Background
Methods
Eco-epidemiological settings and LSM programme design
Study location | Defined Target Areas for Costing LSM programs | Targeting Strategy | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | City/ District | Description | Administrative area covered1 | Total Population2 | Area in km2 | Population density/km2 | |
Tanzania | Dar es Salaam | Urban | 15 city wards | 592, 338 | 58 | 10, 289 | None |
Kenya | Vihiga District | Rural highlands | Vihiga District (total 6 divisions) | 609, 324 | 563 | 1, 082 | Spatial and Temporal |
Kenya | Suba District | Rural lakeside | Mbita Division | 55, 558 | 211 | 263 | Spatial |
Urban Dar es Salaam
Western Kenyan Highlands (rural, high population density site)
Rural lakeside area (low population density site)
Costing methodology
Resource requirements
Cost estimation
Larval control product and formulations
Mapping
Monitoring and evaluation
Scenario analysis
Results
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Model programme structure, staffing and training
Administrative level | Staff | Time or number of staff required | Role & responsibility |
---|---|---|---|
PART TIME STAFF CONTRIBUTION TO PROGRAM
| |||
International
| LSM expert | 3 months/year | Advice on technical and programme management. Capacity building, support and trouble shooting. |
National
| Director of NMCP | 1 hour/week | Approval of programme, reading progress reports, site visits. |
Procurement Officer | 1 week/year | Central procurement of larvicide and equipment | |
Regional
| City Medical Officer | 1 week/year | Approval of programme, reading progress reports, signing documents, site visits. |
FULL TIME PROGRAM STAFF
| |||
Regional
| City Program Manager | 1 | Day to day programme management, financial management. Recruiting and training Divisional Heads |
City Surveillance Officer | 2 | Assisting programme manager in field supervision of activities, training, community sensitization, supervision of adult vector monitoring, reports. | |
Adult mosquito surveillance officer | 1 | Laboratory identification of adult mosquitoes | |
City Mapping Officer | 1* | Mapping of target area | |
Mapping Technician | 1* | Mapping of target area | |
Driver | 3 | Transporting staff and equipment | |
Administrator | 1 | Support to programme management and finance | |
General hand | 1 | Support to office staff | |
Municipal/
District
| Municipal Coordinator | 3 | Program oversight at municipal level, review of data sheets, report writing |
Municipal Inspectors | 6 | Supervision and training of field staff, weekly reports. | |
Ward
| Ward Supervisor | 15 | Supervision of larval survey CORPs and LCPs, distribution of larvicides, collation of field data, weekly reports |
TCU
| Larval Surveillance | 30 | Larval Habitat Spot Checks, reporting to supervisor. |
Larval Control | 89 | Treating breeding sites with larvicide, reporting to supervisor, collecting larvicide from store |
Larvicide, protective clothing, and application equipment
