Background
Methods
Plant materials
Animal
Drugs and chemicals
Total phenolic content
DPPH free radical scavenging activity assay
Brine shrimp lethality bioassay
Thrombolytic activity assay
Membrane stabilizing activity
Antimicrobial screening
Peripheral analgesic activity
Central analgesic activity
Hypoglycemic activity assay
Phenobarbitone sodium-induced sleeping time
Statistical analysis:
Results
Samples/ Standards | Total phenolic content (mg of GAE/ g of dried extract) | Free radical scavenging activity IC50 (μg/ml) | Brine shrimp lethality bioassay LC50 (μg/ml) |
---|---|---|---|
ME | 17.71 ± 0.32 | 4.50 ± 0.11 | 25.70 ± 0.19 |
HXSF | 11.15 ± 0.56 | 32.11 ± 0.58 | 2.00 ± 0.31 |
CTCSF | 9.94 ± 0.13 | 5.15 ± 0.21 | 15.06 ± 0.43 |
CSF | 1.42 ± 0.44 | 4.20 ± 0.41 | 18.37 ± 0.32 |
AQSF | 19.34 ± 0.49 | 10.92 ± 0.33 | 84.02 ± 0.13 |
Vincristine sulfate | – | – | 0.45 ± 0.04 |
BHT | – | 27.50 ± 0.54 | – |
Ascorbic acid | – | 5.80 ± 0.21 | – |
Samples/ Standard | % of lysis of RBCs | % Inhibition of haemolysis induced by heat |
---|---|---|
ME | 38.43 ± 0.24 | 32.62 ± 0.18 |
HXSF | 47.20 ± 0.49 | 28.56 ± 0.12 |
CTCSF | 64.80 ± 0.27 | 41.90 ± 0.10 |
CSF | 46.91 ± 0.62 | 40.81 ± 0.25 |
AQSF | 58.63 ± 0.39 | 16.03 ± 0.37 |
Water | 3.79 ± 0.55 | – |
Streptokinase
| 66.77 ± 0.36 | – |
Acetyl salicylic acid | – | 42.12 ± 0.38 |
Test microorganisms | Diameter of zone of inhibition (mm) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ME | HXSF | CTCSF | CSF | AQSF | Ciprofloxacin/ Fluconazole (30 μg/disc) | |
Gram positive bacteria | ||||||
Bacillus cereus | 8.0 ± 0.12 | – | – | 7.00 ± 0.92 | – | 45 ± 2.01 |
Bacillus megaterium | 16.0 ± 0.43 | 15.0 ± 0.73 | – | – | – | 42 ± 1.17 |
Bacillus subtilis | 9.0 ± 0.56 | – | 9.0 ± 0.33 | – | – | 42 ± 0.73 |
Staphylococcus aureus | 10.0 ± 0.57 | – | 19.0 ± 0.48 | 7.0 ± 1.45 | 7.0 ± 1.3 | 42 ± 0.23 |
Micrococcus luteus | 9.0 ± 0.16 | – | 6.0 ± 0.45 | 7.0 ± 1.11 | 7.0 ± 0.92 | 42 ± 0.56 |
Gram negative bacteria | ||||||
Escherichia coli | 8.0 ± 0.54 | – | 7.0 ± 0.81 | 7.0 ± 0.45 | – | 42 ± 0.43 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 10.0 ± 0.36 | – | 7.0 ± 0.32 | 8.0 ± 0.31 | – | 42 ± 1.11 |
Salmonella paratyphi | 8.0 ± 0.68 | – | – | 10.0 ± 0.55 | 8.0 ± 1.56 | 47 ± 2.33 |
Salmonella typhi | – | – | 9.0 ± 0.17 | – | 9.0 ± 0.41 | 45 ± 0.73 |
Shigella boydii | 7.0 ± 0.87 | – | 6.0 ± 0.66 | 7.0 ± 1.90 | – | 34 ± 0.58 |
Shigella dysenteriae | 10.0 ± 0.73 | – | 9.0 ± 0.25 | 12.0 ± 0.22 | 7.0 ± 0.83 | 42 ± 0.22 |
