Background
Disrupted attachments and life events
Child maltreatment
Family dysfunction
Residential mobility and psychiatric morbidity
Current study
Methods
Participants
Measurement
Moves of residence
Psychiatric morbidity
Childhood maltreatment and adversity
Demographics and putative etiological risk factors
Statistical analysis
Results
No Moves (Ref.) N=19,937 (50.4%) | Moved 1 Time N=11,822 (29.9%) | Moved 2 Times N=5,344 (13.5%) | Moved 3 Times or more N=2,430 (6.2%) | ||||
Mean (SD) β (95%CI) | Mean (SD) | β (95%CI) | Mean (SD) | β (95%CI) | Mean (SD) | β (95%CI) | |
Demographics | |||||||
Age 18.71 (2.14%) | 18.96 (2.39) | 18.52 (1.91) | -0.44*** (-0.48- -0.38) | 18.39 (1.63) | -0.28*** (-0.31- -0.26) | 18.41 (1.80) | -0.18*** (-0.23- -0.13) |
N (%) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | |
Male n=19,967 (50.5%) | 10,259 (51.5) | 5,815 (49.2) | 0.91*** (0.87-0.96) | 2,699 (50.5) | 0.95 (0.90-1.00) | 1,194 (49.1) | 0.93 (0.81-1.07) |
Ethnic Minority n=3,948(10.0%) | 1,997 (10.0) | 1,174 (9.9) | 0.98 (0.91-1.06) | 522 (9.8) | 0.96 (0.87-1.07) | 255 (10.5) | 1.04(0.91-1.20) |
Low Family Income n=6,351 (16.1%) | 3,308 (16.6) | 1,819 (15.4) | 0.93* (0.87-0.99) | 816 (15.3) | 0.92 (0.85-1.01) | 408 (16.8) | 1.03 (0.92-1.16) |
Family History | |||||||
Family History (psychosis) n=275(0.7%) | 115 (0.6) | 95 (0.8) | 1.42* (1.08-1.87) | 43 (0.8) | 1.43* (1.01-2.03) | 22 (0.9) | 1.61* (1.02-2.55) |
Family History (non-psychotic) n=306(0.8%) | 144 (0.7) | 89 (0.8) | 1.03 (0.79-1.34) | 49 (0.9) | 1.25 (0.90-1.74) | 24 (1.0) | 1.35 (0.87-2.08) |
Rural Birth | |||||||
Rural Birth n=21,307 (53.9%) | 11,274 (56.6) | 5,794 (49.0) | 0.78*** (0.74-0.81) | 2,765 (51.7) | 0.88*** (0.83-0.93) | 1,474 (60.7) | 1.28*** (1.17-1.39) |
Adverse Childhood Experiences | |||||||
Loss of Parent (Divorce) N=1,579 (4.0%) | 805 (4.0) | 466 (4.0) | 0.97 (0.87-1.10) | 196 (3.7) | 0.90 (0.77-1.06) | 112 (4.6) | 1.15 (0.94-1.40) |
Loss of Parent (Death) N=452 (1.1%) | 219 (1.1) | 135 (1.1) | 0.99 (0.80-1.23) | 59 (1.1) | 0.95 (0.71-1.27) | 39 (1.6) | 1.38 (0.98-1.95) |
Left behind (>6 months) n=9,463 (23.9%) | 4,446 (22.3) | 2,599 (22.0) | 1.06* (1.01-1.12) | 1,469 (27.5) | 1.41*** (1.31-1.51) | 949 (39.1) | 2.22*** (2.03-2.43) |
Childhood Maltreatment | |||||||
Physical Abused N=10,322 (26.1%) | 4,872 (24.4) | 3,104 (26.2) | 1.14*** (1.08-1.20) | 1,513 (28.3) | 1.26*** (1.17-1.35) | 833 (34.3) | 1.68*** (1.53-1.84) |
