Introduction
Methods
Study design, participants, area, and period
Eligibility criteria
Sampling technique and procedure
Study variables
Operational definition
Knowledge
Attitude
Practice
Data collection procedures
Data quality assurance
Statistical analysis
Ethical consideration
Results
Sociodemographic and work-related characteristics
Variables | Category | Response n (%) |
---|---|---|
Age | < 40 years | 202 (92.7) |
>/= 40 years | 16 (7.3) | |
Sex | Male | 126 (57.8) |
Female | 92 (42.2) | |
Profession | Physician | 57 (26.1) |
Anesthetists | 13 (6) | |
Nurses | 100 (45.9) | |
Midwifery | 39 (17.9) | |
IESO | 9 (4.1) | |
Working area | Operation room | 18 (8.3) |
ICU & NICU | 24 (11) | |
All Wards | 97 (44.5) | |
Recovery room | 9 (4.1) | |
Emergency | 32 (14.7) | |
All OPDs | 38 (17.4) | |
Educational status | 1st degree and below | 182 (83.5) |
2nd degree and above | 36 (16.5) | |
Experience | </= 4 years | 83 (38.1) |
> 4 years | 135 (61.9)H |
Knowledge status of health professionals towards oxygen therapy
Knowledge questions | Frequency | Percent |
---|---|---|
What is the advantage of oxygen administration? | 190 | 87.2 |
What is the normal oxygen saturation at rest for an adult < 70 years old? | 116 | 53.2 |
Which of the following is/are an indication of oxygen therapy? | 203 | 93.1 |
What is the movement of air in to and out of the lung? | 127 | 58.3 |
In respiratory physiology, what is the passive process of respiration? | 174 | 79.8 |
What is the normal breathing rate for an adult in-breath per minute? | 100 | 45.9 |
Which of the following conditions affect pulse-oximetry reading? | 202 | 92.7 |
Supplemental oxygen is contraindicated for untreated pneumothorax | 151 | 69.3 |
Non-rebreathing oxygen face mask with a reservoir bag is used to deliver higher oxygen concentration than a nasal prong. | 173 | 79.4 |
The normal partial pressure of oxygen is | 138 | 63.3 |
Which components of ABG measures detect the respiratory problem | 73 | 33.5 |
The attitude level of health professionals towards oxygen therapy
Attitude questions | Health professionals’ response to attitude questions of oxygen therapy | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strongly agree | Agree | Neutral | Disagree | Strongly disagree | |
Oxygen is a drug that should be given only when prescribed by a doctor or a registered nurse during an emergency. | 75 (34.4) | 76(34.9) | 2(0.9) | 64(29.4) | 1(0.5) |
Oral &nasal hygiene and normal saline drops as necessary should be done when giving oxygen therapy. | 55(25.2) | 155(71.1) | 1(0.5) | 7(3.2) | 0 |
Intermittent oxygen therapy is more beneficial than continuous oxygen administration. | 60(27.5) | 144(66.1) | 10(4.6) | 3(1.4) | 1(0.5) |
The best practice to prevent dryness of the mucus membrane of the upper respiratory is humidification. | 58(26.6) | 151(69.3) | 1(0.5) | 6(2.8) | 2(0.9) |
Persons with severe lung disease need to maintain at the prescribed oxygen saturation range. | 34(15.6) | 70(32.1) | 1(0.5) | 57(26.1) | 56(25.7) |
Since oxygen is a drug its administration to the patient is not safe &very dangerous. | 25(11.5) | 30(13.8) | 7(3.2) | 77(35.3) | 79(36.2) |
A patient on oxygen therapy indicates that the patient is at the end stage of life. | 8(3.7) | 9(4.1) | 4(1.8) | 82(37.6) | 115(52.8) |
