Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 8/2013

01.08.2013 | Review Article

Optical imaging as an expansion of nuclear medicine: Cerenkov-based luminescence vs fluorescence-based luminescence

verfasst von: Patrick T. K. Chin, Mick M. Welling, Stefan C. J. Meskers, Renato A. Valdes Olmos, Hans Tanke, Fijs W. B. van Leeuwen

Erschienen in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging | Ausgabe 8/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Integration of optical imaging technologies can further strengthen the field of radioguided surgery. Rather than using two separate chemical entities to achieve this extension, hybrid imaging agents can be used that contain both radionuclear and optical properties. Two types of such hybrid imaging agents are available: (1) hybrid imaging agents generated by Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) of β-emitters and (2) hybrid imaging agents that contain both a radioactive moiety and a fluorescent dye. One major challenge clinicians are now facing is to determine the potential value of these approaches. With this tutorial review we intend to clarify the differences between the two approaches and highlight the clinical potential of hybrid imaging during image-guided surgery applications.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Phelps ME. PET: the merging of biology and imaging into molecular imaging. J Nucl Med 2000;41:661–81.PubMed Phelps ME. PET: the merging of biology and imaging into molecular imaging. J Nucl Med 2000;41:661–81.PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Histed SN, Lindenberg ML, Mena E, Turkbey B, Choyke PL, Kurdziel KA. Review of functional/anatomical imaging in oncology. Nucl Med Commun 2012;33:349–61.PubMedCrossRef Histed SN, Lindenberg ML, Mena E, Turkbey B, Choyke PL, Kurdziel KA. Review of functional/anatomical imaging in oncology. Nucl Med Commun 2012;33:349–61.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim WW, Kim JS, Hur SM, Kim SH, Lee S-K, Choi JH, et al. Radioguided surgery using an intraoperative PET probe for tumor localization and verification of complete resection in differentiated thyroid cancer: a pilot study. Surgery 2011;149:416–24.PubMedCrossRef Kim WW, Kim JS, Hur SM, Kim SH, Lee S-K, Choi JH, et al. Radioguided surgery using an intraoperative PET probe for tumor localization and verification of complete resection in differentiated thyroid cancer: a pilot study. Surgery 2011;149:416–24.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Wahl RL, Quint LE, Cieslak RD, Aisen AM, Koeppe RA, Meyer CR. “Anatometabolic” tumor imaging: fusion of FDG PET with CT or MRI to localize foci of increased activity. J Nucl Med 1993;34:1190–7.PubMed Wahl RL, Quint LE, Cieslak RD, Aisen AM, Koeppe RA, Meyer CR. “Anatometabolic” tumor imaging: fusion of FDG PET with CT or MRI to localize foci of increased activity. J Nucl Med 1993;34:1190–7.PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Ichise M, Chung D-G, Wang P, Wortzman G, Gray BG, Franks W. Technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT, CT and MRI in the evaluation of patients with chronic traumatic brain injury: a correlation with neuropsychological performance. J Nucl Med 1994;35:217–26.PubMed Ichise M, Chung D-G, Wang P, Wortzman G, Gray BG, Franks W. Technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT, CT and MRI in the evaluation of patients with chronic traumatic brain injury: a correlation with neuropsychological performance. J Nucl Med 1994;35:217–26.PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Buckle T, van Leeuwen AC, Chin PTK, Janssen H, Muller SH, Jonkers J, et al. A self-assembled multimodal complex for combined pre- and intraoperative imaging of the sentinel lymph node. Nanotechnology 2010;21:355101.PubMedCrossRef Buckle T, van Leeuwen AC, Chin PTK, Janssen H, Muller SH, Jonkers J, et al. A self-assembled multimodal complex for combined pre- and intraoperative imaging of the sentinel lymph node. Nanotechnology 2010;21:355101.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Poel HG, Buckle T, Brouwer OR, Valdés Olmos RA, van Leeuwen FWB. Intraoperative laparoscopic fluorescence guidance to the sentinel lymph node in prostate cancer patients: clinical proof of concept of an integrated functional imaging approach using a multimodal tracer. Eur Urol 2011;60:826–33.PubMedCrossRef van der Poel HG, Buckle T, Brouwer OR, Valdés Olmos RA, van Leeuwen FWB. Intraoperative laparoscopic fluorescence guidance to the sentinel lymph node in prostate cancer patients: clinical proof of concept of an integrated functional imaging approach using a multimodal tracer. Eur Urol 2011;60:826–33.