Operations costs and overheads
Transport and vehicles
Adult mosquito monitoring
Dar es Salaam costing results
Cost category | Pre-implementation Costs (Y0) Total: | Implementation Year Costs (Y1) Total: | Average Annual Costs: | Proportion of Total Average: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Financial Cost | Economic Cost | Financial Cost | Economic Cost | Financial Cost | Economic Cost | Annual Financial Cost | Annual Economic Cost | |
RECURRENT COSTS
| ||||||||
International staff costs | 30028.0 |
30028.0
| 30028.0 |
30028.0
| 33781.5 |
33952.2
| 0.05 |
0.06
|
NMCP/MoH staff costs | 0.0 |
46.1
| 0.0 |
46.1
| 0.0 |
52.1
| 0 |
0
|
Program staff salaries | 40349.5 |
34801.5
| 193569.0 |
166953.2
| 198612.6 |
171501.2
| 0.3 |
0.31
|
Larvicide (CIF) protective clothes | 1500.0 |
1500.0
| 237771.2 |
191480.8
| 237958.7 |
191676.8
| 0.36 |
0.34
|
Staff Training | 0.0 |
0.0
| 4724.9 |
3779.9
| 4724.9 |
3779.9
| 0.01 |
0.01
|
Community sensitization | 0.0 |
0.0
| 66083.1 |
52866.5
| 66083.1 |
52866.5
| 0.1 |
0.09
|
Operations costs and overheads | 39743.1 |
31794.5
| 46880.1 |
37504.1
| 51848.0 |
41659.1
| 0.08 |
0.07
|
Transport | 11456.8 |
9165.5
| 37279.8 |
30430.2
| 38711.9 |
31628.0
| 0.06 |
0.06
|
Adult mosquito monitoring | 17772.5 |
15297.7
| 17772.5 |
15297.7
| 19994.0 |
17296.8
| 0.03 |
0.03
|
CAPITAL COSTS
| ||||||||
Mapping area/breeding sites | 965.9 |
1039.5
| 965.9 |
1039.5
| 1086.6 |
1175.3
| 0 |
0
|
Storage space and equipment | 0.0 |
0.0
| 375.4 |
295.4
| 375.4 |
295.4
| 0 |
0
|
Vehicles | 4664.7 |
4074.0
| 8396.4 |
7239.8
| 8979.5 |
7772.2
| 0.01 |
0.01
|
Spray pumps | 1807.9 |
1578.9
| 1807.9 |
1578.9
| 2033.9 |
1785.3
| 0 |
0
|
Computers and other equipment | 4090.0 |
3466.8
| 4090.0 |
3466.8
| 4601.3 |
3919.8
| 0.01 |
0.01
|
Adult monitoring equipment | 400.0 |
349.3
| 400.0 |
69.9
| 450.0 |
115.5
| 0 |
0
|
SUBTOTAL RECURRENT COSTS | 140850.0 |
122633.2
| 634108.4 |
528386.4
| 651714.7 |
544412.7
| 0.97 |
0.97
|
SUBTOTAL CAPITAL COSTS | 11928.5 |
10508.5
| 16035.6 |
13690.3
| 17526.7 |
15063.6
| 0.03 |
0.03
|
TOTAL COSTS OF PROGRAM | 152778.4 |
133141.7
| 650144.0 |
542076.7
| 669241.4 |
559476.3
| 1 |
1
|
COST PER PERSON PROTECTED | 0.26 |
0.22
| 1.1 |
0.92
| 1.13 |
0.94
|
Vihiga District, western Kenya Highlands
Model programme structure, staffing and training
Administrative level | Number of staff | Time contributed/ period employed per year | Role & responsibility | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Part time staff contribution to program
| ||||
International
| LSM expert | 1 | 5 months | Advice on technical and programme management. Capacity building, support and trouble shooting. |
National
| Director NMCP | 1 | 1 week | Approval of programme, reading progress reports, signing documents, site visits. |
Entomologist | 1 | 1 week | Reading progress reports, technical advice, site visits. | |
Procurement Officer | 1 | 1 week | Central procurement of larvicide and equipment | |
