recurrent ischemic stroke and fever
AP1S3 deficiency	AP1S3	AR	615781	Keratinocytes	Disrupted TLR3 translocation	Pustular psoriasis

Total number of disorders in Table 7: 37. New disorders: 7, DDX58, POLA1, USP18, NLRP1, OTULIN, TNFAIP3, AP1S3

IFN interferon; HSM hepatosplenomegaly; CSF cerebrospinal fluid; SLE systemic lupus erythematosus; TORCH toxoplasmosis, other, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes infections; SNHL sensorineural hearing loss; AGS Aicardi-Goutières syndrome; BSN bilateral striatal necrosis; FCL familial chilblain lupus; ICC intracranial calcification; IFN interferon type I; pDCs plasmacytoid dendritic cells; SP spastic paraparesis; SMS Singleton-Merten syndrome; ss single-stranded DNA; XL X-linked inheritance; AR autosomal recessive inheritance; AD autosomal dominant inheritance; LOF loss-of-function; GOF gain-of-function

^aVariants in PSMB4, PSMB9, PSMA3, and POMP have been proposed to cause a similar CANDLE phenotype in monogenic and digenic models

Table 8

Complement deficiencies

1. Complement deficiencies
Disease	Genetic defect	Inheritance	Gene OMIM	Laboratory features	Associated features
C1q deficiency due to defects in C1QA	C1QA	AR	120550	Absent CH50 hemolytic activity, defective activation of the classical pathway, diminished clearance of apoptotic cells	SLE, infections with encapsulated organisms
C1q deficiency due to defects in C1QB	C1QB	AR	120570	Absent CH50 hemolytic activity, Defective activation of the classical pathway, diminished clearance of apoptotic cells	SLE, infections with encapsulated organisms
C1q deficiency due to defects in C1QC	C1QC	AR	120575	Absent CH50 hemolytic activity, Defective activation of the classical pathway, diminished clearance of apoptotic cells	SLE, infections with encapsulated organisms
C1r deficiency	C1R	AR	613785	Absent CH50 hemolytic activity, defective activation of the classical pathway	SLE, infections with encapsulated organisms, Ehlers-Danlos phenotype
C1s deficiency	C1S	AR	120580	Absent CH50 hemolytic activity, defective activation of the classical pathway	SLE, infections with encapsulated organisms, Ehlers-Danlos phenotype
Complete C4 deficiency	C4A + C4B	AR	120810	Absent CH50 hemolytic activity, defective activation of the classical pathway, complete deficiency requires biallelic mutations/deletions/conversions of both C4A and C4B	SLE, infections with encapsulated organisms, partial deficiency is common (either C4A or C4B) and appears to have a modest effect on host defense
C2 deficiency	C2	AR	217000	Absent CH50 hemolytic activity, defective activation of the classical pathway	SLE, infections with encapsulated organisms, atherosclerosis
C3 deficiency (LOF)	C3	AR	120700	Absent CH50 and AH50 hemolytic activity, defective opsonization, defective humoral immune response	Infections, glomerulonephritis, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome with GOF mutations
C3 GOF	C3	AD	120700	Increased activation of complement	Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome
C5 deficiency	C5	AR	120900	Absent CH50 and AH50 hemolytic activity Defective bactericidal activity	Disseminated neisserial infections