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat van den Berg NS, Brouwer OR, Klop WMC, Balm AJ, van den Brekel M, Valdés Olmos RA, et al. A hybrid tracer for concomitant radio- and fluorescence guided sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cavity cancer. J Nucl Med 2012;53(Suppl 1):1666. van den Berg NS, Brouwer OR, Klop WMC, Balm AJ, van den Brekel M, Valdés Olmos RA, et al. A hybrid tracer for concomitant radio- and fluorescence guided sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cavity cancer. J Nucl Med 2012;53(Suppl 1):1666.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang H-C, Chung C-K. The development of fluorescence imaging systems for clinical applications—part I, broad-field fluorescence imaging. Int J Instrum Sci 2012;1:16–20. Chang H-C, Chung C-K. The development of fluorescence imaging systems for clinical applications—part I, broad-field fluorescence imaging. Int J Instrum Sci 2012;1:16–20.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat van den Berg NS, van Leeuwen FWB, van der Poel HG. Fluorescence guidance in urologic surgery. Curr Opin Urol 2012;22:109–20.PubMedCrossRef van den Berg NS, van Leeuwen FWB, van der Poel HG. Fluorescence guidance in urologic surgery. Curr Opin Urol 2012;22:109–20.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Magnan P. Detection of visible photons in CCD and CMOS: a comparative view. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A 2003;504:199–212.CrossRef Magnan P. Detection of visible photons in CCD and CMOS: a comparative view. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A 2003;504:199–212.CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Troyan SL, Kianzad V, Gibbs-Strauss SL, Gioux S, Matsui A, Oketokoun R, et al. The FLARE™ intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging system: a first-in-human clinical trial in breast cancer sentinel lymph node mapping. Ann Surg Oncol 2009;16:2943–52.PubMedCrossRef Troyan SL, Kianzad V, Gibbs-Strauss SL, Gioux S, Matsui A, Oketokoun R, et al. The FLARE™ intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging system: a first-in-human clinical trial in breast cancer sentinel lymph node mapping. Ann Surg Oncol 2009;16:2943–52.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Spinelli AE, Boschi F. Optimizing in vivo small animal Cerenkov luminescence imaging. J Biomed Opt 2012;17:040506.PubMedCrossRef Spinelli AE, Boschi F. Optimizing in vivo small animal Cerenkov luminescence imaging. J Biomed Opt 2012;17:040506.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Robertson R, Germanos MS, Li C, Mitchell GS, Cherry ST, Silva MD. Optical imaging of Cerenkov light generation from positron-emitting radiotracers. Phys Med Biol 2009;54:N355–65.PubMedCrossRef Robertson R, Germanos MS, Li C, Mitchell GS, Cherry ST, Silva MD. Optical imaging of Cerenkov light generation from positron-emitting radiotracers. Phys Med Biol 2009;54:N355–65.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat van Leeuwen AC, Buckle T, Bendle G, Vermeeren L, Valdés Olmos R, van der Poel HG, et al. Tracer-cocktail injections for combined pre- and intraoperative multimodal imaging of lymph nodes in a spontaneous mouse prostate tumor model. J Biomed Opt 2011;16:016004.PubMedCrossRef van Leeuwen AC, Buckle T, Bendle G, Vermeeren L, Valdés Olmos R, van der Poel HG, et al. Tracer-cocktail injections for combined pre- and intraoperative multimodal imaging of lymph nodes in a spontaneous mouse prostate tumor model. J Biomed Opt 2011;16:016004.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhushan KR, Misra P, Liu F, Mathur S, Lenkinski RE, Frangioni JV. Detection of breast cancer microcalcifications using a dual-modality SPECT/NIR fluorescent probe. J Am Chem Soc 2008;130:17648–9.PubMedCrossRef Bhushan KR, Misra P, Liu F, Mathur S, Lenkinski RE, Frangioni JV. Detection of breast cancer microcalcifications using a dual-modality SPECT/NIR fluorescent probe. J Am Chem Soc 2008;130:17648–9.