Provincial
| Malaria Control Officer | 1 | 1 week | Engagement in stakeholder meetings. Site visits with NMCP staff. |
District
| Public Health Officer | 1 | 1 hour/week | Involvement in weekly management meetings. |
Medical Officer | 1 | 2.5 weeks | Involvement in weekly management meetings, sensitization of District health staff. | |
Full time program staff
| ||||
District
| Program manager | 1 | 12 months | Day to day programme management, financial management. Recruiting and training Divisional Heads. |
Driver | 1 | 12 months | Transport of programme manager, transport of equipment and supplies | |
Admin. assistant | 1 | 6 months | Administrative duties during intervention and for one month during pre and post intervention phase | |
Division
| Divisional Heads | 6 | 12 months | Field work management, quality control, adult mosquito monitoring, reporting to programme manager. Evaluation and planning subsequent year's intervention. Training of Supervisors and LCP. |
Location
| Supervisors | 26 | 6 months | Recruitment and supervision of LCP, larval habitat spot checks. |
Valleys
| LCP | 367 | 18 weeks | Treating breeding sites with larvicide, reporting to supervisors, collecting larvicide from divisional store. |
Larvicide product, protective clothing, and application equipment
Operations costs and overheads
Transport and vehicles
Adult mosquito monitoring
Vihiga District costing results
Cost category | Pre-implementation Costs (Y0) Total: | Implementation Year Costs (Y1) Total: | Average Annual Costs: | Proportion of Total Average: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Financial Cost | Economic Cost | Financial Cost | Economic Cost | Financial Cost | Economic Cost | Annual Financial Cost | Annual Economic Cost | |
RECURRENT COSTS
| ||||||||
International staff costs | 23013.0 |
23013.0
| 34665.0 |
34665.0
| 37541.7 |
37672.5
| 0.07 |
0.08
|
NMCP/MoH staff costs | 0.0 |
0.0
| 0.0 |
826.3
| 0.0 |
826.3
| 0 |
0
|
Programme staff salaries | 11484.6 |
9848.0
| 110894.0 |
95091.6
| 112329.5 |
96378.6
| 0.22 |
0.2
|
Larvicide (CIF), protective cloth | 0.0 |
0.0
| 230775.3 |
226247.4
| 230775.3 |
226247.4
| 0.44 |
0.47
|
Staff Training | 0.0 |
0.0
| 12820.4 |
10769.2
| 12820.4 |
10769.2
| 0.02 |
0.02
|
Community sensitization | 0.0 |
0.0
| 68.9 |
57.8
| 68.9 |
57.8
| 0 |
0
|
Operations costs and overheads | 1985.5 |
1667.8
| 75984.8 |
63827.3
| 76233.0 |
64045.2
| 0.15 |
0.13
|
Transport | 6324.8 |
5312.9
| 14081.8 |
11828.7
| 14872.4 |
12523.1
| 0.03 |
0.03
|
Adult mosquito monitoring | 799.8 |
671.8
| 1599.6 |
1343.7
| 1699.6 |
1431.5
| 0 |
0
|
CAPITAL COSTS
| ||||||||
Maps | 66.7 |
83.8
| 66.8 |
83.8
| 75.0 |
94.8
| 0 |
0
|
Vehicles | 5095.1 |
4636.2
| 10190.3 |
9272.5
| 10827.2 |
9878.4
| 0.02 |
0.02
|
Spray pumps | 0.0 |
0.0
| 20000.0 |
18340.6
| 20000.0 |
18340.6
| 0.04 |
0.04
|
Computers, other equipment | 871.7 |
774.9
| 2330.0 |
2072.4
| 2439.0 |
2173.6
| 0 |
0
|
Adult monitoring equipment | 200.0 |