C6 deficiency	C6	AR	217050	Absent CH50 and AH50 hemolytic activity, defective bactericidal activity	Disseminated neisserial infections
C7 deficiency	C7	AR	217070	Absent CH50 and AH50 hemolytic activity, defective bactericidal activity	Disseminated neisserial infections
C8α deficiency	C8A	AR	120950	Absent CH50 and AH50 hemolytic activity, defective bactericidal activity	Disseminated neisserial infections
C8γ deficiency	C8G	AR	120930	Absent CH50 and AH50 hemolytic activity, defective bactericidal activity	Disseminated neisserial infections
C8β-deficiency	C8B:	AR	120960	Absent CH50 and AH50 hemolytic activity, defective bactericidal activity	Disseminated neisserial infections
C9 deficiency	C9	AR	120940	Reduced CH50 and AP50 hemolytic activity, deficient bactericidal activity	Mild susceptibility to disseminated neisserial infections
MASP2 deficiency	MASP2	AR	605102	Deficient activation of the lectin activation pathway	Pyogenic infections, inflammatory lung disease, autoimmunity
Ficolin 3 deficiency	FCN3	AR	604973	Absence of complement activation by the Ficolin 3 pathway.	Respiratory infections, abscesses
C1 inhibitor deficiency	SERPING1	AD	606860	Spontaneous activation of the complement pathway with consumption of C4/C2, spontaneous activation of the contact system with generation of bradykinin from high molecular weight kininogen	Hereditary angioedema
Factor B GOF	CFB	AD	138470	Gain-of-function mutation with increased spontaneous AH50	Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Factor B LOF	CFB	AR	138470	Deficient activation of the alternative pathway	Infections with encapsulated organisms
Factor D deficiency	CFD	AR	134350	Absent AH50 hemolytic activity	Neisserial infections
Properdin deficiency	CFP	XL	300383	Absent AH50 hemolytic activity	Neisserial infections
Factor I deficiency	CFI	AR	217030	Spontaneous activation of the alternative complement pathway with consumption of C3	Infections, disseminated neisserial infections, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, preeclampsia
Factor H deficiency	CFH	AR or AD	134370	Spontaneous activation of the alternative complement pathway with consumption of C3	Infections, disseminated neisserial infections, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, preeclampsia
Factor H-related protein deficiencies	CFHR1-5	AR or AD	134371, 600889, 605336, 605337, 608593	Normal CH50, AH50, autoantibodies to factor H, linked deletions of one or more CFHR genes leads to susceptibility autoantibody-mediated aHUS	Older onset atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, disseminated neisserial infections
Thrombomodulin deficiency	THBD	AD	188040	Normal CH50, AH50	Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Membrane cofactor protein (CD46) deficiency	CD46	AD	120920	Inhibitor of complement alternate pathway, decreased C3b binding	Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, infections, preeclampsia
Membrane attack Complex inhibitor (CD59) deficiency	CD59	AR	107271	Erythrocytes highly susceptible to complement-mediated lysis	Hemolytic anemia, polyneuropathy
CD55 deficiency (CHAPEL disease)	CD55	AR	125240	Hyperactivation of complement on endothelium	Protein losing enteropathy, thrombosis

