Background
Preconception care is the provision of biomedical, behavioral, and social health interventions to women and couples before conception occurs [1]. The overarching goal is to improve maternal and child health in the short and long term by reducing behaviors that contribute to unfavorable maternal and child health outcomes [1, 2].
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 295,000 women die worldwide each year due to complications related to pregnancy or childbirth. Every day, about 810 women die from pregnancy- or childbirth-related complications, with 94% of all maternal deaths occur in low- and ,middle-income countries (LMICs) [3]. In Ethiopia, as reported in the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS), maternal mortality was 412 per 100,000 live births, and neonatal mortality was 29 per 1,000 live births [4]. Most of these complications occurring during pregnancy, exist prior to pregnancy, and worsen during pregnancy, particularly if not managed as part of preconception care [3].
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In LMICs, preconception care is often low or nonexistent, and even where it exists, it does not adequately support women to enter pregnancy with optimal health [5]. Ethiopia, like other African countries, is struggling to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, but medical disorders impose an extra burden on the health care system, and maternal and neonatal mortality remain high [6].
Chronic diseases are on the rise in both developed and developing countries and have more than doubled among reproductive-age women in many African countries, including Ethiopia [7]. Ethiopia is experiencing a rise in the prevalence of chronic diseases, with the Amhara region exhibiting among the highest prevalence [8, 9]. Globally, half of pregnancies are unintended, and in Ethiopia, one-third of pregnancies are unintended [4, 10]. Moreover, chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, thyroid disease, epilepsy, and renal disease during pregnancy lead to a multitude of maternal and fetal consequences, including preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation, fetal loss, congenital malformations, preterm delivery, and perinatal mortality of the offspring [11, 12]. Nevertheless, preconception care for women with chronic illnesses receives minimal attention.
In Ethiopia, the average time for the first antenatal care (ANC) visit is five months [13]. This is considered too late to address risk factors [14]. Therefore, preventive intervention is invaluable [15]. Women who are knowledgeable about preconception care can optimize their health before getting pregnant and engage in health-seeking behaviors [16].
Preconception care aims to enhance women’s knowledge and attitudes towards preconception health care [17]. However, lack of knowledge about preconception care has been recognized as one of the biggest hurdles to its application, and is one of the key reasons that prevent couples from getting it [18, 19]. Poor maternal health-seeking attitudes can lead to undesirable consequences, including low birth weight and premature birth [20].
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Although women with chronic diseases tend to develop complications, many studies in our country as well as in the study area have focused on knowledge of preconceptional care among reproductive-age women without medical disorders, despite the fact that preconception care is absolutely indispensable for these women [21]. Studies are scares about knowledge and attitudes towards preconception care among reproductive-age women with chronic disease in Ethiopia. Successful interventions require not only the effectiveness of the intervention but also an understanding of the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of the target population [11]. This study, therefore, aimed at assessing knowledge and attitude towards preconception care and associated factors among women of reproductive age with chronic disease in Amhara region referral hospitals, Ethiopia, 2022. The implication of this study is to develop targeted strategies and tailor preconception health care service for women with chronic disease.
Methods
Study design, area and period
A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in Amhara region referral hospitals from April 15 to June 1, 2022. The Amhara region is Ethiopia’s second-largest region, located in the country’s north, and has 11 administrative zones. The population of the Amhara region was estimated to be 28 million in mid-2018 [22]. There are 80 hospitals, 220 health centers, and 2941 health posts in the Amhara region. In this region, there are eight referral hospitals, namely Gondar University, Felege-Hiwot, Tibebe-Giyon, Woldia, Dessie, Debre-Markos, Debre-Tabor, and Debre-Birhan Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals. The study was carried out in four randomly selected referral hospitals: Namely, Debre-Tabor, Felege-Hiwot, Dessie, and Debre-Marikos Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals. Each hospital has two medical follow-up Outpatient Department/clinics (OPD), which cater to the population with medical disorders. As per the information collected from hospitals (nurse and log book), the previous 6-week report indicates that 1700 reproductive-age women with chronic diseases came for follow-up. All women of reproductive age who were diagnosed with chronic diseases and available during data collection were included in this study. Chronic diseases included Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Cardiac disease, Thyroid disease, Epilepsy, Asthma, Autoimmune disease, Stroke, Renal disease, and Hepatic Disease.