Sexual Abused N=1,146 (2.9%) | 539 (2.7) | 343 (2.9) | 1.06 (0.92-1.21) | 165 (3.1) | 1.13 (0.95-1.35) | 99 (4.1) | 1.47*** (1.18-1.83) |
Emotional Neglect n=13,365 (33.8%) | 6,188 (31.0) | 3,932 (33.3) | 1.12*** (1.07-1.18) | 2,077 (38.9) | 1.43*** (1.34-1.52) | 1,168 (48.1) | 2.05*** (1.88-2.24) |
Psychopathology | Any move | ||||||
No move | Moved 0-5y | Move 6-10y | Moved 11-15y | ||||
N (%) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | |
Depression N=690(3.5%) | 532(2.7) | 251(4.3) | 1.62*** (1.39-1.89) | 276(3.4) | 1.27*** (1.10-1.48) | 162(2.8) | 1.05 (0.88-1.26) |
Suicide Attempt N=329(1.7%) | 221(1.1) | 120(2.1) | 1.88*** (1.50-2.35) | 131(1.6) | 1.47*** (1.18-1.82) | 78(1.4) | 1.23 (0.95-1.60) |
Somatic Disorder N=1374(7.0%) | 1054(5.3) | 463(8.0) | 1.50*** (1.33-1.68) | 565(7.0) | 1.31*** (1.18-1.46) | 344(6.1) | 1.11 (0.98-1.26) |
Obsessive Disorder N=822(4.2%) | 602(3.0) | 275(4.7) | 1.51*** (1.30-1.74) | 353(4.4) | 1.40*** (1.23-1.60) | 193(3.4) | 1.09 (0.92-1.28) |
Hallucinations and delusions N=173 (0.9%) | 120(0.6) | 74(1.3) | 2.01*** (1.50-2.70) | 59(0.7) | 1.16 (0.85-1.59) | 39(0.7) | 1.10 (0.76-1.58) |
Moved 1 Time N=11,825 (29.9%) | |||||||
No move | Moved 0-5y | Move 6-10y | Moved 11-15y | ||||
N (%) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | |
Depression N=349(3.0%) | 532(2.7) | 75(3.2) | 1.24(0.97-1.59) | 135(2.9) | 1.11(0.92-1.35) | 139(2.9) | 1.08(0.90-1.31) |
Suicide Attempt N=166(1.4%) | 221(1.1) | 35(1.5) | 1.35(0.94-1.93) | 68(1.5) | 1.32*(1.00-1.73) | 63(1.3) | 1.16(0.88-1.54) |
Somatic Disorder N=752 (6.4%) | 1054(5.3) | 164(7.0) | 1.32***(1.11-1.57) | 306(6.6) | 1.24***(1.09-1.42) | 282(5.8) | 1.08(0.94-1.24) |
Obsessive Disorder N=445 (3.8%) | 602(3.0) | 95(4.0) | 1.27*(1.02-1.59) | 190(4.1) | 1.32**(1.11-1.55) | 160(3.3) | 1.06(0.89-1.27) |
Hallucinations and delusions N=93 (0.8%) | 120(0.6) | 24(1.0) | 1.57(1.01-2.48) | 36(0.8) | 1.251(0.86-1.82) | 33(0.7) | 1.10(0.75-1.62) |
Moved 2 Times N=5,344 (13.5%) | |||||||
No move | Moved 0-5y | Move 6-10y | Moved 11-15y | ||||
N (%) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | |
Depression N=199 (3.7%) | 532(2.7) | 83(4.0) | 1.55***(1.22-1.96) | 98(3.9) | 1.45***(1.17-1.81) | 18(2.4) | 0.87(0.54-1.41) |
Suicide Attempt N=89 (1.7%) | 221(1.1) | 39(1.9) | 1.71**(1.21-2.41) | 39(1.5) | 1.39(0.98-1.96) | 11(1.5) | 1.31(0.71-2.41) |
