Introduction
Materials and methods
Subjects
Isolation of MRSA strains
Validation and characterization of MRSA strains
Molecular characterization of MRSA
Ethical approval
Results
Isolation of MRSA strains from feces and nasal swabs
Patients | Growth on agar plates with antibiotics | Numbers of yellowish colony isolated from stool samplea(CFU/g) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal swabs | Feces | ||||
OXA | CFX | OXA | CFX | ||
A | + | + | + | - | 4.0 × 106 |
B | + | + | + | + | 1.6 × 105 |
C | + | + | + | + | 2.9 × 106 |
D | + | + | + | + | 3.1 × 106 |
E | - | + | + | + | 1.6 × 103 |
F | + | + | + | + | 2.4 × 106 |
G | + | + | + | + | 2.4 × 107 |
H | + | + | + | + | 4.7 × 106 |
I | + | + | + | - | 6.0 × 104 |
J | + | + | + | - | 1.6 × 103 |
K | + | + | + | - | 1.1 × 107 |
L | + | NT | + | NT | 6.0 × 106 |
M | + | + | + | - | 1.6 × 105 |
N | + | + | + | + | 2.9 × 106 |
O | + | + | + | + | 2.5 × 106 |
P | + | + | + | + | 2.8 × 108 |
Q | + | + | + | + | 4.0 × 102 |
R | + | + | + | + | 1.6 × 106 |
S | + | + | + | + | 1.0 × 103 |
T | + | + | + | + | 2.7 × 106 |
U | + | + | + | + | 2.9 × 106 |
Comparisons of the carriage of ORFs by fecal and nasal strains
Patients | Samples | Number of tested strains | Numbers of amplified DNA fragmentsawith relate to | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ORFsbon SCCmec elements | ORFscon chromosome | ORFsdon mobile genetic elements | ||||||
A | Nasal swab | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV1998 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 2 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 2 / 2 | MW0919 | 2 / 2 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV1998 | 2 / 2 | |
B | Nasal swab | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 4 / 4 | |
C | Nasal swab | 4 | mecI / type 2 ccrA /kdpC | 4 / 4 | SA2259 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / SAV0913 / SLTorf182 / PV83orf2 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 4 | mecI / type 2 ccrA /kdpC | 4 / 4 | SA2259 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / SAV0913 / SLTorf182 / PV83orf2 | 4 / 4 | |
D | Nasal swab | 4 | mecI / type 2 ccrA /kdpC | 4 / 4 | SA2259 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / SAV0913 / SLTorf182 / PV83orf2 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 4 | mecI / type 2 ccrA /kdpC | 4 / 4 | SA2259 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / SAV0913 / SLTorf182 / PV83orf2 | 4 / 4 | |
E | Nasal swab | 2 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 2 / 2 | MW0919 | 2 / 2 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 2 / 2 |
Feces | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 4 / 4 | |
F | Nasal swab | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SAV0850 / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / PV83orf2 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SAV0850 / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / PV83orf2 | 4 / 4 | |
G | Nasal swab | 3 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 3 / 3 | MW0919 | 3 / 3 | tnp B / SaGlm / SLTorf182 / PV83orf2 | 2 / 3 |
tnp B / SAV0850 / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / PV83orf2 | 1 / 3 | |||||||
Feces | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SaGlm / SLTorf182 / PV83orf2 | 4 / 4 | |
H | Nasal swab | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / SLTorf182 / PV83orf2 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / SLTorf182 / PV83orf2 | 2 / 4 | |
tnp B / SAV0850 / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / SLTorf182 / PV83orf2 | 2 / 4 | |||||||
I | Nasal swab | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SaGlm / SLTorf182 / PV83orf2 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 2 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 2 / 2 | MW0919 | 2 / 2 | tnp B / SaGlm / SLTorf182 / PV83orf2 | 2 / 2 | |
J | Nasal swab | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 2 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 2 / 2 | MW0919 | 2 / 2 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 2 / 2 | |
K | Nasal swab | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SAV0850 / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / SLTorf182 / PV83orf2 | 3 / 4 |
tnp B / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / SLTorf182 / PV83orf2 | 1 / 4 | |||||||
Feces | 2 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 2 / 2 | MW0919 | 2 / 2 | tnp B / SAV0850 / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / SLTorf182 / PV83orf2 | 2 / 2 | |
L | Nasal swab | 1 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 1 / 1 | MW0919 | 1 / 1 | tnp B/ SAV1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SAV1801 | 1 / 1 |