Sample size and sampling procedure
Sample size was calculated using the single proportion formula with the following assumptions:
$$n = {({\rm{Za}}/2)^2}\,{\rm{P}}\,(1 - {\rm{P}})/{{\rm{d}}^2}$$
(1)
Where:
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n is the minimum sample size needed.
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D is desired precision (5%).
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P is assumed to be 50% since no similar study had been conducted on reproductive-age women with chronic diseases.
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Z a/2 is 1.96 at a confidence level of 95%.
Based on these assumptions, the sample size was 384. By adding a 10% non-response rate, the final sample size became 422. Since the sampling technique was multistage, it was multiplied by two, resulting in a final sample size of 844 [23].
A multistage stratified sampling procedure was employed. The Amhara region has eight referral hospitals. The study population was stratified into these eight referral hospitals, and among them, four referral hospitals were randomly selected by lottery method. Then the sample size was allocated proportionally to each randomly selected referral hospital based on the number of reproductive-age women with chronic disease seen in the follow-up OPD over six weeks, determining the skipping interval. Afterward, a systematic random sampling technique was employed, with the first participant chosen randomly, followed by selecting every 2nd interval.
Operational definition
Knowledge: Women’s knowledge of preconception care was measured using 32 preconception care knowledge questions and scored out of a total of 32 points. The mean was utilized as the cutoff point, women’s knowledge was divided into two categories [24, 25].
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Good knowledge
respondents who scored greater or equal to the mean were categorized as having good knowledge of preconception care.
Poor knowledge
respondents who scored less than the mean were categorized as having poor knowledge of preconception care.
Attitude
women`s attitude towards preconception care was measured using six questions. Each question has 5-point Likert scale of “1”, “2”, “3”, “4”, and “5”, denoting strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, and strongly agree, respectively. With the mean as a cutoff point, women’s attitude was divided into two categories [24].
Good attitude
respondents who scored greater or equal to the mean to preconception care attitude questions were categorized as having a good attitude towards preconception care.
Poor attitude
respondents who scored less than the mean to preconception care attitude questions were categorized as having a poor attitude towards preconception care.
Good adherence to follow-up appointment; women who attended 70% and above of the appointments (seven out of the last ten appointments) [26].
Comorbidity
having more than one chronic disease in a woman at the same time [27].
Data collection tools and procedures
Data were collected using an interviewer-administered, pre-tested, and structured questionnaire, as well as chart review to ascertain the diagnosis and comorbidity. The questionnaire was adapted by reviewing different literature and contextualized to the situation [24, 28‐32]. The questionnaire was checked with a Cronbach alpha of 0.90 for knowledge-assessing tools and 0.87 for attitude-assessing tools. The questionnaire includes sections on socio-demographic factors, obstetric, family planning, and disease-related factors, as well as sections for knowledge and attitude questions. Data were collected by four BSc nurses who work at each referral hospital.
Data quality control
To keep the quality of data, the questionnaire (English version) was translated into Amharic and then translated back to English by two different persons: the forward translation by the principal investigator and the back translation by another clinical midwifery student of University of Gonder to ensure consistency and accuracy. The content’s validity was assessed by three assistant professors of clinical midwives and one gynecologist. Two weeks before data collection, the questionnaire was pre-tested at Woldia Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital on 10% of the final sample by the principal investigator; it was not part of data collection site. After pre-testing, necessary adjustments were made accordingly. Data were collected by four BSc nurses who work at each of four referral hospitals. Both data collectors and supervisors were given one-day training before the actual work, including the aim of the study, procedures, and the way to collect data, as well as maintaining the confidentiality of the information gained from the respondents. Supervision throughout the data collection was carried out.
Data processing & analysis
After data collection, each questionnaire was manually checked for completeness. Then, the data was coded, entered using Epidata V4.6.0.2, and exported to SPSS for data checking, cleaning, and logistic regression. Frequencies were used to check for missing observations. Descriptive statistical analysis including frequencies, mean, and standard deviation for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables was conducted. A Pearson’s chi-squared test was performed to examine the association between individual-level factors and the outcome variable. Finally, bi-variate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out to check the significant association between dependent and independent variables, with statistical significance considered at P < 0.05 and AOR with a 95% confidence interval.