183.4
| 400.0 |
366.8
| 425.0 |
390.8
| 0 |
0
|
SUBTOTAL RECURRENT COSTS | 43, 607.8 |
40, 513.6
| 480, 889.8 |
444, 656.9
| 486, 340.7 |
449, 951.4
| 0.94 |
0.94
|
SUBTOTAL CAPITAL COSTS | 6, 166.8 |
5, 594.5
| 32, 920.3 |
30, 052.3
| 33, 691.1 |
30, 783.4
| 0.06 |
0.06
|
TOTAL PROGRAM COST | 49, 774.5 |
46, 108.1
| 513, 810.0 |
474, 709.1
| 520, 031.9 |
480, 734.7
| 1 | 1 |
COST PER PERSON PROTECTED | 0.08 |
0.08
| 0.84 |
0.78
| 0.85 |
0.79
|
Cost category | Pre-implementation Costs (Y0) Total: | Implementation Year Costs (Y1) Total: | Average Annual Costs: | Proportion of Total Average: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Financial Cost | Economic Cost | Financial Cost | Economic Cost | Financial Cost | Economic Cost | Annual Financial Cost | Annual Economic Cost | |
RECURRENT COSTS
| ||||||||
International staff costs | 23013.0 |
23013.0
| 34665.0 |
34665.0
| 37541.7 |
37672.5
| 0.04 |
0.04
|
NMCP/MoH staff costs | 0.0 |
0.0
| 0.0 |
60001.1
| 0.0 |
60001.1
| 0 |
0.07
|
Programme staff salaries | 11484.6 |
9848.0
| 110894.0 |
95091.6
| 112329.5 |
96378.6
| 0.12 |
0.11
|
Larvicide (CIF), protective cloth | 0.0 |
0.0
| 625985.3 |
616959.8
| 625985.3 |
616959.8
| 0.69 |
0.67
|
Staff Training | 0.0 |
0.0
| 12820.4 |
10769.2
| 12820.4 |
10769.2
| 0.01 |
0.01
|
Community sensitization | 0.0 |
0.0
| 68.9 |
57.8
| 68.9 |
57.8
| 0 |
0
|
Operations costs and overheads | 1985.5 |
1667.8
| 81493.1 |
68454.2
| 81741.3 |
68672.1
| 0.09 |
0.07
|
Transport | 6324.8 |
5312.9
| 14081.8 |
11828.7
| 14872.4 |
12523.1
| 0.02 |
0.01
|
Adult mosquito monitoring | 799.8 |
671.8
| 1599.6 |
1343.7
| 1699.6 |
1431.5
| 0 |
0
|
CAPITAL COSTS
| ||||||||
Maps | 66.7 |
83.8
| 66.8 |
83.8
| 75.0 |
94.8
| 0 |
0
|
Vehicles | 5095.1 |
4636.2
| 10190.3 |
9272.5
| 10827.2 |
9878.4
| 0.01 |
0.01
|
Spray pumps | 0.0 |
0.0
| 0.0 |
0.0
| 0.0 |
0.0
| 0 |
0
|
Computers, other equipment | 871.7 |
774.9
| 2330.0 |
2072.4
| 2439.0 |
2173.6
| 0 |
0
|
Adult monitoring equipment | 200.0 |
183.4
| 400.0 |
366.8
| 425.0 |
390.8
| 0 |
0
|
SUBTOTAL RECURRENT COSTS | 43, 607.8 |
40, 513.6
| 881, 608.1 |
899, 171.1
| 887, 059.0 |
904, 465.6
| 0.98 |
0.99
|
SUBTOTAL CAPITAL COSTS | 6, 166.8 |
5, 594.5
| 12, 920.3 |
11, 711.6
| 13, 691.1 |
12, 442.8
| 0.02 |
0.01
|
TOTAL COSTS OF PROGRAM | 49, 774.5 |
46, 108.1
| 894, 528.3 |
910, 882.7
| 900, 750.2 |
916, 908.3
| 1 |
1
|
COST PER PERSON PROTECTED | 0.08 |
0.08
| 1.47 |
1.49
| 1.48 |
1.5
|
Mbita Division, Suba District, shores of Lake Victoria, western Kenya
Model programme structure, staffing and training
Administrative level | Number of staff | Time contributed/ period employed per year | Role and responsibilities | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PART TIME STAFF CONTRIBUTION TO PROGRAM
| ||||
International
| LSM expert | 1 | 2 months | Advice on technical and programme management. Capacity building, support and trouble shooting. |
Provincial
