Background
Methods
Clinical variables
Cognitive functions
Age | ||||
Education (years) | ≤50 | 51–75 | >75 | |
≤8 | 0 | +1 | +2 | |
9–17 | −1 | 0 | +1 | |
>17 | −2 | −1 | 0 |
Psycho-social evaluation
Statistical methods
Results
Cognitive impairment and clinical markers
Gender and education
Overall | Normal | Cognitive impairment |
n
| p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics, n%
| 525 | 380 (72) | 145 (28) | 525 | |
Age, years, mean (SD)
| 71 (11) | 70 (11) | 75 (9) | 525 | <0.001 |
Female gender n (%)
| 205 (39) | 126 (33) | 79 (55) | 525 | <0.001 |
NYHA class n% (I, II / III, IV)
| 300 (59) / 211 (41) | 229 (62) / 139 (38) | 71 (50) / 72 (50) | 511 | 0.007 |
Heart rate > =70, bpm, n (%)
| 304 (59) | 210 (56) | 94 (66) | 515 | 0.034 |
SBP, mean (SD)
| 126 (22) | 126 (23) | 124 (21) | 517 | 0.324 |
Preserved LVEF %, mean (SD)
| 180 (34) | 131 (34) | 49 (34) | 525 | 0.484 |
Aetiology of CHF, n%
| 382 (73) | 268 (71) | 114 (79) | 520 | 0.042 |
Hypertension n%
| 412 (79) | 295 (79) | 114 (79) | 520 | 0.459 |
Diabetes n%
| 239 (47) | 162 (44) | 77 (54) | 511 | 0.023 |
Peripheral artery disease n%
| 99 (19) | 63 (17) | 36 (25) | 521 | 0.020 |
CKD
| 286 (55) | 195 (52) | 91 (63) | 523 | 0.014 |
Anaemia n%
| 176 (33) | 120 (32) | 56 (39) |
525
| 0.078 |
Cerebrovascular disease n%
| 62 (12) | 40 (11) | 22 (15) |
521
| 0.089 |
COPD n%
| 114 (22) | 79 (21) | 35 (24) |
517
| 0.239 |
ACEI or ARBs n%
| 426 (82) | 311 (83) | 115 (80) |
519
| 0.243 |
Betablockers n%
| 482 (92) | 358 (95) | 124 (86) |
522
| 0.001 |
MRA n%
| 228 (44) | 167 (44) | 61 (42) |
521
| 0.383 |
Nt-pro BNP n%
| 248 (48) | 169 (45) | 79 (56) | 515 | 0.014 |
Albumin mean (SD)
| 4 (0) | 4 (0) | 3.6 (0) | 501 | <0.001 |
Albumin < 3.5
| 97 (19) | 57 (16) | 40 (28) | 501 | 0.002 |
eGFR mean (SD)
| 59 (22) | 60 (23) | 55 (21) | 523 | <0.017 |
Co-morbidities
Psychosocial factors
Multivariate analyses
Overall: 525 | Normal n = 380 | Cognitive impairment n = 145 |
n
| p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Higher education | 199 (38) | 164 (43) | 35 (24) |
525
| <0.001 |
Living with someone n % | 287 (57) | 217 (59) | 70 (52) | 504 | 0.098 |
Depressive symptoms n % | 35 (7) | 21 (6) | 14 (10) | 513 | 0.064 |
Dependency n % | 206 (39) | 133 (35) | 73 (50) | 525 | 0.001 |
Need caregiver, n (%) | 127 (34) | 83 (30) | 44 (45) | 370 | 0.008 |
Patient administer treatment n (%) | 201 (60) | 157 (61) | 44 (47) | 353 | 0.014 |
Lack of social support n % | 41 (8) | 27 (7) | 14 (10) | 515 | 0.282 |
Family dysfunction n (%) | 72 (14) | 50 (13) | 22 (15) | 520 | 0.325 |
Frailty n (%) | 279 (55) | 186 (50) | 93 (67) | 509 | 0.001 |
MMSE total age and education corrected scores mean (SD) | 25 (4) | 27 (2) | 20 (3) | 525 | <0.001 |
MMSE orientation | 9 (1) | 10 (1) | 8 (2) | <0.001 | |
n % task not completed | 239 (45) | 117 (31) | 128 (83) | ||
MMSE registration | 3 (0) | 3 (0) | 3 (0) | <0.001 | |
n % task not completed | 27 (5) | 11 (3) | 15 (10) | ||
MMSE attention | 3 (2) | 4 (1) | 2 (1) | <0.001 | |
n % task not completed | 277 (53) | 137 (36) | 139 (96) | ||
MMSE recall | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | <0.001 | |
n % task not completed | 378 (72) | 251 (66) | 126 (87) | ||
MMSE language and copying | 8 (2) | 8 (1) | 6 (2) | <0.001 | |
n % task not completed | 289 (55) | 157 (41) | 131 (90) |
Clinical variables Model 1 | Psychosocial variables Model 2 | Clinical and functional Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95 % CI)
|
p value
|
OR (95 % CI)
|
p value
|
OR (95 % CI)
|
p value
| |
Gender (women) | 2.98 (1.85–4.82) | <0.001 | 2.77 (1.75–4.39) | <0.001 | ||
Ischemic aetiology | 1.90 (1.16–3.08) | 0.010 | 1.99 (1.25–3.17) | 0.004 | ||
Cerebrovascular disease | 1.76 (0.94–3.30) | 0.079 | ||||
Peripheral Arterial disease | 1.57 (0.91–2.73) | 0.105 | ||||
DM | 1.15 (0.74–1.79) | 0.545 | ||||
Heart rate >70 | 1.44 (0.91–2.27) | 0.118 | ||||
Albumin > 3.5 | 0.56 (0.33–0.95) | 0.030 | 0.59 (0.351–0.99) | 0.048 | ||
eGFR
| 1.01 (0.64–1.58 | 0.965 | ||||
Nt-ProBNP | 1.00 (0.63–1.59) | 0.990 | ||||
Betablockers | 0.33 (0.16–0.69) | 0.003 | 0.36 (0.17–0.76) | 0.007 | ||
Social support | 0.83 (0.36–1.94) | 0.668 | ||||
Frailty | 1.58 (1.02–2.46) | 0.040 | 1.58 (0.99–2.50) | 0.050 | ||
Family dysfunction | 1.02 (0.52–1.99) | 0.964 | ||||
Depressive symptoms | 1.72 (0.82–3.63) | 0.156 | ||||
Dependency | 1.65 (1.08–0.53) | 0.020 | 1.30 (0.83–2.05) | 0.255 |