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Results
Socio-demographic characteristics
From a total of 844 study participants required for the study, 828 reproductive-age women with chronic disease participated, giving a total response rate of 98.1%. The mean age of the women was 33.2 years, with a standard deviation of ± 8.4 years. More than three-fourth of respondents, 674 (81.4%), were followers of Orthodox Christianity, followed by Islam, which accounts for 139 (16.8%). Concerning the educational status of respondents, more than three-fourths of participants 699 (84.4%), attended formal education. The majority of respondents, 745(90%), were married, and most of the respondents, 571 (69%), were housewives. More than half of the respondents 433 (52.3. %) were living in urban areas. Regarding the participant’s husband’s education, 290 (38.9%) attended primary education, and half of the participant’s husband’s occupation, 379 (50.9%), was in private business (See Table 1).
Table 1
Socio-demographic characteristics of reproductive-age women with chronic disease in Amhara region referral hospitals, northern Ethiopia, 2022 (N = 828)
Variables | Frequency (N) | Percent (%) |
|---|---|---|
Age | ||
15–24 | 164 | 19.8 |
25–34 | 299 | 36.1 |
35–49 | 365 | 44.1 |
Religion | ||
Orthodox | 674 | 81.4 |
Muslim | 139 | 16.8 |
Protestant | 15 | 1.8 |
Educational status | ||
No formal education | 221 | 26.7 |
Primary education | 307 | 37.1 |
Secondary education | 218 | 26.3 |
College and above | 82 | 9.9 |
Occupation | ||
House wife | 571 | 69 |
Private business | 96 | 11.6 |
Government employ | 41 | 5 |
Student | 74 | 8.9 |
Daily labor | 11 | 1.3 |
Farmer | 35 | 4.2 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 745 | 90 |
Single | 68 | 8.2 |
Divorced | 7 | 0.8 |
Widowed | 8 | 1 |
Husband educational status (N = 745) | ||
No formal education | 155 | 20.8 |
Primary education | 290 | 38.9 |
Secondary education | 201 | 27 |
College and above | 99 | 13.3 |
Husband Occupation (N = 745) | ||
Private business | 379 | 50.9 |
Government employ | 118 | 15.8 |
Student | 12 | 1.6 |
Daily labor | 37 | 5 |
Farmer | 199 | 26.7 |
Monthly income | ||
< 1000ETB(Ethiopian Birr) | 78 | 9.4 |
1000-1999ETB | 442 | 53.4 |
> 2000ETB | 308 | 37.2 |
Residence | ||
Rural | 395 | 47.7 |
Urban | 433 | 52.3 |
Having Mass Media to access health related information (TV/radio) | ||
Yes | 567 | 68.5 |
No | 261 | 31.5 |
Having mobile phone to access health related information | ||
Yes | 549 | 66.3% |
No | 279 | 33.7% |
Obstetric characteristics of respondents
Among all respondents, 722 (87.2%) were previously pregnant; of them, 218 (26.3%) were primiparous, and 491 (59.2%) were multiparous.
The majority of respondents, 601(83.2%) had at least one ANC follow-up, 591(81.9%) of respondents had a history of institutional delivery, and 234(32.4%) of respondents had a history of postnatal care for their recent pregnancy. Nearly one-third, 213 (29.5%) of respondents had a history of adverse birth outcomes. Among them, abortion accounts for 94 (43.2%), stillbirth 39 (18.3%), congenital anomaly 24 (11.3%), LBW (low birth weight) 19 (8.9%), preterm birth 17 (8%), and neonatal death 31 (14.6%). Four hundred forty-three (61.4%) of respondents had planned pregnancy history for their recent pregnancy. Most of the respondents, 488 (58.9%), had a history of modern family planning; among them, 255 (52.2%) participants used injectables, 113 (22.9%) used oral contraceptives, 86 (17.6%) used implants, 20 (4.09%) used IUCD (intra-uterine contraceptive device), and 15 (3.07%) used others (condom, post-pills).
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Preconception care information
Less than one-third of respondents, 237 (28.6%), received pre-conception advice from healthcare providers; among them, 69 (29.4%) participants received counseling about folic acid supplementation, 46 (19.6%) participants were counseled about diet modification, and 32 (13.6%) participants were counseled about strict follow-up prior to becoming pregnant (multiple response questions). (See Fig. 1)
Fig. 1
Type of counseling received on preconception care among women of reproductive age with chronic disease in Amhara region referral hospitals, northern Ethiopia, 2022
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Respondents’ chronic illness profile
A predominant proportion of respondents, comprising more than half, reported having diabetes mellitus (27.2%) and hypertension (25.7%), with 225 and 213 individuals, respectively. Among all respondents, 64 (7.7%) had cardiac disease, 87 (10.5%) had thyroid disease, 64 (7.7%) had epilepsy, 47 (5.7%) had asthma, 78 (9.4%) had renal disease, and 50 (6.1%) reported other disorders.