| Malaria Control Officer | 1 | 1 week | Engagement in stakeholder meetings. Site visits with NMCP |
District
| Public Heath Officer | 1 | 1 hour/week | Involvement in weekly management meetings. |
Medical Officer | 1 | 2.5 weeks | Involvement in weekly management meetings, sensitization of District health staff. | |
FULL TIME PROGRAM STAFF
| ||||
District
| Program manager | 1 | 12 months | Day to day programme management, procurement, financial management. Recruiting and training Divisional supervisors |
Driver | 1 | 12 months | Transport of program manager. Delivery of larvicide to supervisors/LCP. | |
Division/
LSM-Area
| Supervisors | 3 | 12 months | Field work management, quality control, larval spot checks and adult collections, reporting to programme manager. Evaluation and planning subsequent year's intervention. Training of Supervisors and LCP Recruitment and supervision of LCP. |
5 km
2
LSM-Unit
| LCP | 28 | 12 months | Larvicide application, recording and reporting to supervisors |
Larvicide product, protective clothing, and application equipment
Operations costs and overheads
Transport and vehicles
Adult mosquito monitoring
Mbita Division costing results
Cost category | Pre-implementation Costs (Y0) Total: | Implementation Year Costs (Y1) Total: | Average Annual Costs: | Proportion of Total Average: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Financial Cost | Economic Cost | Financial Cost | Economic Cost | Financial Cost | Economic Cost | Annual Financial Cost | Annual Economic Cost | |
RECURRENT COSTS
| ||||||||
International staff costs | 9516.0 |
9516.0
| 19032.0 |
19032.0
| 20221.5 |
20275.6
| 0.16 |
0.18
|
NMCP/MoH staff costs | 0.0 |
0.0
| 344.3 |
847.8
| 344.3 |
847.8
| 0 |
0.01
|
Programme staff salaries | 14426.0 |
12370.3
| 39488.5 |
33861.4
| 41291.8 |
35478.0
| 0.33 |
0.31
|
Larvicide (CIF), protective cloth | 0.0 |
0.0
| 22601.9 |
21867.7
| 22601.9 |
21867.7
| 0.18 |
0.19
|
Staff Training | 0.0 |
0.0
| 2901.5 |
2437.2
| 2901.5 |
2437.2
| 0.02 |
0.02
|
Community sensitization | 0.0 |
0.0
| 144.6 |
121.5
| 144.6 |
121.5
| 0 |
0
|
Operations Costs and Overheads | 5087.2 |
4273.3
| 6739.7 |
5661.4
| 7375.6 |
6219.8
| 0.06 |
0.05
|
Transport | 6229.1 |
5232.5
| 8696.8 |
7305.3
| 9475.5 |
7989.1
| 0.08 |
0.07
|
Adult mosquito monitoring | 415.3 |
348.9
| 415.3 |
348.9
| 467.2 |
394.5
| 0 |
0
|
CAPITAL COSTS
| ||||||||
Vehicles | 8813.2 |
8045.8
| 8813.2 |
8045.8
| 9914.8 |
9097.3
| 0.08 |
0.08
|
Spray pumps | 0.0 |
0.0
| 1500.0 |
1375.6
| 1500.0 |
1375.6
| 0.01 |
0.01
|
Computers, other equipment | 1136.7 |
1009.4
| 1147.0 |
1018.4
| 1289.1 |
1150.4
| 0.01 |
0.01
|
Adult monitoring equipment | 400.0 |
366.8
| 400.0 |
366.8
| 450.0 |
414.8
| 0 |
0
|
SUBTOTAL RECURRENT COSTS | 35673.7 |
31740.9
| 100364.7 |
91483.2
| 104823.9 |
95631.2
| 0.83 |
0.83
|
SUBTOTAL CAPITAL COSTS | 10349.9 |
9422.0
| 11860.2 |
10806.6
| 13153.9 |
12037.9
| 0.1 |
0.1
|
TOTAL COSTS OF PROGRAM | 46023.6 |
41162.9
| 112224.8 |
102289.8
| 117977.8 |
107669.2