Feces | 1 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 1 / 1 | MW0919 | 1 / 1 | SAV0886 / SA1774 / SAV0885 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SAV1801 | 1 / 1 | |
M | Nasal swab | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SAV0850 / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / PV83orf2 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 2 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 2 / 2 | MW0919 | 2 / 2 | tnp B / SAV0850 / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / PV83orf2 | 2 / 2 | |
N | Nasal swab | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SAV0850 / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / PV83orf2 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SAV0850 / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1974 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / PV83orf2 | 4 / 4 | |
O | Nasal swab | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 4 / 4 | |
P | Nasal swab | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 4 / 4 | |
Q | Nasal swab | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 4 / 4 | |
R | Nasal swab | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SAV0898 / SAV1774 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / SAV0913 / SAV1998 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SAV0898 / SAV1774 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / SAV0913 / SAV1998 | 4 / 4 | |
S | Nasal swab | 4 | mecI / type 2 ccrA /kdp C | 4 / 4 | SA2259 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1774 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / SAV1801 / SAV0913 / SAV1998 / PV83orf2 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 4 | mecI / type 2 ccrA /kdp C | 4 / 4 | SA2259 | 4 / 4 | tnp B / SAV0898 / SAV0866 / SAV1774 / SAV0855 / SaGlm / SLTorf175 / SAV1801 / SAV0913 / SAV1998 / PV83orf2 | 4 / 4 | |
T | Nasal swab | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 4 / 4 | |
U | Nasal swab | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 4 / 4 |
Feces | 4 | IS1272 / type 2 ccr A | 4 / 4 | MW0919 | 4 / 4 | SA1774 / SaGlm / SAV0881 / SA1801 | 4 / 4 |
Molecular characterization of the MRSA strains
Strainsa | MLST | spa types | SCCmec types | Exotoxin genes | Isolated atb | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ST | CC |
tst
|
eta
|
etb
|
lukS, F-PV
| ||||
Af | 8 | 8 | 1499 | IVl | + | - | - | - |
J
|
An | NT | NT | 1499 | IVl | + | - | - | - | |
Bf | 8 | 8 | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - |
J
|
Bn | NT | NT | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - | |
Cf | 764 | 5 | 2 | IIa | - | - | - | - |
J
c
|
Cn | NT | NT | 2 | IIa | - | - | - | - | |
Df | 764 | 5 | 2 | IIa | - | - | - | - |
J
c
|
Dn | NT | NT | 2 | IIa | - | - | - | - | |
Ef | 8 | 8 | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - |
J
|
En | NT | NT | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - | |
Ff | 2763 | 1 | 1500 | IVa | - | - | - | - |
S
|
Fn | NT | NT | 1500 | IVa | - | - | - | - | |
Gf | 2764 | 1 | 855 | IVa | - | - | - | - |
S
|
Gn | NT | NT | 855 | IVa | - | - | - | - | |
Hf | 2764 | 1 | 855 | IVa | - | - | - | - |
S
|
Hn | NT | NT | 855 | IVa | - | - | - | - | |
If | 1 | 1 | 855 | IVa | - | - | - | - |
S
|
In | NT | NT | 855 | IVa | - | - | - | - | |
Jf | 8 | 8 | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - |
J
|
Jn | NT | NT | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - | |
Kf | 2763 | 1 | 855 | IVa | - | - | - | - |
S
|
Kn | NT | NT | 855 | IVa | - | - | - | - | |
Lf | 8 | 8 | 59 | IVb | - | - | - | - |
J
|
Ln | NT | NT | 59 | IVb | - | - | - | - | |
Mf | 2763 | 1 | 855 | IVa | - | - | - | - |
S
|
Mn | NT | NT | 855 | IVa | - | - | - | - | |
Nf | 2763 | 1 | 855 | IVa | - | - | - | - |
S
|
Nn | NT | NT | 855 | IVa | - | - | - | - | |
Of | 8 | 8 | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - |
J
|
On | NT | NT | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - | |
Pf | 8 | 8 | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - |
J
|
Pn | NT | NT | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - | |
Qf | 8 | 8 | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - |
J
|
Qn | NT | NT | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - | |
Rf | 8 | 8 | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - |
J
|
Rn | NT | NT | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - | |
Sf | 5 | 5 | 2 | IIa | + | - | - | - |
J
c
|
Sn | NT | NT | 2 | IIa | + | - | - | - | |
Tf | 8 | 8 | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - |
J
|
Tn | NT | NT | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - | |
Uf | 8 | 8 | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - |
J
|
Un | NT | NT | 606 | IVl | + | - | - | - |