The median month of disease duration since diagnosis was 48 months, with an IQR (interquartile range) of 29 months. The minimum duration was one month, and the maximum was 180 months. Among the respondents, 754 (91.1%) had ten or more follow-ups, and within this group, 648 (87%) exhibited good adherence to follow-up appointments. Additionally, 164 (19.8%) had co-morbid diseases.
Women’s knowledge of preconception care
Out of the total respondents, 460 (55.6%) had good knowledge of preconception care with a 95% CI (confidence interval) ranging from 52.3 to 59.1%.
Among the total of 828 respondents, 503 (60.7%) have ever heard of preconception care. Health professionals were the major source of information for 237 (47.3%) respondents, followed by mass media 134 (26.8%), internet 97 (19.4%), friends/relatives 80 (16%), and school 18 (3.6%).
Most of the respondents, 462 (55.8%), responded that preconception care is needed for both men and women, while 192 (23.2%) responded that preconception care is needed for women only. Concerning the site of preconception care, 401 (48.4%) of respondents said that health institutions are the site of preconception care, and 361 (43.6%) said that both homes and health institutions are sites of preconception care.
Women’s knowledge of preconception health issues
The findings of the study on women’s knowledge of preconception health issues revealed that 718 (86.7%) of participants responded that medical checkups are necessary prior to pregnancy, and 550 (66.4%) responded that preparation for pregnancy through preconception care is best before getting pregnant (see Table 2).
Table 2
Women’ Knowledge of preconception health issues in Amhara region referral hospitals, northern Ethiopia, 2022
Variable (N = 828) | Options | Frequency(N) | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
PCC is care given to all women before pregnancy to make them healthier | Yes | 527 | 63.6 |
No | 301 | 36.3 | |
PCC is not the same as antenatal care | Yes | 450 | 54.3 |
No | 378 | 45.6 | |
PCC enables healthier babies to be born | Yes | 481 | 58.1 |
No | 347 | 41.9 | |
Preparation for pregnancy through PCC is best before getting pregnant | Yes | 550 | 66.4 |
No | 278 | 33,6 | |
Preconception care ensures diseases are under control before pregnancy | Yes | 520 | 62.8 |
No | 308 | 37,2 | |
PCC prevents unintended pregnancies and promotes optimal birth spacing | Yes | 362 | 43.7 |
No | 466 | 56.3 | |
Is it necessary for the health personnel to have a say (advise) as to when you can get pregnant? | Yes | 400 | 48.3 |
No | 428 | 51.7 | |
Is it important to have a medical check-up before you go on to get pregnant? | Yes | 718 | 86.7 |
No | 110 | 13.3 |
Women’s knowledge of untreated health problems and behaviors affecting maternal health and pregnancy outcome
Of all respondents, 624 (75.4%) noted cigarette smoking and 620 (74.9%) noted alcohol consumption affecting maternal health and pregnancy outcomes. Regarding women’s knowledge of untreated health conditions affecting maternal health and pregnancy outcome, the most frequently mentioned items were cardiovascular illnesses 602 (72.7%), HIV 526 (63.5%) and diabetes mellitus 430 (51.9%) (see Table 3).
Table 3
Women’s knowledge of untreated health problem, and behaviors affecting the maternal health and pregnancy outcome in Amhara region referral hospitals, northern Ethiopia, 2022
Variable (N = 828) | Frequency(N) | Percent (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Diabetes mellitus | Yes | 430 | 51.9 |
No | 398 | 48.1 | |
Epilepsy | Yes | 250 | 30.2 |
No | 578 | 69.8 | |
Obesity | Yes | 266 | 32 |
No | 562 | 67.9 | |
STIs and HIV/AIDS | Yes | 526 | 63.5 |
No | 302 | 36.5 | |
Cardiovascular disease | Yes | 602 | 72.7 |
No | 226 | 27.3 | |
Stress and depression | Yes | 420 | 50.7 |
No | 408 | 49.3 | |
Genetic disease | Yes | 348 | 42 |
No | 480 | 58 | |
Cigarette smoking | Yes | 624 | 75.4 |
No | 204 | 24.6 | |
Alcohol consumption | Yes | 620 | 74.9 |
No | 208 | 25.1 | |
Exposure to environmental hazard | Yes | 532 | 64.3 |
No | 144 | 35.7 | |
Un-prescribed drug intake | Yes | 636 | 75.6 |
No | 202 | 24.4 | |
Gender based violence | Yes | 464 | 56.0 |
No | 364 | 44 |
Women’s knowledge of what should be done before pregnancy
The most frequently mentioned items in women’s knowledge of things that should be done before pregnancy were as follows: 746 (90.1%) respondents stated that pregnancy should be planned, 752 (90.8%) avoid cigarette smoking and 750 (90.6%) avoid un-prescribed medicines. Less frequent mentioned items were taking folic acid 234 (28.3%), tetanus vaccine 248 (30.0%), and maintaining weight 366 (44.2%) (see Table 4).