| 1.00 |
1.00
|
COST PER PERSON PROTECTED | 0.83 |
0.74
| 2.02 |
1.84
|
2.12
|
1.94
|
Cost category | Pre-implementation Costs (Y0) Total: | Implementation Year Costs (Y1) Total: | Average Annual Costs: | Proportion of Total Average: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Financial Cost
|
Economic Cost
|
Financial Cost
|
Economic Cost
|
Financial Cost
|
Economic Cost
|
Annual Financial Cost
|
Annual Economic Cost
| |
RECURRENT COSTS
| ||||||||
International staff costs | 9516.0 |
9516.0
| 19032.0 |
19032.0
| 20221.5 |
20275.6
| 0.14 |
0.15
|
NMCP/MoH staff costs | 0.0 |
0.0
| 344.3 |
847.8
| 344.3 |
847.8
| 0 |
0.01
|
Programme staff salaries | 14426.0 |
12370.3
| 39488.5 |
33861.4
| 41291.8 |
35478.0
| 0.28 |
0.26
|
Larvicide (CIF), protective cloth | 0.0 |
0.0
| 55583.6 |
54440.5
| 55583.6 |
54440.5
| 0.37 |
0.39
|
Staff Training | 0.0 |
0.0
| 2901.5 |
2437.2
| 2901.5 |
2437.2
| 0.02 |
0.02
|
Community sensitization | 0.0 |
0.0
| 144.6 |
121.5
| 144.6 |
121.5
| 0 |
0
|
Operations Costs and Overheads | 5087.2 |
4273.3
| 6739.7 |
5661.4
| 7375.6 |
6219.8
| 0.05 |
0.04
|
Transport | 6229.1 |
5232.5
| 8696.8 |
7305.3
| 9475.5 |
7989.1
| 0.06 |
0.06
|
Adult mosquito monitoring | 415.3 |
348.9
| 415.3 |
348.9
| 467.2 |
394.5
| 0 |
0
|
CAPITAL COSTS
| ||||||||
Vehicles | 8813.2 |
8045.8
| 8813.2 |
8045.8
| 9914.8 |
9097.3
| 0.07 |
0.07
|
Spray pumps | 0.0 |
0.0
| 0.0 |
0.0
| 0.0 |
0.0
| 0 |
0
|
Computers and other equipment | 1136.7 |
1009.4
| 1147.0 |
1018.4
| 1289.1 |
1150.4
| 0.01 |
0.01
|
Adult monitoring equipment | 400.0 |
366.8
| 400.0 |
366.8
| 450.0 |
414.8
| 0 |
0
|
SUBTOTAL RECURRENT COSTS | 35673.7 |
31740.9
| 133346.3 |
124056.0
| 137805.5 |
128204.0
| 0.92 |
0.92
|
SUBTOTAL CAPITAL COSTS | 10349.9 |
9422.0
| 10360.2 |
9431.1
| 11653.9 |
10662.4
| 0.08 |
0.08
|
TOTAL COSTS OF PROGRAM | 46023.6 |
41162.9
| 143706.5 |
133487.0
| 149459.5 |
138866.4
| 1 |
1
|
COST PER PERSON PROTECTED | 0.83 |
0.74
| 2.59 |
2.4
|
2.69
|
2.5
|
Discussion
Location (population protected) | Scenario | Cost type | Price of Larvicide | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Mid | High | ||||||
Total cost | Cost/person | Total cost | Cost/person | Total cost | Cost/person | |||
Dar es Salaam (592, 338)
|
CG
|
Financial
| 632, 048 |
1.07
| 669, 241 |
1.13
| 693, 663 |
1.17
|
Economic
| 530, 866 |
0.90
| 559, 476 |
0.94
| 578, 262 |
0.98
| ||
Vihiga (609, 324)
|
WG
|
Financial
| 477, 050 |
0.78
| 520, 032 |
0.85
| 550, 603 |
0.90
|
Economic
| 437, 753 |
0.72
| 480, 735 |
0.79
| 511, 306 |
0.84
| ||
CG
|
Financial
| 807, 510 |
1.33
| 900, 750 |
1.48
| 961, 972 |
1.58
| |
Economic
| 823, 668 |
1.35
| 916, 908 |
1.50
| 978, 130 |
1.61
| ||
Mbita (55, 558)
|
WG
|
Financial
| 114, 574 |
2.06
| 117, 978 |
2.12
| 120, 398 |
2.17
|
Economic
| 104, 266 |
1.88
| 107, 669 |
1.94
| 110, 090 |
1.98
| ||
CG
|
Financial
| 142, 077 |
2.56
| 149, 459 |
2.69
| 154, 307 |
2.78
| |
Economic
| 131, 484 |
2.37
| 138, 866 |
2.50
| 143, 714 |
2.59
|