Total number of disorders in Table 8: 30. New disorders: 1, CD55

MAC membrane attack complex, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus, XL X-linked inheritance, AR autosomal recessive inheritance, AD autosomal dominant inheritance, LOF loss-of-function, GOF gain-of-function

Table 9

Phenocopies of inborn errors of immunity

1. Phenocopies of inborn errors of immunity
Disease	Genetic defect/presumed pathogenesis	Circulating T cells	Circulating B cells	Serum Ig	Associated features/similar PID
Associated with somatic mutations
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS–SFAS)	Somatic mutation in TNFRSF6	Increased CD4−CD8− double negative (DN) T alpha/beta cells	Normal, but increased number of CD5+ B cells	Normal or increased	Splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, autoimmune cytopenias, defective lymphocyte apoptosis/ALPS–FAS (=ALPS type Im)
RAS-associated autoimmune leukoproliferative disease (RALD)	Somatic mutation in KRAS (GOF)	Normal	B cell lymphocytosis	Normal or increased	Splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, autoimmune cytopenias, granulocytosis, monocytosis/ALPS-like
RAS-associated autoimmune leukoproliferative disease (RALD)	Somatic mutation in NRAS (GOF)	Increased CD4−CD8− double negative (DN) T alpha/beta cells	Lymphocytosis	Normal or increased	Splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, autoantibodies/ALPS-like
Cryopyrinopathy, (Muckle-Wells/CINCA/NOMID-like syndrome)	Somatic mutation in NLRP3	Normal	Normal	Normal	Urticaria-like rash, arthropathy, neurological signs
Hypereosinophilic syndrome due to somatic mutations in STAT5b	Somatic mutation in STAT5b (GOF)	Normal	Normal	Normal	Eosinophilia, atopic dermatitis, urticarial rash, diarrhea
Large granular lymphocytosis	Somatic mutations in STAT3 (GOF)	Clonal expansion of large T cells	Normal	Normal	Anemia, neutropenia, splenomegaly
Associated with autoantibodies
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (isolated or with APECED syndrome)	Germline mutation in AIRE AutoAb to IL-17 and/or IL-22	Normal	Normal	Normal	Endocrinopathy, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis/CMC
Adult-onset immunodeficiency with susceptibility to mycobacteria	AutoAb to IFNγ	Decreased naive T cells	Normal	Normal	Mycobacterial, fungal, Salmonella VZV infections/MSMD, or CID
Recurrent skin infection	AutoAb to IL-6	Normal	Normal	Normal	Staphylococcal infections/STAT3 deficiency
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis	AutoAb to GM-CSF	Normal	Normal	Normal	Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, cryptococcal meningitis, disseminated nocardiosis/CSF2RA deficiency
Acquired angioedema	AutoAb to CI inhibitor	Normal	Normal	Normal	Angioedema/C1 INH deficiency (hereditary angioedema)
Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome	AutoAb to complement factor H	Normal	Normal	Normal	aHUS = spontaneous activation of the alternative complement pathway
Thymoma with hypogammaglobulinemia (Good syndrome)	AutoAb to various cytokines	Increased CD8+ T cells	No B cells	Decreased	Invasive bacterial, viral or opportunistic infections, autoimmunity, PRCA, lichen planus, cytopenia, colitis, chronic diarrhea

Total number of conditions for Table 9: 12

aHUS atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, GOF gain-of-function, PRCA pure red cell aplasia

The goal of the IUIS Expert Committee on Primary Immunodeficiencies is to increase awareness, facilitate recognition, promote optimal treatment, and support research in the field of immune deficiency disorders. Thus, the “IUIS PID Committee Report on Inborn Errors of Immunity” and “Update of the Phenotypical IUIS Classification for Primary Immunodeficiencies” publications are important resources for clinicians and researchers. In addition, these tables form the basis of lists used for sequencing panels and are used to monitor health utilization which will influence health services funding by federal or state governments and/or insurance companies in various global settings. The addition of ICD10 codes for the online version will promote a harmonization between the diagnostic tables and coding items that will facilitate bioinformatics research going forward.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Dawn Westerfer for the expert secretarial support and Ulrika Smrekova for the administrative support.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Titel: International Union of Immunological Societies: 2017 Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Committee Report on Inborn Errors of Immunity
verfasst von: Capucine Picard
H. Bobby Gaspar
Waleed Al-Herz
Aziz Bousfiha
Jean-Laurent Casanova
Talal Chatila
Yanick J. Crow
Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
Amos Etzioni
Jose Luis Franco
Steven M. Holland
Christoph Klein
Tomohiro Morio
Hans D. Ochs
Eric Oksenhendler
Jennifer Puck
Mimi L. K. Tang
Stuart G. Tangye
Troy R. Torgerson
Kathleen E. Sullivan
Publikationsdatum: 11.12.2017
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Journal of Clinical Immunology / Ausgabe 1/2018
Print ISSN: 0271-9142
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2592
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-017-0464-9

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International Union of Immunological Societies: 2017 Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Committee Report on Inborn Errors of Immunity

Abstract

Introduction

Acknowledgements

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Conflict of Interest

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Abstract

Introduction

Acknowledgements

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Conflict of Interest

Unsere Produktempfehlungen

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