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Thorp-Greenwood FL, Coogan MP. Multimodal radio- (PET/SPECT) and fluorescence imaging agents based on metallo-radioisotopes: current applications and prospects for development of new agents. Dalton Trans 2011;40:6129–43.PubMedCrossRef Thorp-Greenwood FL, Coogan MP. Multimodal radio- (PET/SPECT) and fluorescence imaging agents based on metallo-radioisotopes: current applications and prospects for development of new agents. Dalton Trans 2011;40:6129–43.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Xu Y, Chang E, Liu H, Jiang H, Gambhir SS, Cheng Z. Proof-of-concept study of monitoring cancer drug therapy with Cerenkov luminescence imaging. J Nucl Med 2012;53:312–7.PubMedCrossRef Xu Y, Chang E, Liu H, Jiang H, Gambhir SS, Cheng Z. Proof-of-concept study of monitoring cancer drug therapy with Cerenkov luminescence imaging. J Nucl Med 2012;53:312–7.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Holland JP, Normand G, Ruggiero A, Lewis JS, Grimm J. Intraoperative imaging of positron emission tomographic radiotracers using Cerenkov luminescence emissions. Mol Imaging 2011;10:177–86.PubMed Holland JP, Normand G, Ruggiero A, Lewis JS, Grimm J. Intraoperative imaging of positron emission tomographic radiotracers using Cerenkov luminescence emissions. Mol Imaging 2011;10:177–86.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Culver J, Akers W, Achilefu S. Multimodality molecular imaging with combined optical and SPECT/PET modalities. J Nucl Med 2008;49:169–72.PubMedCrossRef Culver J, Akers W, Achilefu S. Multimodality molecular imaging with combined optical and SPECT/PET modalities. J Nucl Med 2008;49:169–72.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Alford R, Ogawa M, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Molecular probes for the in vivo imaging of cancer. Mol Biosyst 2009;5:1279–91.PubMedCrossRef Alford R, Ogawa M, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Molecular probes for the in vivo imaging of cancer. Mol Biosyst 2009;5:1279–91.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Lubart R, Lavie R, Friedman H. The penetration of white light through human tissue. Photomed Laser Surg 2005;23:435–6.PubMedCrossRef Lubart R, Lavie R, Friedman H. The penetration of white light through human tissue. Photomed Laser Surg 2005;23:435–6.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Chin PTK, Beekman CA, Buckle T, Josephson L, van Leeuwen FWB. Multispectral visualization of surgical safety-margins using fluorescent marker seeds. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012;2:151–62.PubMed Chin PTK, Beekman CA, Buckle T, Josephson L, van Leeuwen FWB. Multispectral visualization of surgical safety-margins using fluorescent marker seeds. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012;2:151–62.PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Mourant JR, Fuselier T, Boyer J, Johnson TM, Bigio IJ. Predictions and measurements of scattering and absorption over broad wavelength ranges in tissue phantoms. Appl Opt 1997;36:949–57.PubMedCrossRef Mourant JR, Fuselier T, Boyer J, Johnson TM, Bigio IJ. Predictions and measurements of scattering and absorption over broad wavelength ranges in tissue phantoms. Appl Opt 1997;36:949–57.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Andersson-Engels S, Klinteberg C, Svanberg K, Svanberg S. In vivo fluorescence imaging for tissue diagnostics. Phys Med Biol 1997;42:815–24.PubMedCrossRef Andersson-Engels S, Klinteberg C, Svanberg K, Svanberg S. In vivo fluorescence imaging for tissue diagnostics. Phys Med Biol 1997;42:815–24.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Reibel Y, Jung M, Bouhifd M, Cunin B, Draman C. CCD or CMOS camera noise characterisation. Eur Phys J Appl Phys 2003;21:75–80.CrossRef Reibel Y, Jung M, Bouhifd M, Cunin B, Draman C. CCD or CMOS camera noise characterisation. Eur Phys J Appl Phys 2003;21:75–80.CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Cerenkov PA. Visible radiation produced by electrons moving in a medium with velocities exceeding that of light. Phys Rev 1937;52:378–9.CrossRef Cerenkov PA. Visible radiation produced by electrons moving in a medium with velocities exceeding that of light. Phys Rev 1937;52:378–9.CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Cho JS, Taschereau R, Olma S, Liu K, Chen YC, Shen CKF, et al. Cerenkov radiation imaging as a method for quantitative measurements of beta particles in a microfluidic chip. Phys Med Biol 2009;54:6757–71.PubMedCrossRef Cho JS, Taschereau R, Olma S, Liu K, Chen YC, Shen CKF, et al. Cerenkov radiation imaging as a method for quantitative measurements of beta particles in a microfluidic chip. Phys Med Biol 2009;54:6757–71.