Table 4
Women’s Knowledge of component of preconception care in Amhara region referral hospitals, northern Ethiopia, 2022
Variables (N = 828) | Frequency (N) | Percent (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy should be planned | Yes | 746 | 90.1 |
No | 2 | 0.2 | |
Don’t know | 80 | 9.7 | |
Taking folic acid | Yes | 234 | 28.3 |
No | 18 | 2.2 | |
Don’t know | 576 | 69.6 | |
Weight should be maintained | Yes | 366 | 44.2 |
No | 12 | 1.4 | |
Don’t know | 450 | 54.3 | |
Diet should be modified | Yes | 380 | 45.9 |
No | 12 | 1.4 | |
Don’t know | 436 | 52.7 | |
Regular exercise | Yes | 502 | 60.6 |
No | 6 | 0.7 | |
Don’t know | 320 | 38.6 | |
Substance should be avoided before pregnancy | Yes | 664 | 80.2 |
No | |||
Don’t know | 164 | 19.8 | |
Cigarette smoking should be avoided | Yes | 752 | 90.8 |
No | 0 | 0 | |
Don’t know | 76 | 9.2 | |
Alcohol consumption should be avoided before pregnancy | Yes | 718 | 86.7 |
No | 40 | 4.8 | |
Don’t know | 70 | 8.5 | |
illicit drugs should be avoided before pregnancy | Yes | 750 | 90.6 |
No | 16 | 1.9 | |
Don’t know | 62 | 7.5 | |
Healthy environment should be created before pregnancy | Yes | 474 | 57.2 |
No | 8 | 1 | |
Don’t know | 346 | 41.8 | |
Free from stressors | Yes | 522 | 63.0 |
No | 8 | 1.0 | |
Don’t know | 298 | 36.0 | |
TT vaccination | Yes | 248 | 30.0 |
No | 14 | 1.7 | |
Don’t know | 62 | 7.5 |
Predictors of knowledge of preconception care
Bi-variable analysis showed that factors such as age, formal education, occupation of respondents, residence, mass media, primiparity, history of modern family planning, preconception counseling, and duration of disease had a P value ≤ 0.25, and were taken into the final model.
In the multivariable logistic regression, four factors were found to have an independent association with the knowledge of PCC. Women who attended primary education and above were nearly two times more likely to have good knowledge of PCC compared to those with no formal education (AOR: 1.997; 95%CI: 1.247, 3.196).
Primiparous women were 2.5 times more likely to possess good knowledge of PCC compared to nulliparous women (AOR: 2.589; 95%CI: 1.132, 5.921). Women who had received preconceptional counseling were 3.4 times more likely to have good knowledge of PCC compared to their counterparts (AOR: 3.404; 95%CI: 2.170, 5.340). Women whose duration of disease was more than five years were 6.4 times more likely to have good knowledge of PCC compared to their counterparts (AOR: 6.495; 95%CI: 4.091, 10.310) (see Table 5).
Table 5
Factors associated with knowledge of preconception care among women of reproductive age with chronic disease in Amhara region referral hospitals, Northern Ethiopia, 2022
Variables (N = 828) | Knowledge | COR (95% CI) | AOR( 95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Good | Poor | ||||
Educational status | |||||
No formal education | 65 | 156 | 1 | 1 | |
Primary education | 141 | 166 | 2.039(1.413, 2.940) * | 1.997(1.247,3.196)** | |
Secondary education and above | 254 | 46 | 13.252(8.646, 20.312) ** | 14.775(8.153, 26.778)*** | |
Parity | |||||
Nullipara | 64 | 55 | 1 | 1 | |
Primipara | 157 | 61 | 2.211 (1.296, 3.339)* | 2.589(1.132,5.921) * | |
Multipara | 239 | 252 | 0.815(0.530, 1.219) | 1.009(0.429,2.375) | |
PCC Counseling received | |||||
Yes | 186 | 51 | 4.219 (2.975, 5.984)** | 3.404 (2.170,5.340)*** | |
No | 274 | 317 | 1 | 1 | |
Duration of disease | |||||
< 5 years | 262 | 306 | 1 | 1 | |
>=5years | 198 | 62 | 3.730 (2.683, 5.186)** | 6.495(4.091, 10.310)*** | |
Women’s attitude towards preconception care
Out of the total respondents, 416 (50.2%) with (95% CI: 46.9; 53.5) respondents exhibited a good attitude towards preconception care.