Somatic Disorder N=391 (7.3%) | 1054(5.3) | 166(8.0) | 1.52***(1.28-1.81) | 171(6.8) | 1.26**(1.06-1.49) | 54(7.2) | 1.32(0.99-1.80) |
Obsessive Disorder N=226 (4.2%) | 602(3.0) | 93(4.5) | 1.41**(1.13-1.77) | 104(4.1) | 1.31*(1.06-1.62) | 29(3.9) | 1.23(0.84-1.80) |
Hallucinations and delusions N=43 (0.8%) | 120(0.6) | 23(1.1) | 1.78*(1.14-2.80) | 15(0.6) | 0.95(0.55-1.63) | 5(0.7) | 1.07(0.43-2.61) |
Moved 3 Times or more N=2,430 (6.1%) | |||||||
No move | Moved 0-5y | Move 6-10y | Moved 11-15y | ||||
N (%) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | |
Depression N=142 (5.8%) | 532(2.7) | 94(6.6) | 2.48***(1.97-3.11) | 43(4.7) | 1.71***(1.24-2.34) | 5(5.3) | 1.98(0.80-4.90) |
Suicide Attempt N=74 (3.0%) | 221(1.1) | 46(3.3) | 3.00***(2.17-4.15) | 24(2.6) | 2.41***(1.57-3.70) | 4(4.3) | 3.89**(1.41-10.69) |
Somatic Disorder N=231 (9.5%) | 1054(5.3) | 135(9.5) | 1.76***(1.46-2.13) | 88(9.6) | 1.82***(1.44-2.29) | 8(8.5) | 1.53(0.73-3.17) |
Obsessive Disorder N=151 (6.2%) | 602(3.0) | 88(6.2) | 2.01***(1.60-2.54) | 59(6.4) | 2.09***(1.59-2.76) | 4(4.3) | 1.33(0.49-3.63) |
Hallucinations and delusions N=37 (1.5%) | 120(0.6) | 28(2.0) | 3.16***(2.08-4.80) | 8(0.9) | 1.38(0.67-2.84) | 1(1.1) | 1.54(0.23-11.86) |
Depression N=1,221 (3.1%) | Suicide Attempt N=550 (1.4%) | Somatic Disorder N=2,426 (6.1%) | Obsessive Disorder N=1,423 (3.6%) | Hallucinations and delusions N=292 (0.7%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family History | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) |
Family History (psychosis) n=275 (0.7%) | 6 (0.5) | 0.71 (0.31-1.59) | 6 (1.1) | 1.61 (0.71-3.63) | 13 (0.5) | 0.78 (0.44-1.36) | 7 (0.5) | 0.70 (0.33-1.50) | 1 (0.3) | \ |
Family History (non-psychotic) n=306(0.8%) | 8 (0.7) | 0.83 (0.41-1.68) | 5 (0.9) | 1.17 (0.48-2.83) | 22 (0.9) | 1.16 (0.75-1.79) | 6 (0.4) | 0.53 (0.23-1.18) | 0 (0.0) | \ |
Left behind (>6 months) n=9,463 (23.9%) | 460 (37.7) | 1.98*** (1.76-2.23) | 192 (34.9) | 1.73*** (1.45-2.06) | 763 (31.5) | 1.52*** (1.39-1.66) | 445 (31.3) | 1.48*** (1.32-1.66) | 88 (30.1) | 1.39** (1.08-1.79) |
Rural Birth | ||||||||||
Rural Birth n=21,307(53.9%) | 766 (62.7) | 1.51*** (1.34-1.70) | 296 (53.8) | 1.02 (0.86-1.21) | 1,366 (56.3) | 1.18 (1.08-1.28) | 738 (51.9) | 0.97 (0.87-1.08) | 161 (55.1) | 1.12 (0.89-1.41) |