Vibrio mimicus | 6.0 ± 0.21 | – | 6.0 ± 0.16 | 8.0 ± 0.48 | – | 40 ± 0.45 |
Vibrio parahemolyticus | 9.0 ± 1.56 | – | 6.0 ± 1.12 | 8.0 ± 2.12 | 7.0 ± 0.21 | 35 ± 0.44 |
Fungi | ||||||
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 7.0 ± 1.12 | – | 7.0 ± 0.53 | 7.0 ± 1.43 | 6.0 ± 0.21 | 38 ± 0.11 |
Aspergillus niger | 8.0 ± 0.43 | – | 8.0 ± 0.48 | 7.0 ± 0.33 | 5.0 ± 0.54 | 37 ± 0.33 |
Groups | Number of writhing | Inhibition of writhing (%) |
---|---|---|
Control (10 ml/kg) | 19.6 | |
Diclofenac sodium (50 mg/kg) | 5.00 ± 0.68 | 74.49 |
Methanol extract (200 mg/kg) | 19.41 ± 0.26 | 0.97 |
Methanol extract (400 mg/kg) | 16.33 ± 0.12 | 16.68 |
Groups | Latency period | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 min | 30 min | 60 min | 90 min | |
Control | 6.03 ± 0.47 | 6.26 ± 0.57 | 6.16 ± 0.89 | 6.23 ± 0.47 |
Morphine (2 mg/kg) | 10.80 ± 0.91 | 16.5 ± 1.03 | 15.96 ± 1.17 | 16.16 ± 1.07 |
Methanol extract (200 mg/kg) | 6.80 ± 0.54 | 4.25 ± 0.22 | 7.40 ± 0.86 | 5.41 ± 0.75 |
Methanol extract (400 mg/kg) | 6.44 ± 0.33 | 3.24 ± 0.43 | 5.70 ± 0.61 | 4.22 ± 0.79 |
Groups | % Pain inhibition | ||
---|---|---|---|
30 min | 60 min | 90 min | |
Morphine (2 mg/kg) | 163.58 ± 2.38 | 159.09 ± 2.03 | 159.39 ± 1.89 |
Methanol extract (200 mg/kg) | 32.11 ± 0.44 | 20.13 ± 1.03 | 13.16 ± 0.72 |
Methanol extract (400 mg/kg) | 48.24 ± 0.91 | 7.47 ± 0.27 | 32.26 ± 0.41 |
Groups | Blood Glucose Level (mmol/L) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 min | 1st hour | 2nd hour | 3rd hour | |
Control Group | 5.98 ± 0.12 | 5.72 ± 0.49 | 5.70 ± 0.34 | 5.63 ± 0.56 |
Standard Group (5 mg/kg) | 5.96 ± 0.31 | 2.00 ± 0.07 | 2.54 ± 0.13 | 2.76 ± 0.16 |
Methanol extract (200 mg/kg) | 4.66 ± 0.23 | 5.22 ± 0.37 | 3.04 ± 0.11* | 2.88 ± 0.33** |
Methanol extract (400 mg/kg) | 4.64 ± 0.41 | 2.88 ± 0.83** | 2.60 ± 0.47** | 2.47 ± 0.66** |
Groups | % of blood glucose level reduction | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st hour | 2nd hour | 3rd hour | |
Control Group | 4.35 | 4.68 | 5.85 |
Standard Group (5 mg/kg) | 65.03 | 55.43 | 50.98 |
Methanol extract (200 mg/kg) | 8.74 | 46.67 | 48.85 |
Methanol extract (400 mg/kg) | 49.65 | 54.39 | 56.12 |
Groups | Time of onset of sleep (minutes) | Total sleeping time (minutes) |
---|---|---|
Control (10 ml/kg) | 15.8 ± 1.19 | 118.6 ± 2.81 |
Methanol extract (200 mg/kg) | 30.22 ± 2.20 | 99.45 ± 2.85 |
Methanol extract (400 mg/kg) | 38.61 ± 1.76 | 107.6 ± 3.21 |