Introduction
Methods
Study design
Population and simple
Variables
Instruments
Procedures
Analysis plan
Ethical aspects
Results
General characteristics of schoolchildren
Characteristics | N (%) | 95% CI |
---|---|---|
Age (years)a
| 14.16 ± 1.45 | |
Sex | ||
Male | 228 (45.2) | |
Female | 277 (54.9) | |
Year of studies | ||
First | 110 (21.8) | |
Second | 106 (21.0) | |
Third | 97 (19.2) | |
Fourth | 100 (19.8) | |
Fifth | 92 (18.2) | |
BMI (categorized) | ||
Underwight | 35 (7.0) | |
Normal | 322 (64.1) | |
Overweight | 101 (20.1) | |
Obese | 44 (8.8) | |
Alcohol consumptionb
| ||
Every in your life | 145 (28.7) | |
In the last year | 93 (26.1) | |
In the last month | 46 (13.2) | |
Tobacco useb
| ||
Ever in your life | 8 (1.6) | |
In the last year | 6 (1.9) | |
In the last month | 4 (1.2) | |
Failing courses | ||
No | 347 (69.1) | |
Yes | 155 (30.9) | |
Self-esteema
| 22.47 ± 3.56 | |
Physical activityc
| 1.89 (1.58–2.31) | |
Eating Disorder | ||
No | 417 (82.6) | |
Yes | 88 (17.4) | |
Insomnia | ||
Absence of clinical insomnia | 314 (62.2) | |
Subclinical insomnia | 169 (33.5) | |
Moderate clinical insomnia | 18 (3.6) | |
Severe clinical insomnia | 4 (0.8) | |
Use of devices to connect to the Internet (hours) | ||
< 1 h | 30 (5.9) | |
1 to 2 h | 73 (14.5) | |
2 to 3 h | 86 (17.0) | |
3 to 4 h | 70 (13.9) | |
> 4 h | 246 (48.7) | |
Internet use for gaming | ||
No | 263 (52.1) | |
Yes | 242 (47.9) | |
Use of social networks | ||
No | 364 (72.1) | |
Yes | 141 (27.9) | |
Internet use for gaming | ||
No | 393 (77.8) | |
Yes | 112 (22.2) | |
Use of social networksb
| ||
Facebook | 341 (67.5) | |
Instagram | 280 (55.6) | |
Twitter | 130 (25.8) | |
Whatsapp | 363 (72.0) | |
Snapchat | 64 (12.7) | |
Tinder | 13 (2.6) | |
Tiktok | 279 (55.4) | |
Internet addiction disorder | ||
Normal | 374 (74.1) | 69.9—77.2 |
Mild | 112 (22.2) | 18.6—26.1 |
Moderate | 16 (3.2) | 1.9—7.6 |
Severe | 3 (0.6) | 0.1—3.3 |
Anxiety | ||
Mild | 365 (72.3) | 68.8—75.0 |
Moderate | 93 (18.4) | 15.9—21.5 |
Severe | 47 (9.3) | 6.4—14.1 |
Depression | ||
Minimal | 158 (31.3) | 27.9—34.7 |
Mild | 150 (29.7) | 26.2—33.2 |
Moderate | 24 (4.8) | 2.9—7.1 |
Severe | 173 (34.3) | 30.9—37.7 |
Mental health disorders-instrument PHQ-9 and GAD-7
Association between IAD and mental health disorders, in bivariate analysis
Variables |
Depression
|
p*
|
Anxiety
|
p*
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 158) | Yes (n = 347) | No (n = 365) | Yes (n = 140) | |||
n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | |||
Age (years)**,a
| 14.13 ± 1.32 | 14.18 ± 1.51 | 0.709 | 14.16 ± 1.38 | 14.16 ± 1.63 | 0.987 |
Sex |
0.015
|
0.002
| ||||
Male | 84 (36.8) | 144 (63.2) | 180 (79.0) | 48 (21.1) | ||
Female | 74 (26.7) | 203 (73.3) | 185 (66.8) | 92 (33.2) | ||
BMI (categorized) | 0.858 | 0.839 | ||||
Underweight | 13 (37.1) | 22 (62.9) | 24 (68.6) | 11 (31.4) | ||
Normal | 97 (30.1) | 225 (69.9) | 236 (73.3) | 86 (26.7) | ||
Overweight | 32 (31.7) | 69 (68.3) | 70 (69.3) | 31 (30.7) | ||
Obese | 14 (31.8) | 30 (68.2) | 32 (72.7) | 12 (27.3) | ||
Alcohol consumption |
0.028
| 0.053 | ||||
No | 123 (34.2) | 237 (65.8) | 269 (74.7) | 91 (25.3) | ||
Yes | 35 (24.1) | 110 (75.9) | 96 (66.2) | 49 (33.8) | ||
Tobacco use | 0.248 | 0.156 | ||||
No | 157 (31.6) | 340 (68.4) | 361 (72.6) | 136 (27.4) | ||
