Introduction
Epidemics/Global and regional Prevalence
Socio-economic impact and burden
Pathophysiology and risk factors
IBS and Microbiome
Therapeutic Interventions
Therapy type/class | IBS-related symptoms | Data Quality | Mechanism of action | Adverse events | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5-HT4 receptor agonists | Constipation | High | Stimulate colonic motility and transit | Diarrhea, cramping, and cardiovascular side effects | |
Tenapanor | Constipation | Moderate | NHE3 inhibitor, stimulates sodium + , water secretion | Diarrhea more common with active therapy | [99] |
IBAT inhibitor | Constipation | Moderate | Increases colonic bile acid levels to induce secretion and motility | Diarrhea, cramping | [100] |
Linaclotide | Constipation | High | Guanylate cyclase C activator, stimulate chlorine − and water secretion via CFTR; visceral analgesia | Diarrhea more common with active therapy | [97] |
Plecanatide | Constipation | High | Diarrhea more common with active therapy | ||
PEG 3350 | Constipation | Moderate | Osmotic secretion | Diarrhea and abdominal pain | [103] |
Lubiprostone | Constipation | Moderate | Chloride channel activation and with CFTR stimulate chlorine − secretion; inhibitor of NHE3 | Nausea more common with active therapy | [104] |
Bile acid sequestrants | Diarrhea | Low | Bind intraluminal bile acids | Limited data | |
5-HT3 receptor antagonists | Diarrhea | High | Retard colonic transit and reduce visceral pain | Serious adverse events with alosetron included ischemic colitis and severe constipation | |
Rifaximin | Diarrhea | Moderate | Nonabsorbable antibiotic | Nausea more common with active therapy | |
Eluxadoline | Diarrhea | High | κ-Opioid and μ-opioid receptor agonists and δ-opioid receptor antagonist | Serious adverse events included acute pancreatitis and sphincter of Oddi spasm | [107] |
Peppermint oil | Pain | Moderate | Blocks L-type calcium ion channels on muscle, activate TRPM8 receptors on nociceptive afferents | No increase in adverse events in randomized clinical trials | |
Antidepressants | Pain | Moderate | Psychological, antinociceptive, slow (TCA) or fast (SSRI) transit effects | dry mouth and drowsiness | |
Antispasmodic drugs | Pain | Low | Inhibition of muscarinic Ach receptors or block calcium ion channels, GI smooth muscle | dry mouth, dizziness, and blurred vision |
Host-microbiome and diet interactions
Exponential increase of microbiome data and need for predictive models
Database | Reference (URL) | Description |
---|---|---|
BacDive | BacDive offers data on 81,827 bacterial and archaeal strains, including 14,091 type strains and thereby covers approx. 90% of the validly described species | |
Gold | Gold is a World Wide Web resource for comprehensive access to information regarding genome and metagenome sequencing projects, and their associated metadata | |
NCBI Microbial Genomes | Microbial Genomes resource presents public data from prokaryotic genome sequencing projects | |
EnsemblBacteria | Ensembl Bacteria is a browser for bacterial and archaeal genomes | |
European Nucleotide Archive | The European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) provides a comprehensive record of the world’s nucleotide sequencing information, covering raw sequencing data, sequence assembly information and functional annotation | |
DrugBank | DrugBank, the world's most comprehensive and structured drug and molecular drug information resource | |
Super Natural | Super Natural II, a database of natural products. It contains 325,508 natural compounds (NCs), including information about the corresponding 2d structures, physicochemical properties, predicted toxicity class and potential vendors | |
ChEMBL | ChEMBL is a manually curated database of bioactive molecules with drug-like properties | |
ChemSpider | ChemSpider is a free chemical structure database providing fast text and structure search access to over 100 million structures from hundreds of data sources | |
BindingDB | BindingDB is a public, web-accessible database of measured binding affinities. BindingDB contains 41,328 Entries, each with a DOI, containing 2,259,122 binding data for 8,516 protein targets and 977,487 small molecules | |
MicrobiomeDB | A data-mining platform for interrogating microbiome experiments | |
UniProt | UniProt provides the scientific community with a comprehensive, high-quality and freely accessible resource of protein sequence and functional information | |
Virtual Metabolic Human | The VMH database captures information on human and gut microbial metabolism and links this information to hundreds of diseases and nutritional data | |
Disbiome | Disbiome® is a database covering microbial composition changes in different kinds of diseases, managed by Ghent University | |
eHOMD | eHOMD provides comprehensive curated information on the bacterial species present in the human aerodigestive tract (ADT), which encompasses the upper digestive and upper respiratory tracts, including the oral cavity, pharynx, nasal passages, sinuses and esophagus | |
HMDB | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body | |
MDB | Microbiome database involves the sequencing resource and metadata of ecological community samples of microorganisms, including both host-associated or environmental microbes | |
MGnify | MGnify provides amplicon, assemblies,metabarcoding, metagenomes and metatranscriptomes data on human and environmental biomes | |
Human Microbiome Project | Genomic characterization of microbiota at five body sites (HMP1), and information on microbiota-human interactions in disease (iHMP) |