Prognostic factors for the outcome of needle aspiration of calcific deposits for rotator cuff calcific tendinitis

Rotator cuff calcific tendinitis (RCCT) is a frequently diagnosed shoulder disease, which is found in up to 54% of patients with shoulder complaints [1]. It is suggested that RCCT is a self-limiting disease that can be treated with conservative measures (rest, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or physiotherapy) [2‐4]. However, a substantial number of patients has persisting symptoms requiring other therapies such as subacromial injections with corticosteroids, needle aspiration of calcific deposits (NACD), or extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) [5]. A recently published meta-analysis comparing these therapies concluded that NACD is the most effective treatment considering relevant clinical outcomes within a follow-up term of 2 years [6]. However, up to 42% of patients experience persisting or recurrent shoulder complaints after NACD [7, 8]. Female gender, smoking, and type I calcifications according to the classification by Gärtner and Heyer are considered predictors for persisting shoulder complaints [7, 9, 10]. However, the majority of studies investigating prognostic factors for the effectiveness of NACD are retrospective and, to our knowledge, no prospective studies investigating prognostic factors have been conducted. As more evidence is needed on this highly prevalent shoulder disease, we conducted a prospective cohort study to further identify prognostic factors for the effectiveness of NACD.

One hundred forty-nine consecutive patients were included of which 39 patients were lost to follow-up as these patients did not complete the 12-month follow-up questionnaires (Fig. 1). The baseline characteristics of the patients included in this study are presented in Table 1. The average duration of symptoms prior to NACD was 29 months and over one fifth of patients reported absenteeism from work due to shoulder complaints. The majority of patients underwent other therapies prior to the NACD procedure: over 75% of patients had physiotherapy and over 50% of patients already had subacromial injection(s) with corticosteroids.

During the course of the study, 10 patients failed NACD treatment and had arthroscopic surgery due to persisting symptoms (Fig. 1). In the patients requiring surgery, bilateral occurrence of RCCT was more common (5/10 vs. 20/100, Fisher’s exact test p < 0.046) and these 10 patients had less pain relief at 3 months post-NACD compared to the non-failed group ((∆VASbaseline-VAS3months 9 mm vs. 33 mm, independent t test p < 0.043). None of the other prognostic factors studied in this study differed significantly between patients that required surgery and those who did not.

During the NACD procedure, successful aspiration of calcium was achieved in 51% (50/98 patients) of patients.

Our prospective study on clinical and radiographic predictors for the outcome after NACD for rotator cuff calcific tendinitis showed that the majority of patients had less pain and improvement of both shoulder function and quality of life (QoL) 1 year after NACD. A good initial response after NACD was associated with a better outcome at 12 months, whereas patients who required multiple procedures and patients with a longer duration of symptoms prior to the NACD procedure showed less favorable results. Furthermore, smaller-size calcific deposits were associated with worse shoulder function outcome and less improvement of QoL.

In our study, 70% of patients had a clinical relevant decrease of VAS pain scores. Furthermore, 64 to 65% of patients showed clinically important improvement of shoulder function, respectively measured by the SST and DASH. In 46% of the patients, QoL scores were clinically relevant improved at 1 year after NACD. The largest decrease in pain and improvement of shoulder function and QoL was seen at 3 months post-intervention after which the improvement seemed to stabilize (Fig. 2). A similar pattern of decrease in pain scores and improvement of shoulder function was found by Serafini et al [15]; the largest decrease of pain and improvement of shoulder function was also seen after 3 months after which the level of pain and shoulder function stayed relatively stable to up to 10 years of follow-up. The importance of this initial response to NACD seems to be one of the most important prognostic factors for a good outcome at 1 year. Thus, patients with less decrease of pain after NACD seem to have a higher likelihood of persisting pain at 1 year follow-up. Accordingly, patients with less improvement of the SST and DASH scores at 3 months report worse functional scores at 1 year follow-up. Thus, short-term results of NACD seem to be a good predictor for the long-term outcome which is useful in the evaluation of the treatment and in the management of patient expectations. This is a new finding compared to previous studies.

Prognostic factors for negative outcomes of NACD found in this study were multiple NACD procedures, smaller-size calcific deposits, and a longer duration of symptoms prior to NACD. The latter is a well-known negative prognostic factor which is supported by multiple studies [3, 7].

Regarding the effects of multiple procedures on the outcome of NACD doubt could exist about if this variable represents a cause of bad prognosis or simply represents the consequence of attempting the same procedure in non-responding patients. Studies on the effect of multiple procedure on the outcome of NACD are scarce and inconclusive. Farin et al, for example, found that the outcomes of second and third procedures were inferior to the outcome of the primary NACD procedure [16]. On the other hand, studies by del Cura et al and Oudelaar et al found no difference in outcome between shoulders that were treated once and those treated twice or even three times [8, 17]. As the results of this study add evidence to the theory that the number of NACD procedures do negatively affect the outcome of NACD, physicians treating patients with RCCT should be aware of the inferior results of multiple procedures and should manage patient expectations likewise prior to a second NACD procedure.

