nach oben

Erschienen in:

01.06.2007 | Review

Epidemiology of urinary bladder cancer: from tumor development to patient’s death

verfasst von: Cristiane Murta-Nascimento, Bernd J. Schmitz-Dräger, Maurice P. Zeegers, Gunnar Steineck, Manolis Kogevinas, Francisco X. Real, Núria Malats

Erschienen in: World Journal of Urology | Ausgabe 3/2007

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) ranks ninth in worldwide cancer incidence. It is more frequent in men than in women. We review the main established/proposed factors, both environmental and genetic, associated with bladder cancer etiology and prognosis. Data were extracted from previous reviews and original articles identified from PubMed searches, reference lists, and book chapters dealing with the reviewed topics. Evaluation and consensus of both the contribution of each factor in bladder cancer burden and the appropriateness of the available evidences was done during an ad hoc meeting held during the 18th Congress of the European Society for Urological Research. Cigarette smoking and specific occupational exposures are the main known causes of UBC. Phenacetin, chlornaphazine and cyclophosphamide also increase the risk of bladder cancer. Chronic infection by Schistosoma haematobium is a cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. NAT2 slow acetylator and GSTM1 null genotypes are associated with an increased risk of this cancer. Vegetables and fresh fruits protect against this tumor. Regarding prognosis, there is little knowledge on the predictive role of environmental exposures and genetic polymorphisms on tumor recurrence and progression and patient’s death. Although active tobacco smoking is the most commonly studied factor, no definitive conclusion can be drawn from the literature. More research is needed regarding the effect of complex etiological factors in bladder carcinogenesis. Subgroup analysis according to stage, grade, and molecular features may help in identifying specific etiological and prognostic factors involved in different bladder cancer progression pathways.

Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM (2004) GLOBOCAN 2002: cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide, version 1.0. IARC CancerBase No. 5. IARCPress, Lyon

Levi F, Lucchini F, Negri E, Boyle P, La Vecchia C (2004) Cancer mortality in Europe, 1995–1999, and an overview of trends since 1960. Int J Cancer 110:155–169PubMed

Gloeckler Ries LA, Reichman ME, Lewis DR, Hankey BF, Edwards BK (2003) Cancer survival and incidence from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. Oncologist 8:541–552PubMed

Sant M, Aareleid T, Berrino F et al (2003) EUROCARE-3: survival of cancer patients diagnosed 1990–94-results and commentary. Ann Oncol 14(Suppl 5):V61–V118PubMed

Wilson K, Gibson N, Willan A, Cook D (2000) Effect of smoking cessation on mortality after myocardial infarction: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Arch Intern Med 160:939–944PubMed

Zeegers MP, Tan FE, Dorant E, van Den Brandt PA (2000) The impact of characteristics of cigarette smoking on urinary tract cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Cancer 89:630–639PubMed

Silverman DT, Devesa SS, Moore LE, Rothman N (2006) Bladder cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J (eds) Cancer Epidemiology and prevention, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, New York

Fortuny J, Kogevinas M, Chang-Claude J et al (1999) Tobacco, occupation and non-transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder: an international case-control study. Int J Cancer 80:44–46PubMed

Brennan P, Bogillot O, Cordier S et al (2000) Cigarette smoking and bladder cancer in men: a pooled analysis of 11 case-control studies. Int J Cancer 86:289–294PubMed

10.

Hartge P, Silverman D, Hoover R et al (1987) Changing cigarette habits and bladder cancer risk: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 78:1119–1125PubMed

11.

Wynder EL, Augustine A, Kabat GC, Hebert JR (1988) Effect of the type of cigarette smoked on bladder cancer risk. Cancer 61:622–627PubMed

12.

López-Abente G, Gonzalez CA, Errezola M et al (1991) Tobacco smoke inhalation pattern, tobacco type, and bladder cancer in Spain. Am J Epidemiol 134:830–839PubMed

13.

Iscovich J, Castelletto R, Esteve J et al (1987) Tobacco smoking, occupational exposure and bladder cancer in Argentina. Int J Cancer 40:734–740PubMed

14.

Vineis P, Esteve J, Hartge P, Hoover R, Silverman DT, Terracini B (1988) Effects of timing and type of tobacco in cigarette-induced bladder cancer. Cancer Res 48:3849–3852PubMed

15.