Since oxygen is a vasoactive substance, excessive supplementation leads to hyperoxia. | 56(25.7) | 141(64.7) | 3(1.4) | 11(5) | 7(3.2) |
High fractions of FiO2 cause lung damage. | 71(32.6) | 137(62.8) | 3(1.4) | 6(2.8) | 1(0.5) |
Oxygen saturation and delivery system should be recorded on the patient monitoring chart routinely. | 75(34.4) | 138(63.3) | 1(0.5) | 4(1.8) |
The practice of health professionals for oxygen therapy
Practice questions | Response - n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Yes | No | |
Did you think pulse-oximetry is a good monitor for carbon-monoxide poisoned patients | 190(87.2) | 28(12.8) |
Did you check the waveform and/or signal strength to accept the pulse oximetry reading | 181(83) | 37(17) |
Does the blood pressure cuff on the hand with the pulse-oximetry probe affects the reading? | 209(95.9) | 8(3.7) |
Did you attach a humidification device during oxygen administration? | 174(79.8) | 44(20.2) |
Collection of water in the tubing during oxygen administration can affect oxygen administration? | 207(95) | 11(5) |
Did you assess the patient regularly who is on oxygen therapy? | 202(92.7) | 16(7.3) |
The nasal cannula is useful for administration of oxygen with > 4 L/min even for patients having nasal polyps and nasal edema? | 38(17.4) | 180(82.6) |
Did you use a non-rebreathing oxygen mask to deliver a high percentage of oxygen (60 – 90%) for treatment emergencies? | 144(66.1) | 74(33.9) |
Did you apply mouth care and/or water-based cream and/or petroleum jelly to prevent dryness and inflammation of the lips and nose during oxygen therapy? | 180(82.6) | 38(17.4) |
Did you assess oxygen saturation before and during oxygen administration? | 212(97.2) | 6(2.8) |
Did you collect and check all necessary equipments before oxygen administration? | 215(98.6) | 3(1.4) |
Did you follow the patient’s vital signs during oxygen administration? | 215(98.6) | 3(1.4) |
Primary outcome variables
Factors associated with knowledge of health professionals
Factor variables | Knowledge | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Good, n (%) | Poor, n (%) | COR, 95%CI | AOR, 95%CI | P | |
Age | |||||
< 40 | 107 (49.1) | 95 (43.6) | 2.66,0.83-8.54 | 0.33,0.09-1.19 | 0.09 |
≥ 40 | 12 (5.5) | 4 (1.8) | 1 | ||
Educational status | |||||
1st degree &below | 104 (47.7) | 78 (35.8) | 0.54,0.26-1.1 | 1.82,0.79-4.21 | 0.16 |
2nd degree &above | 21 (9.6) | 15 (6.9) | 1 | ||
Work Experience | |||||
≤ 4 years | 52 (23.9) | 31 (14.2) | 0.59,0.34-1.03 | 2.54,1.28-5.05 | 0.008* |
> 4 years | 68 (31.2) | 67 (30.7) | 1 | ||
Oxygen therapy training | |||||
Yes | 22 (10.1) | 30 (13.8) | 1.92,1.02-3.6 | 4.15,1.15-14.6 | 0.03* |
No | 69 (31.7) | 97 (44.5) | 1 | ||
Is there oxygen therapy guideline or protocols in your working area? | |||||
Yes | 43 (19.7) | 25 (11.5) | 0.59,0.33-1.07 | 11.5,3.35-39.6 | 0.001* |
No | 76 (34.9) | 74 (33.9) | 1 | ||
Are you familiar with using devices of oxygen therapy? | |||||
Yes | 117 (53.7) | 83 (38.1) | 0.89,0.02-0.4 | 4.04,0.77-21.3 | 0.1 |
No | 2 (0.9) | 16 (7.3) | 1 | ||
Is there an adequate supply for the necessary materials of oxygen therapy? | |||||
Yes | 36 (16.5) | 48 (22) | 2.17,1.25-3.78 | 0.57,0.19-1.72 | 0.32 |
No | 83 (38.1) | 51 (23.4) | 1 | ||
Do you think workload affects oxygen therapy? | |||||