With respect to individual attitude items, 329 (39.7%) respondents agreed and 181 (21.9%) strongly agreed that a hospital setting is the best place to provide preconception care. Of all respondents, 345 (41.7%) agreed and 156 (18.8%) strongly agreed that preconception care is a high priority for women with major medical illnesses (see Table 6).
Table 6
Attitude towards preconception care among women of reproductive age with chronic disease in Amhara region referral hospitals, northern Ethiopia, 2022
Parameters N(828) | Strongly disagree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Strongly agree | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | ||||||
Hospital or clinic is the best place to provide PCC | 6 | 0.7 | 16 | 1.9 | 296 | 35.7 | 329 | 39.7 | 181 | 21.9 |
PCC has any positive effect on pregnancy outcome | 12 | 1.4 | 108 | 13.0 | 322 | 38.9 | 289 | 34.9 | 97 | 11.7 |
PCC can improve women’s health | 10 | 1.2 | 142 | 17.1 | 280 | 33.8 | 295 | 35.6 | 101 | 12.2 |
PCC is an important health issue for women of childbearing age | 6 | 0.7 | 108 | 13.0 | 290 | 35.0 | 303 | 36.6 | 121 | 14.6 |
PCC is a high priority for women with major medical illness to plan pregnancy | 10 | 1.2 | 58 | 7.0 | 259 | 31.3 | 345 | 41.7 | 156 | 18.8 |
I am the most suitable person plan to get PCC | 14 | 1.7 | 64 | 7.7 | 293 | 35.4 | 289 | 34.9 | 168 | 20.3 |
Predictors of attitude towards preconception care
Results of the bi-variable analysis showed that age, formal education, occupation, residence, mass media, primiparity, history of modern family planning use, preconception counseling, duration of disease, comorbidity, and knowledge of PCC had a P value of ≤ 0.25 and were included in the final model.
In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, five factors were identified to have a statistically significant association with attitudes towards preconception Care. Women aged 35–49 were 2.1 times more likely to have a good attitude towards PCC compared to women aged 15–24 (AOR: 2.143; 95%CI: 1.058, 4.339). Women who attended secondary education and above were 2.4 times more likely to have a good attitude toward PCC compared to those with no formal education (AOR: 2.427; 95% CI: 1.421, 4.146). Women who had a history of modern family planning use were 2.8 times more likely to have a good attitude towards preconception care compared to their counterparts (AOR: 2.853; 95%CI: 1.866, 4.362). Women who had received preconceptional counseling were 2.2 times more likely to have a good attitude towards PCC compared to their counterparts (AOR: 2.209; 95%CI: 1.429, 3.414). Women with good knowledge of PCC were 20.6 times more likely to have a good attitude towards PCC compared to their counterparts (AOR: 20.629; 95%CI: 12.425, 34.249) (see Table 7).
