Kanski’s Clinical Ophthalmology, a systematic approach. Eighth edition Brad Bowling (2016) 917pp., 2,600 illustrations ISBN: 9780702055720 Elsevier

Excerpt

Clinical Ophthalmology is founded on the clinician’s observation of the patient’s eye. Such eye-to-eye observation was limited to gross observations of the lids, the cornea, and the lens. The optics of the eye prevents observation of the retina by the clinician’s naked eye. New developments in ophthalmic instrumentation that augmented the naked eye observation of the clinician resulted in seminal advances in ophthalmic diagnostics. Helmholtz’s invention of the ophthalmoscope, his Augenspiegel, made the living retina visually accessible to the clinician. Invention after invention augmented the early diagnostic instruments: the slit-lamp, the specular microscope, the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). …