Loss of Parent (Divorce) N=1,579 (4.0%) | 50 (4.1) | 1.03 (0.77-1.37) | 29 (5.3) | 1.35 (0.92-1.97) | 82 (3.4) | 0.83 (0.67-1.05) | 55 (3.9) | 0.97 (0.73-1.27) | 9 (3.1) | 0.76 (0.39-1.49) |
Loss of Parent (Death) N=452 (1.1%) | 30 (2.5) | 2.23*** (1.53-3.24) | 6 (1.1) | 0.94 (0.42-2.12) | 36 (1.5) | 1.29 (0.92-1.82) | 10 (0.7) | 0.58 (0.31-1.09) | 4 (1.4) | \ |
Childhood Maltreatment | ||||||||||
Physical Abused N=10,322 (26.1%) | 553 (45.3) | 2.58*** (2.30-2.90) | 277 (50.4) | 3.15*** (2.66-3.74) | 838 (34.5) | 1.73*** (1.58-1.88) | 525 (36.9) | 1.73*** (1.55-1.94) | 126 (43.2) | 2.31*** (1.82-2.92) |
Sexual Abused N=1,146 (2.9%) | 86 (7.0) | 2.53*** (2.01-3.18) | 44 (8.0) | 2.82*** (2.06-3.87) | 124 (5.1) | 1.69*** (1.40-2.05) | 67 (4.7) | 1.67*** (1.30-2.15) | 30 (10.3) | 3.72*** (2.53-5.46) |
Emotional Neglect n=13,365 (33.8%) | 758 (62.1) | 3.38*** (3.01-3.81) | 350 (63.6) | 3.55*** (2.98-4.23) | 1,204 (49.6) | 2.09*** (1.92-2.27) | 753 (52.9) | 2.28*** (2.05-2.53) | 184 (63.0) | 3.41*** (2.68-4.33) |
Psychopathology | No Moves (Ref.) N=19,937 (50.4%) | Moved 1 Time N=11,822 (29.9%) | Moved 2 Times N=5,344 (13.5%) | Moved 3 Times or more N=2,430 (6.2%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | Model 1 OR (95%CI) | Model 2 OR (95%CI) | N (%) | Model 1 OR (95%CI) | Model 2 OR (95%CI) | N (%) | Model 1 OR (95%CI) | Model 2 OR (95%CI) | |
Depressiona N=1,221 (3.1%) | 531 (2.7) | 349 (3.0) | 1.12 (0.97-1.29) | 1.08 (0.94-1.24) | 199 (3.7) | 1.41*** (1.20-1.67) | 1.25** (1.06-1.48) | 142 (5.8) | 2.18*** (1.80-2.64) | 1.65*** (1.36-2.01) |
Suicide Attempt N=550 (1.4%) | 222 (1.1) | 166 (1.4) | 1.67* (1.03-1.55) | 1.21 (0.99-1.49) | 89 (1.7) | 1.51*** (1.18-1.94) | 1.33* (1.03-1.71) | 74 (3.0) | 2.79*** (2.13-3.65) | 2.08*** (1.58-2.73) |
Somatic Disorder N=2,426 (6.1%) | 1052 (5.3) | 752 (6.4) | 1.19*** (1.08-1.31) | 1.16** (1.05-1.28) | 391 (7.3) | 1.39*** (1.23-1.56) | 1.27*** (1.13-1.44) | 231 (9.5) | 1.80*** (1.55-2.09) | 1.52*** (1.30-1.77) |
Obsessive Disorder N=1,423 (3.6%) | 601 (3.0) | 445 (3.8) | 1.20** (1.06-1.37) | 1.19** (1.05-1.34) | 226 (4.2) | 1.35*** (1.15-1.58) | 1.25** (1.07-1.46) | 151 (6.2) | 2.02*** (1.68-2.43) | 1.68*** (1.39-2.03) |
Hallucinations and delusions N=292 (0.7%) | 119 (0.6) | 93 (0.8) | 1.27 (0.97-1.67) | 1.22 (0.93-1.61) | 43 (0.8) | 1.29 (0.91-1.83) | 1.14 (0.80-1.62) | 37 (1.5) | 2.42*** (1.67-3.51) | 1.88***(1.29-2.75) |