Yes | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) | 4 (50.0) | 4 (50.0) | ||
Failing courses | 0.431 | 0.764 | ||||
No | 113 (32.6) | 234 (67.4) | 253 (72.9) | 94 (27.1) | ||
Yes | 45 (29.0) | 110 (71.0) | 111 (71.6) | 44 (28.4) | ||
Self-esteem | 22.52 ± 3.26 | 22.44 ± 3.69 | 0.798 | 22.3 ± 3.47 | 22.89 ± 3.75 | 0.100 |
Physical activity | 1.92 (1.56–2.31) | 1.89 (1.58–2.31) | 0.946 | 1.89 (1.61–2.31) | 1.89 (1.5–2.28) | 0.711 |
Eating Disorder |
< 0.001
|
0.005
| ||||
No | 146 (35.0) | 271 (65.0) | 312 (74.8) | 105 (25.2) | ||
Yes | 12 (13.6) | 76 (86.4) | 53 (60.2) | 35 (39.8) | ||
Insomnia |
< 0.001
|
0.001
| ||||
Clinical insomnia absent | 123 (39.2) | 191 (60.8) | 246 (78.3) | 68 (21.7) | ||
Subclinical insomnia | 31 (18.3) | 138 (81.7) | 107 (63.3) | 62 (36.7) | ||
Moderate clinical insomnia | 3 (16.7) | 15 (83.3) | 9 (50.0) | 9 (50.0) | ||
Severe clinical insomnia | 1 (25.0) | 3 (75.0) | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | ||
Use of devices to connect to the Internet (hours) | 0.156 | 0.364 | ||||
< 1 h | 15 (50.0) | 15 (50.0) | 25 (83.3) | 5 (16.7) | ||
1 to 2 h | 24 (32.9) | 49 (67.1) | 52 (71.2) | 21 (28.8) | ||
2 to 3 h | 27 (31.4) | 59 (68.6) | 64 (74.4) | 22 (25.6) | ||
3 to 4 h | 17 (24.3) | 53 (75.7) | 45 (64.3) | 25 (35.7) | ||
> 4 h | 75 (30.5) | 171 (69.5) | 179 (72.8) | 67 (27.2) | ||
Academic internet use |
0.002
| 0.311 | ||||
No | 66 (25.1) | 197 (74.9) | 185 (70.3) | 78 (29.7) | ||
Yes | 92 (38.0) | 150 (62.0) | 180 (74.4) | 62 (25.6) | ||
Internet use for social interaction | 0.379 |
0.048
| ||||
No | 118 (32.4) | 246 (67.6) | 272 (74.7) | 92 (25.3) | ||
Yes | 40 (28.4) | 101 (71.6) | 93 (66.0) | 48 (34.0) | ||
Internet use for gaming |
0.011
| 0.466 | ||||
No | 134 (34.1) | 259 (65.9) | 281 (71.5) | 112 (28.5) | ||
Yes | 24 (21.4) | 88 (78.6) | 84 (75.0) | 28 (25.0) | ||
Internet addiction disorder |
0.032
|
0.002
| ||||
Normal | 130 (34.8) | 244 (65.2) | 283 (75.7) | 91 (24.3) | ||
Mild | 25 (22.3) | 87 (77.7) | 71 (63.4) | 41 (36.6) | ||
Moderate | 3 (18.8) | 13 (81.3) | 11 (68.8) | 5 (31.3) | ||
Severe | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) |
IAD and other factors associated with mental health disorders, in simple and multiple regression analysis
Characteristics
|
Depression
|
Anxiety
| ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple regression
|
Multiple regression
|
Simple regression
|
Multiple regression
| |||||||||
PR
|
CI 95%
|
p
*
|
PR
|
CI 95%
|
p
*
|
PR
|
CI 95%
|
p
*
|
PR
|
CI 95%
|
p
*
| |
Age (years) | 1.01 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.571 | 0.99 | 0.95–1.03 | 0.588 | 1.00 | 0.92–1.08 | 0.982 | 0.98 | 0.92–1.04 | 0.533 |
Sex | ||||||||||||
Male | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Female | 1.16 | 1.12–1.20 |
< 0.001
| 1.15 | 1.08–1-23 |
< 0.001
| 1.58 | 1.27–1.95 |
< 0.001
| 1.40 | 1.17–1.67 |
< 0.001
|
BMI(categorized) | ||||||||||||
Underweight | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Normal | 1.11 | 0.90–1.37 | 0.325 | 1.09 | 0.91–1.30 | 0.361 | 0.85 | 0.54–1.33 | 0.479 | 0.78 | 0.54–1.12 | 0.176 |
Overweight | 1.09 | 0.84–1.40 | 0.523 | 1.09 | 0.85–1.40 | 0.488 | 0.98 | 0.63–1.52 | 0.916 | 0.88 | 0.57–1.36 | 0.566 |