Clavel J, Cordier S, Boccon-Gibod L, Hemon D (1989) Tobacco and bladder cancer in males: increased risk for inhalers and smokers of black tobacco. Int J Cancer 44:605–610PubMed

16.

De Stefani E, Correa P, Fierro L, Fontham E, Chen V, Zavala D (1991) Black tobacco, mate, and bladder cancer. A case-control study from Uruguay. Cancer 67:536–540PubMed

17.

Howe GR, Burch JD, Miller AB et al (1980) Tobacco use, occupation, coffee, various nutrients, and bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 64:701–713PubMed

18.

Morrison AS, Buring JE, Verhoek WG et al (1984) An international study of smoking and bladder cancer. J Urol 131:650–654PubMed

19.

Pitard A, Brennan P, Clavel J et al (2001) Cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoking and bladder cancer risk in European men. Cancer Causes Control 12:551–556PubMed

20.

Zeegers MP, Volovics A, Dorant E, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA (2001) Alcohol consumption and bladder cancer risk: results from The Netherlands Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 153:38–41PubMed

21.

IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum (1991) Coffee, tea, mate, methylxanthines and methylglioxal, vol 51. IARCPress, Lyon

22.

Zeegers MP, Dorant E, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA (2001) Are coffee, tea, and total fluid consumption associated with bladder cancer risk? Results from the Netherlands Cohort Study. Cancer Causes Control 12:231–238PubMed

23.

Sala M, Cordier S, Chang-Claude J et al (2000) Coffee consumption and bladder cancer in nonsmokers: a pooled analysis of case-control studies in European countries. Cancer Causes Control 11:925–931PubMed

24.

Jensen OM, Wahrendorf J, Knudsen JB, Sorensen BL (1986) The Copenhagen case-control study of bladder cancer. II. Effect of coffee and other beverages. Int J Cancer 37:651–657PubMed

25.

Kunze E, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R (1992) Life style and occupational risk factors for bladder cancer in Germany. A case-control study. Cancer 69:1776–1790PubMed

26.

Vena JE, Graham S, Freudenheim J et al (1993) Drinking water, fluid intake, and bladder cancer in western New York. Arch Environ Health 48:191–198PubMed

27.

Wilkens LR, Kadir MM, Kolonel LN, Nomura AM, Hankin JH (1996) Risk factors for lower urinary tract cancer: the role of total fluid consumption, nitrites and nitrosamines, and selected foods. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5:161–166PubMed

28.

Michaud DS, Spiegelman D, Clinton SK et al (1999) Fluid intake and the risk of bladder cancer in men. N Engl J Med 340:1390–1397PubMed

29.

Slattery ML, West DW, Robison LM (1988) Fluid intake and bladder cancer in Utah. Int J Cancer 42:17–22PubMed

30.

Bruemmer B, White E, Vaughan TL, Cheney CL (1997) Fluid intake and the incidence of bladder cancer among middle-aged men and women in a three-county area of western Washington. Nutr Cancer 29:163–168PubMed

31.

Cantor KP, Lynch CF, Hildesheim ME et al (1998) Drinking water source and chlorination byproducts. I. Risk of bladder cancer. Epidemiology 9:21–28PubMed

32.

Geoffroy-Perez B, Cordier S (2001) Fluid consumption and the risk of bladder cancer: results of a multicenter case-control study. Int J Cancer 93:880–887PubMed

33.

Najem GR, Louria DB, Seebode JJ et al (1982) Life time occupation, smoking, caffeine, saccharine, hair dyes and bladder carcinogenesis. Int J Epidemiol 11:212–217PubMed

34.

Morgan RW, Jain MG (1974) Bladder cancer: smoking, beverages and artificial sweeteners. Can Med Assoc J 111:1067–1070PubMed

35.

Kessler II, Clark JP (1978) Saccharin, cyclamate, and human bladder cancer. No evidence of an association. JAMA 240:349–355PubMed

36.

Morrison AS, Buring JE (1980) Artificial sweeteners and cancer of the lower urinary tract. N Engl J Med 302:537–541PubMed

37.

Wynder EL, Stellman SD (1980) Artificial sweetener use and bladder cancer: a case-control study. Science 207:1214–1216PubMed

38.

Hoover RN, Strasser PH (1980) Artificial sweeteners and human bladder cancer. Preliminary results. Lancet 1:837–840PubMed

39.