With regard to the size of calcific deposits, larger-size calcific deposits have been associated with worse outcomes in the conservative treatment of RCCT and after ESWT [3, 18]. In NACD, however, no such associations have been described. This study shows that smaller-size calcific deposits are associated with less improvement of shoulder function. Smaller-size calcific deposits are therefore perhaps less suitable for NACD. A possible explanation for these inferior outcomes is that shoulder complaints in patients with smaller-size calcific deposits are most probable due to more complex inflammatory pathology and not due to a more localized post-inflammatory deposit of one or several “large” calcific deposits. Another explanation for the inferior outcome of NACD in smaller-size calcific deposits could be that patients with smaller-size calcific deposits have less complaints and are therefore less likely to demonstrate improvement. Additional in-depth analyses did however demonstrate that there was no correlation between baseline scores and the size of the calcific deposit (VAS: r = − 0.35, p = 0.738; SST: r = − 0.149, p = 0.153; DASH: r = 0.099, p = 0.345). It seems therefore unlikely that patients with smaller-size calcific deposits have less complaints compared to patients with larger-size calcific deposits which makes it more likely that the shoulder complaints in patients with smaller-size calcific deposits have another cause, such as a more complex inflammatory pathology.

Calcific tendinitis is not always symptomatic as it is found in up to 35% of adults without shoulder complaints [19]. However, larger calcific deposits will sooner or later always result in shoulder complaints according to Bosworth et al [19]. This statement is supported by a study by Louwerens et al in which patients with calcific deposits of > 1.5 cm in length had the highest chance of suffering from symptomatic calcific tendinitis [20]. Based on the findings of this study and the mentioned literature, clinicians should be careful in attributing shoulder complaints to smaller-size calcific deposits and be perhaps more cautious in referring for NACD as the outcomes in patients with smaller-size calcific deposits are less favorable.

Earlier studies on prognostic factors for the effectiveness of NACD, which were all retrospective, found that smoking, female gender, dominant arm involvement, bilateral disease, longer duration of symptoms, and multiple calcifications all were associated with less favorable outcomes [7, 9, 10]. Surprisingly, besides a longer duration of symptoms, none of these factors were associated with improvement of pain, shoulder function, or QoL in this study. These differences can possibly be explained by a difference in outcome measures as a wide range of different outcome measures has been used such as the WORC, DASH, and a binary scale which evaluated whether patients were free of complaints of not. More likely, the differences can be explained by a difference in the duration of follow-up. In a study by de Witte et al, for example, patients were followed up after 14 years [7]. A substantial part of patients reported persisting shoulder complaints, but it is unclear whether the persisting shoulder complaints are due to persisting or recurrent RCCT or due to aging (i.e., degeneration of the rotator cuff) [21].

Twenty-eight possible prognostic factors for the outcome after NACD were evaluated of which only the size of the calcific deposit and the duration of symptoms prior to the intervention were associated with the outcome. Additionally, it is important to acknowledge that NACD is often performed after other therapies have failed. Even more important, little is known on the effect of these previous (failed) therapies on the perceived outcome of NACD. Results of this study demonstrate that previous unsuccessful treatments, in particular ESWT and subacromial injections with corticosteroids, did not affect the outcome of NACD. NACD is therefore also indicated after failure of other therapies for RCCT. Furthermore, other radiological findings such as AC arthrosis and partial thickness rotator cuff tears are often present in RCCT [22]. In the current study, these radiological findings did not affect the outcome of NACD and are therefore not a contra-indication for NACD. Results of the current study also demonstrate that aspiration of the calcific deposit during the NACD procedure had no evident effect on the clinical outcome of NACD. In this study, successful aspiration of calcium could be achieved in 51% of the patients using a 20- or 21-gauge needle. Only two other studies reported on the possibility of aspirating calcium during the NACD procedure. Del Cura et al [17] were able to aspirate calcium in 75% of patients using a 20-gauge needle, whereas Aina et al [23] reported successful aspiration in only 33% of patients using a 22-gauge needle. In literature, a wide range of needle sizes has been reported varying from 18- to 22-gauge [23, 24]. Larger size needles can facilitate the aspiration of calcium but might on the other hand damage the residual tendon fibers [23]. Current literature is inconclusive about the effect of aspiration of calcium during the NACD procedure on the outcome of NACD as the abovementioned studies demonstrate conflicting results [17, 23]. Results of this study demonstrate that successful aspiration of calcium during the NACD procedure is not a prerequisite for a good outcome.

This is the first prospective study evaluating prognostic factors for the effectiveness of NACD. Nevertheless, this study has several limitations. First, a relatively large number of patients (39 patients; 26%) was lost to follow-up at 12 months. However, a certain drop-out rate could be expected as others reported drop-out rates of 30% for web-based surveys [25]. Secondly, the study does not have a control group. Although it would have been ideal to have a control group to rule out that the outcome is because of the self-limiting history of RCCT, we believe that, for the purpose of identifying prognostic factors, a large prospective cohort study is of sufficient methodological quality. Finally, the follow-up term of this study was 1 year; this is comparable to other studies [16, 17, 24], but some long-term studies on RCCT show that a substantial part of patients still have persisting shoulder complaints in the long term [7, 26]. More research is needed to gain insight in predictive factors for persisting shoulder complaints in the long term.

In conclusion, NACD provides early pain relief and improvement of shoulder function and quality of life. A good initial response to NACD is associated with a better outcome whereas a longer duration of symptoms prior to NACD, multiple NACD procedures, and smaller-size calcific deposits are associated with inferior outcomes.