Obese | 1.08 | 0.81–1.45 | 0.582 | 0.98 | 0.72–1.35 | 0.920 | 0.87 | 0.51–1.47 | 0.598 | 0.82 | 0.40–1.69 | 0.596 |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Yes | 1.15 | 1.08–1.23 |
< 0.001
| 1.07 | 1.01–1.13 |
0.025
| 1.34 | 1.02–1.74 |
0.003
| 1.09 | 0.88–1.34 | 0.424 |
Tobacco use | ||||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Yes | 1.28 | 1.05–1.56 |
0.014
| 1.13 | 0.85–1.50 | 0.411 | 1.83 | 0.87–3.82 | 0.110 | 1.57 | 0.71–3.46 | 0.261 |
Failing courses | ||||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Yes | 1.05 | 0.98–1.13 | 0.166 | 1.03 | 0.91–1.16 | 0.687 | 1.05 | 0.78–1.41 | 0.759 | 1.04 | 0.87–1.23 | 0.697 |
Self-esteem | 1.00 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.758 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.985 | 1.03 | 1.00–1.07 |
0.045
| 1.04 | 1.00–1.07 | 0.063 |
Physical activity | 1.00 | 0.90–1.11 | 0.992 | 1.02 | 0.93–1.12 | 0.687 | 0.92 | 0.74–1.15 | 0.472 | 1.00 | 0.80–1.25 | 0.993 |
Eating Disorder | ||||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Yes | 1.33 | 1.19–1.48 |
< 0.001
| 1.25 | 1.08–1.44 |
0.003
| 1.58 | 1.35–1.85 |
< 0.001
| 1.37 | 1.01–1.87 |
0.046
|
Insomnia | ||||||||||||
Clinical insomnia absent | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Subclinical insomnia | 1.34 | 1.18–1-52 |
< 0.001
| 1.28 | 1.12–1.46 |
< 0.001
| 1.69 | 1.22–2.36 |
0.002
| 1.42 | 1.01–2.01 |
0.049
|
Moderate clinical insomnia | 1.37 | 1.17–1.60 |
< 0.001
| 1.18 | 0.89–1.57 | 0.251 | 2.31 | 1.76–3.04 |
< 0.001
| 1.44 | 0.97–2.13 | 0.073 |
Severe clinical insomnia | 1.23 | 0.81–1.88 | 0.332 | 1.04 | 0.62–1.74 | 0.882 | 1.15 | 0.18–7.24 | 0.878 | 0.69 | 0.07–6.87 | 0.750 |
Use of devices to connect to the Internet (hours) | ||||||||||||
< 1 h | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
1 to 2 h | 1.34 | 1.12–1.61 |
0.002
| 1.25 | 0.99–1.57 | 0.062 | 1.73 | 0.66–4.53 | 0.267 | 1.44 | 0.46–4.51 | 0.531 |
2 to 3 h | 1.37 | 1.21–1.56 |
< 0.001
| 1.26 | 1.02–1.56 |
0.033
| 1.53 | 0.57–4.14 | 0.397 | 1.52 | 0.50–4.68 | 0.463 |
3 to 4 h | 1.51 | 1.20–1.91 |
< 0.001
| 1.50 | 1.14–1.99 |
0.004
| 2.14 | 0.85–5.42 | 0.108 | 1.86 | 0.70–4.94 | 0.213 |
> 4 h | 1.39 | 1.24–1.56 |
< 0.001
| 1.33 | 1.11–1.60 |
0.002
| 1.63 | 0.84–3.18 | 0.149 | 1.29 | 0.70–2.40 | 0.416 |
Academic internet use | ||||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Yes | 0.83 | 0.70–0.97 |
0.024
| 0.85 | 0.74–0.98 |
0.022
| 0.86 | 0.66–1.14 | 0.295 | 1.10 | 0.88–1.39 | 0.405 |
Internet use for social interaction | ||||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Yes | 1.06 | 0.96–1.17 | 0.243 | 0.96 | 0.80–1.15 | 0.661 | 1.35 | 1.01–1.80 |
0.043
| 1.31 | 1.07–1.61 |
0.010
|
Internet use for gaming | ||||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Yes | 1.19 | 1.02–1.39 |
0.024
| 1.13 | 0.98–1.31 | 0.094 | 0.88 | 0.60–1.27 | 0.490 | 0.96 | 0.73–1.26 | 0.764 |
Internet addiction disorder | ||||||||||||
Normal | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Mild | 1.19 | 1.05–1.35 |
0.006
| 0.98 | 0.86–1.10 | 0.696 | 1.50 | 1.08–2.09 |
0.015
| 1.24 | 0.75–2.04 | 0.410 |
Moderate | 1.25 | 1.02–1.53 |
0.034
| 0.95 | 0.82–1.09 | 0.455 | 1.28 | 0.45–3.66 | 0.639 | 0.81 | 0.28–2.31 | 0.690 |
Severe | 1.53 | 1.47–1.60 |
< 0.001
| 1.08 | 0.96–1.22 | 0.201 | 4.11 | 3.35–5.05 |
< 0.001
| 2.96 | 1.86–4.71 |
< 0.001
|