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu JC, Sundaresan G, Iyer M, Gambhir SS. Noninvasive optical imaging of firefly luciferase reporter gene expression in skeletal muscles of living mice. Mol Ther 2001;4:297–306.PubMedCrossRef Wu JC, Sundaresan G, Iyer M, Gambhir SS. Noninvasive optical imaging of firefly luciferase reporter gene expression in skeletal muscles of living mice. Mol Ther 2001;4:297–306.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Contag CH, Spilman SD, Contag PR, Oshiro M, Eames B, Dennery P, et al. Visualizing gene expression in living mammals using a bioluminescent reporter. Photochem Photobiol 1997;66:523–31.PubMedCrossRef Contag CH, Spilman SD, Contag PR, Oshiro M, Eames B, Dennery P, et al. Visualizing gene expression in living mammals using a bioluminescent reporter. Photochem Photobiol 1997;66:523–31.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell GS, Gill RK, Boucher DL, Li C, Cherry SR. In vivo Cerenkov luminescence imaging: a new tool for molecular imaging. Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci 2011;369:4605–19.CrossRef Mitchell GS, Gill RK, Boucher DL, Li C, Cherry SR. In vivo Cerenkov luminescence imaging: a new tool for molecular imaging. Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci 2011;369:4605–19.CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Frank IM, Tamm IE. Coherent visible radiation of fast electrons passing through matter. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 1937;14:109–14. Frank IM, Tamm IE. Coherent visible radiation of fast electrons passing through matter. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 1937;14:109–14.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Pfennig G, Klewe-Nebenius H, Seelmann-Eggebert W. Karlsruher Nuklidkarte. 6th ed. Lage: Haberbeck; 1998. Pfennig G, Klewe-Nebenius H, Seelmann-Eggebert W. Karlsruher Nuklidkarte. 6th ed. Lage: Haberbeck; 1998.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Stübel H. Die Fluoreszenz tierischer Gewebe in ultraviolettem Licht. Pflugers Arch Physiol 1911;142:1–14.CrossRef Stübel H. Die Fluoreszenz tierischer Gewebe in ultraviolettem Licht. Pflugers Arch Physiol 1911;142:1–14.CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Weissleder R, Ntziachristos V. Shedding light onto live molecular targets. Nat Med 2003;9:123–8.CrossRef Weissleder R, Ntziachristos V. Shedding light onto live molecular targets. Nat Med 2003;9:123–8.CrossRef
37.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Frangioni JV. In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2003;7:626–34.PubMedCrossRef Frangioni JV. In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2003;7:626–34.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Moore GE, Peyton WT, French LA, Walker WW. The clinical use of fluorescein in neurosurgery; the localization of brain tumors. J Neurosurg 1948;5:392–8.CrossRef Moore GE, Peyton WT, French LA, Walker WW. The clinical use of fluorescein in neurosurgery; the localization of brain tumors. J Neurosurg 1948;5:392–8.CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Alander JT, Kaartinen I, Laakso A, Pätilä T, Spillmann T, Tuchin VV, et al. A review of indocyanine green fluorescent imaging in surgery. Int J Biomed Imaging 2012;2012:940585.PubMedCrossRef Alander JT, Kaartinen I, Laakso A, Pätilä T, Spillmann T, Tuchin VV, et al. A review of indocyanine green fluorescent imaging in surgery. Int J Biomed Imaging 2012;2012:940585.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin MM, Lindqvist L. The pH dependence of fluorescein fluorescence. J Lumin 1975;10:381–90.CrossRef Martin MM, Lindqvist L. The pH dependence of fluorescein fluorescence. J Lumin 1975;10:381–90.CrossRef