Yes | 110 (50.5) | 82 (37.6) | 0.4,0.17-0.93 | 1.92,0.68-5.42 | 0.22 |
No | 9 (4.1) | 17 (7.8) | 1 |
Factors affecting the practice of health professionals
Factors | Practice | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Good, n (%) | Poor, n (%) | COR, 95%CI | AOR, 95%CI | P | |
Knowledge level | |||||
Good | 83(38.1) | 36(16.5) | 1 | ||
Poor | 59(27.1) | 40(18.3) | 1.56,0.89-2.74 | 0.72,0.35-1.46 | 0.36 |
Work Experience | |||||
≤ 4 | 65 (29.8) | 18 (8.3) | 0.37,0.2-0.69 | 3.41,1.58-7.35 | 0.002* |
> 4 | 77 (35.3) | 58 (26.6) | 1 | ||
Oxygen therapy training | |||||
Yes | 40 (18.3) | 12 (5.5) | 0.48,0.23-0.98 | 1.2,0.36-3.97 | 0.77 |
No | 102 (46.8) | 64 (29.4) | 1 | ||
Is there oxygen therapy guideline or protocols in your working area? | |||||
Yes | 51 (23.4) | 17 (7.8) | 0.51,0.27-0.97 | 0.93,0.33-2.63 | 0.89 |
No | 91 (41.7) | 59 (27.1) | 1 | ||
Are you familiar with using devices of oxygen therapy? | |||||
Yes | 135 (61.9) | 65 (29.8) | 0.31,0.11-0.83 | 3,0.81-11.15 | 0.1 |
No | 7 (3.2) | 11 (5) | 1 | ||
Is there an adequate supply for the necessary materials of oxygen therapy? | |||||
Yes | 61(28) | 23(10.6) | 0.58,0.32-1.04 | 0.47,0.16-1.39 | 0.17 |
No | 81(37.2) | 53(24.3) | 1 | ||
Do you think workload affects oxygen therapy? | |||||
Yes | 133(61) | 59(27.1) | 0.24,0.1-0.56 | 5.99,2.1-17.15 | 0.001* |
No | 9(4.1) | 17(7.8) | 1 | ||
Is there periodic maintenance and supply of oxygen therapy devices | |||||
Yes | 77(32.1) | 22(10.1) | 0.42,0.23-0.76 | 4.32,1.44-12.9 | 0.009* |
No | 72(33) | 54(24.8) | 1 | ||
Is there an adequate supply of oxygen and delivery systems in your working area? | |||||
Yes | 46(21.1) | 14(6.4) | 0.47,0.24-0.93 | 1.9,0.78-4.64 | 0.16 |
No | 96(44) | 62(28.4) | 1 |
Factors affecting the attitude of health professionals of oxygen therapy
Variables | Attitude | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive,n(%) | Negative, n(%) | COR, 95%CI | AOR, 95%CI | P | |
Knowledge level | |||||
Good | 43(19.7) | 76(34.9) | 1 | ||
Poor | 76(34.9) | 23(10.6) | 0.17,0.09-0.31 | 12.1,3.42-42.9 | 0.001* |
Educational status | |||||
1st degree & below | 91(41.7) | 91(41.7) | 3.5,1.5-8.1 | 0.22,0.07-0.71 | 0.01* |
2nd degree & above | 28(12.8) | 8(3.7) | 1 | ||
Work Experience | |||||
≤ 4 | 56(25.7) | 27(12.4) | 0.42,0.24-0.75 | 8.6,2.6-29 | 0.001* |
> 4 | 63(28.9) | 72(33) | 1 | ||
Oxygen therapy training | |||||
Yes | 49(22.5) | 3(1.4) | 0.05,0.01-0.15 | 21.4,2.7-27.3 | 0.004* |
No | 70(32.1) | 96(44) | 1 | ||
Is there oxygen therapy guideline or protocols in your working area? | |||||
Yes | 47(21.6) | 21(9.6) | 0.41,0.23-0.76 | 0.2,0.03-1.3 | 0.09 |
No | 72(33) | 78(35.8) | 1 | ||
Are you familiar with using devices of oxygen therapy? | |||||
Yes | 106(48.6) | 94(43.1) | 2.3,0.79-6.71 | 1.2,0.23-6.2 | 0.83 |
No | 13(6) | 5(2.3) | 1 | ||
Is there an adequate supply for the necessary materials of oxygen therapy? | |||||
Yes | 77(35.3) | 7(3.2) | 0.04,0.02-0.1 | 30.8,4.77-198.9 | |
No | 42(19.3) | 92(42.2) | 1 | ||
Do you think workload affects oxygen therapy? | |||||
Yes | 100(45.9) | 92(42.2) | 2.5,1.0-6.2 | 0.32,0.07-1.35 | 0.12 |
No | 19(8.7) | 7(3.2) | 1 | ||
Is there periodic maintenance and supply of oxygen therapy devices | |||||
Yes | 77(35.3) | 15(6.9) | 0.1,0.05-0.19 | 1.1,0.26-4.39 | 0.93 |
No | 42(19.3) | 84(38.5) | 1 |