Table 7
Factors associated with attitude towards preconception care among women of reproductive age with chronic disease in Amhara region referral hospitals, northern Ethiopia, 2022
Variables (N = 828) | Attitude | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Good | Poor | |||
Age | ||||
15–24 | 75 | 89 | 1 | 1 |
25–34 | 173 | 126 | 1.629 (1.110, 2.391)* | 1.604,(0.892, 2, 886) |
35–49 | 168 | 197 | 1.012(0.699, 1.465) | 2.143(1.058, 4.339)* |
Educational status | ||||
No formal education | 60 | 161 | 1 | 1 |
Primary education | 166 | 141 | 3.159 (2.178, 4.582)** | 0.688 (0.375, 1.264) |
Secondary education and above | 190 | 110 | 4.635 (3.175, 6.765)** | 2.427 (1.421,4.146) ** |
History of modern family planning use | ||||
Yes | 315 | 173 | 4.309(3.200, 5.802 )** | 2.853 (1.866,4.362)*** |
No | 100 | 239 | 1 | 1 |
PCC Counseling received | ||||
Yes | 180 | 57 | 4.750 (3.380, 6.676)** | 2.209 (1.429, 3.414)** |
No | 236 | 355 | 1 | 1 |
Knowledge | ||||
Good | 356 | 104 | 17.572(12.352, 24.997)** | 20.629(12.425, 34.249)*** |
Poor | 60 | 308 | 1 | 1 |
Discussion
In this study, the participants’ knowledge of preconception care was found to be 55.6% (95% CI: 52.3; 59.1). This finding is in line with the study done in Jinka town (55.2%) [25], but it is higher than the study done in Hawassa, Ethiopia (20% ) [33]. This variation may be attributable to differences in participants’ level of information, as evidenced by a higher percentage of participants (60.7%) in the current study who had heard about preconception care, while in the Hawassa study, only 34% were aware of it. Similarly, this study also higher than studies conducted in West Shewa, Ethiopia (26.8%) [34], Mana district, southwest Ethiopia (21.3%) [35], and Adet, northwest Ethiopia (27.5%) [29]. This variations is likely due to differences in study settings: the current study was conducted in a health institution, while the studies in West Shewa, Mana district, and Adet were community-based; women who had contact with health care providers may have received more information about preconception care, and on top of that women with chronic diseases may have paid more attention to their health before getting pregnant compared to others.
Likewise, it is higher than a study done in Malaysia (48.6%) [30]. This is due to difference in the composition of the study’s population. In the current study, participants were women with chronic diseases attending the follow-up clinic, potentially being exposed to preconception information during routine follow-ups. In contrast, the participants in Malaysian study were high-risk pregnant women at the time of their first ANC booking.
The finding of this study is higher than studies done in Saudi Arabia (22.8%) [36], Nepal (7%) [37], and Ghana (23.5%) [28]. The variations could be attributed to differences in measuring the level of knowledge, and sampling technique used. In the current study, knowledge levels were categorized into two groups, whereas the study in Saudi Arabia categorized them into five. Notably, the Nepal and Ghana studies employed non-probability sampling techniques to select participants, potentially compromising the results.
The finding of this study is lower than a study done in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia (68.6%) [38]. This variation may be due to differences in residence, and educational background of respondents. In the current study, approximately half (52%) of the respondents were living in urban areas, whereas in the Addis Ababa study, the majority of respondents (84.6%) were urban residents. Additionally, in the current study, more than half (63.8%) of the respondents attended primary education and lower, while in the Addis Ababa study, more than half (59.5%) had attended secondary education or higher. Variations in residency and educational status can have a consequence on information access, healthcare facilities, and socioeconomic issues.
On the other hand, the finding of this study is lower than studies done in Osun State, Nigeria (65.3%) [39], Ibadan, Nigeria (59.9%) [24], and Iran (68.8%) [40]. This difference may be due variation in availability and accessibility of preconception healthcare services, socioeconomic differences, and media coverage.
The result of this study showed primary education was significantly associated with good knowledge of preconception care. This finding is consistent with a study done in Adet [29]. Moreover, secondary education was significantly associated with good knowledge of preconception care. This finding is supported by studies done in Jinka [25], Hawassa [33], west shewa [34], Adet [29], and Nigeria [24]. This is due to the fact that as the level of education increases, critical thinking also increases; in addition, media exposure increases and this makes them to access health information easily from different sources like internet [41].
This study found that being primiparity was a significant predictor of good knowledge of preconception care. This is because women are exposed to preconception care information at ANC follow-up, during institutional delivery, or during postnatal care.
Moreover, this study revealed that preconception counseling was significantly associated with good knowledge of preconception care. The finding of this study is supported by studies done in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia [38] and Egypt [42]. This is due to the fact that preconception counseling is a valuable source of information about preconceptional care. Regular interactions and follow-ups visit associated to counseling contribute a deeper understanding of PCC [43].
Furthermore, this study demonstrated that a longer duration of disease (lasting five years and above) was significantly associated with good knowledge of preconception care. This could be due to extended follow-up years, fear, experience of complications, and increased awareness of risks; as a result, women may seek pre-conceptional information from various sources over time.