42.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Brouwer OR, Klop MWC, Buckle T, Vermeeren L, van den Brekel MWM, Balm FJM, Nieweg OE, et al. Feasibility of sentinel node biopsy in head and neck melanoma using a hybrid radioactive and fluorescent tracer. Ann Surg Oncol 2012;19:1988–94.PubMedCrossRef Brouwer OR, Klop MWC, Buckle T, Vermeeren L, van den Brekel MWM, Balm FJM, Nieweg OE, et al. Feasibility of sentinel node biopsy in head and neck melanoma using a hybrid radioactive and fluorescent tracer. Ann Surg Oncol 2012;19:1988–94.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Brouwer OR, Buckle T, Vermeeren L, Klop WMC, Balm AJM, van der Poel HG, et al. Comparing the hybrid fluorescent-radioactive tracer indocyanine green-99mTc-nanocolloid with 99mTc-nanocolloid for sentinel node identification: a validation study using lymphoscintigraphy and SPECT/CT. J Nucl Med 2012;53:1034–40.PubMedCrossRef Brouwer OR, Buckle T, Vermeeren L, Klop WMC, Balm AJM, van der Poel HG, et al. Comparing the hybrid fluorescent-radioactive tracer indocyanine green-99mTc-nanocolloid with 99mTc-nanocolloid for sentinel node identification: a validation study using lymphoscintigraphy and SPECT/CT. J Nucl Med 2012;53:1034–40.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Buckle T, Brouwer OR, Valdés Olmos RA, van der Poel HG, van Leeuwen FWB. Relation between intraprostatic tracer deposits and sentinel lymph node mapping in prostate cancer patients. J Nucl Med 2012;53:1026–33.PubMedCrossRef Buckle T, Brouwer OR, Valdés Olmos RA, van der Poel HG, van Leeuwen FWB. Relation between intraprostatic tracer deposits and sentinel lymph node mapping in prostate cancer patients. J Nucl Med 2012;53:1026–33.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee S-K, Mills A. Luminescence of leuco-thiazine dyes. J Fluoresc 2003;13:375–7.CrossRef Lee S-K, Mills A. Luminescence of leuco-thiazine dyes. J Fluoresc 2003;13:375–7.CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Landsman MLJ, Kwant G, Mook GA, Zijlstra WG. Light-absorbing properties, stability, and spectral stabilization of indocyanine green. J Appl Physiol 1976;40:575–83.PubMed Landsman MLJ, Kwant G, Mook GA, Zijlstra WG. Light-absorbing properties, stability, and spectral stabilization of indocyanine green. J Appl Physiol 1976;40:575–83.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuil J, Velders AH, van Leeuwen FWB. Multimodal tumor-targeting peptides functionalized with both a radio- and a fluorescent-label. Bioconjug Chem 2010;21:1709–19.PubMedCrossRef Kuil J, Velders AH, van Leeuwen FWB. Multimodal tumor-targeting peptides functionalized with both a radio- and a fluorescent-label. Bioconjug Chem 2010;21:1709–19.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruggiero A, Holland JP, Lewis JS, Grimm J. Cerenkov luminescence imaging of medical isotopes. J Nucl Med 2010;51:1123–30.PubMedCrossRef Ruggiero A, Holland JP, Lewis JS, Grimm J. Cerenkov luminescence imaging of medical isotopes. J Nucl Med 2010;51:1123–30.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Dothager RS, Goiffon RJ, Jackson E, Harpstrite S, Piwnica-Worms D. Cerenkov radiation energy transfer (CRET) imaging: a novel method for optical imaging of PET isotopes in biological systems. PLoS One 2010;5:e13300.PubMedCrossRef Dothager RS, Goiffon RJ, Jackson E, Harpstrite S, Piwnica-Worms D. Cerenkov radiation energy transfer (CRET) imaging: a novel method for optical imaging of PET isotopes in biological systems. PLoS One 2010;5:e13300.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Kothapalli S-R, Liu H, Liao JC, Cheng Z, Gambhir SS. Endoscopic imaging of Cerenkov luminescence. Biomed Opt Express 2012;3:1215–25.PubMedCrossRef Kothapalli S-R, Liu H, Liao JC, Cheng Z, Gambhir SS. Endoscopic imaging of Cerenkov luminescence. Biomed Opt Express 2012;3:1215–25.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu H, Carpenter CM, Jiang H, Pratx G, Sun C, Buchin MP, et al. Intraoperative imaging of tumors using Cerenkov luminescence endoscopy: a feasibility experimental study. J Nucl Med 2012;53:1579–84.PubMedCrossRef Liu H, Carpenter CM, Jiang H, Pratx G, Sun C, Buchin MP, et al. Intraoperative imaging of tumors using Cerenkov luminescence endoscopy: a feasibility experimental study. J Nucl Med 2012;53:1579–84.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Optical imaging as an expansion of nuclear medicine: Cerenkov-based luminescence vs fluorescence-based luminescence
verfasst von
Patrick T. K. Chin
Mick M. Welling
Stefan C. J. Meskers
Renato A. Valdes Olmos
Hans Tanke
Fijs W. B. van Leeuwen
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2013
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging / Ausgabe 8/2013
Print ISSN: 1619-7070
Elektronische ISSN: 1619-7089
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-013-2408-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2013

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 8/2013 Zur Ausgabe