In this study, the participants’ attitude towards preconception care was found to be 50.2% (95% CI: 46.9; 53.5). This finding is in line with a study done in India (52%) [44]. However, it is higher than a study done in Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia (33.7%) [16]. This could be the difference in the study settings. In the current study, participants were women who presented in a follow-up clinic, whereas in Mizan Aman, participants were in the community. Women who had contact with healthcare providers in the current study may have received information about preconception care, contributing to a more positive attitude towards it. Similarly, the finding of this study is higher than studies done in Mashhad Iran (20.9%) [45], and Ghana (20%) [28]. This could be due to differences in measuring the level of attitude and sampling tequnique used. In the current study, attitude were classified as good and poor while in the Iran study, attitude were classified as weak, neutral, and good. The use of this rating system in Iran might have resulted in a lower percentage of attitudes. Additionally, in the current study, the probability sampling technique was used, which enhances representativeness of study sample. In contrast, the Ghana study used non probability sampling technique which lacks representativeness, potentially affecting the result.
On the other hand, this study is lower than study done in Iran (98.9%) [46], Eswatini (75.4%) [47], Kelantan (98.5%) [31], Nigeria Ibadan (53.9%) [24], and Sudan (83%) [48]. This variation may be due to differences in socio-economic status and the availability and accessibility of preconception care.
This study showed that older age (35–49 year) was significantly associated with a good attitude towards preconception. This finding is consistent with a study done in Iran [40]. Older women may acquire information during ANC, family planning, delivery. Additionally, experience from previous pregnancies could play a role in shaping their attitudes and motivate them to have a more positive outlook towards preconception care.
The finding of this study revealed that level of education was significantly associated with a good attitude towards preconception care. This finding is supported by a study done in Iran [40]. This could be explained by the fact that when education levels rise, critical thinking abilities do as well. This allows women to use technology to acquire health information and have discussions with healthcare providers about their health, which in turn changes their behavior [41].
This study showed that modern family planning use history was significantly associated with a good attitude towards preconception care. This finding is matched with studies done in Nigeria [24], Malaysia [49], and Kelantan [31]. This due to the fact that women who actively engage in family planning are likely to have a proactive approach to their reproductive health and it is a valuable source of information regarding preconception care [50].
Moreover, this study showed that pre-conception counseling was significantly associated with a good attitude towards preconception care. This finding is supported by a study done in Egypt [42]. This due to the fact that women who are informed about preconception care realize and appreciate its importance, and as a result, they may adopt a favorable attitude toward preconception care [51].
Furthermore, this study revealed that knowledge of preconception care was significantly associated with a good attitude towards preconception care. This is in line with a study done in Egypt [42]. This is due to the fact that women who are aware of preconception care and what to do before getting pregnant are more likely to act in accordance with their knowledge and exhibit risk-reduction behaviors [52].
Limitation of the study
This study only includes women of reproductive age with chronic disease who had follow-up at chronic medical follow-up OPD only; it did not include other women who have follow-up at other OPDs.
There was the possibility of recall and social desirability bias.
Conclusion
This study indicated that women’s knowledge and attitude towards preconception care among women of reproductive age with chronic disease were found to be low. Factors associated with good knowledge of preconception care were level of education, primiparity, preconception counseling, and longer duration of disease (lasting five years and above). This study also noted that older age, level of education, history of modern family planning, preconception counseling, and knowledge of preconception care were significant predictors of women’s attitude towards preconception care.
This highlights the need for targeted interventions to enhance women’s knowledge and attitude towards preconception care. Important measures include promoting secondary education and carrying out educational campaigns in collaboration with the health and education sectors. It is critical to carry out awareness campaign, and incorporating preconception counseling into routine medical follow-up care. Additionally, encouraging the use of modern family planning methods, and ensuring access to family planning services. Furthermore, it is crucial to provide tailored support and counseling by considering level of education, disease duration, parity, and the stages of their reproductive years.
Acknowledgements
My heartfelt thanks to participants for their willingness to participate in this study. My special thanks go to the data collectors, and supervisors for their friendly cooperation.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This research has been done in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar (delegation given from the Institutional Review Board of University of Gondar) with reference number (MIDW/53/2014 E.c). Formal Letter of cooperation was written to regional health bureau from School of Midwifery and then regional health bureau wrote letter cooperation to respective referral hospitals and permission was obtained accordingly. The respondents were informed about the objective and purpose of the study and written informed consent was taken from each respondents and additionaly assent was taken from women whose age was below 18 years after informed consent was taken from thier parents. For uneducated participants, informed consent was obtained from their legal guardian(s) of all subjects. Also they were informed about their right of not participating in the study or withdrawing at any time. Confidentiality of the information was assured and collected anonymously.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
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