Morrison AS, Verhoek WG, Leck I, Aoki K, Ohno Y, Obata K (1982) Artificial sweeteners and bladder cancer in Manchester, U.K., and Nagoya, Japan. Br J Cancer 45:332–336PubMed

40.

Moller-Jensen O, Knudsen JB, Sorensen BL, Clemmesen J (1983) Artificial sweeteners and absence of bladder cancer risk in Copenhagen. Int J Cancer 32:577–582PubMed

41.

IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum (1999) Some chemicals that cause tumors of the kidney or urinary bladder in rodents and some other substances, vol 73. IARCPress, Lyon

42.

La Vecchia C, Negri E (1996) Nutrition and bladder cancer. Cancer Causes Control 7:95–100PubMed

43.

Steinmaus CM, Nunez S, Smith AH (2000) Diet and bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of six dietary variables. Am J Epidemiol 151:693–702PubMed

44.

Augustsson K, Skog K, Jagerstad M, Dickman PW, Steineck G (1999) Dietary heterocyclic amines and cancer of the colon, rectum, bladder, and kidney: a population-based study. Lancet 353:703–707PubMed

45.

Bruemmer B, White E, Vaughan TL, Cheney CL (1996) Nutrient intake in relation to bladder cancer among middle-aged men and women. Am J Epidemiol 144:485–495PubMed

46.

Michaud DS, Spiegelman D, Clinton SK, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Giovannucci E (2000) Prospective study of dietary supplements, macronutrients, micronutrients, and risk of bladder cancer in US men. Am J Epidemiol 152:1145–1153PubMed

47.

Nomura A, Heilbrun LK, Morris JS, Stemmermann GN (1987) Serum selenium and the risk of cancer, by specific sites: case-control analysis of prospective data. J Natl Cancer Inst 79:103–108PubMed

48.

Helzlsouer KJ, Comstock GW, Morris JS (1989) Selenium, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, retinol, and subsequent bladder cancer. Cancer Res 49:6144–6148PubMed

49.

Zeegers MP, Goldbohm RA, Bode P, van den Brandt PA (2002) Prediagnostic toenail selenium and risk of bladder cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:1292–1297PubMed

50.

Tripathi A, Folsom AR, Anderson KE (2002) Iowa Women’s Health Study. Risk factors for urinary bladder carcinoma in postmenopausal women. The Iowa Women’s Health Study. Cancer 95:2316–2323PubMed

51.

Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M (2001) Physical activity and risk of cancer in middle-aged men. Br J Cancer 85:1311–1316PubMed

52.

Hennekens CH, Speizer FE, Rosner B, Bain CJ, Belanger C, Peto R (1979) Use of permanent hair dyes and cancer among registered nurses. Lancet 1:1390–1393PubMed

53.

Henley SJ, Thun MJ (2001) Use of permanent hair dyes and bladder-cancer risk. Int J Cancer 94:903–906PubMed

54.

Hartge P, Hoover R, Altman R et al (1982) Use of hair dyes and risk of bladder cancer. Cancer Res 42:4784–4787PubMed

55.

Claude J, Kunze E, Frentzel-Beyme R, Paczkowski K, Schneider J, Schubert H (1986) Life-style and occupational risk factors in cancer of the lower urinary tract. Am J Epidemiol 124:578–589PubMed

56.

Nomura A, Kolonel LN, Yoshizawa CN (1989) Smoking, alcohol, occupation, and hair dye use in cancer of the lower urinary tract. Am J Epidemiol 130:1159–1163PubMed

57.

Lin J, Dinney CP, Grossman HB, Wu X (2006) Personal permanent hair dye use is not associated with bladder cancer risk: evidence from a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:1746–1749PubMed

58.

Kogevinas M, Fernandez F, Garcia-Closas M et al (2006) Hair dye use is not associated with risk for bladder cancer: evidence from a case-control study in Spain. Eur J Cancer 42:1448–1454PubMed

59.

Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao JE, Yuan JM, Yu MC, Ross RK (2001) Use of permanent hair dyes and bladder-cancer risk. Int J Cancer 91:575–579PubMed

60.

Piper JM, Tonascia J, Matanoski GM (1985) Heavy phenacetin use and bladder cancer in women aged 20 to 49 years. N Engl J Méd 313:292–295PubMed

61.

Castelao JE, Yuan JM, Gago-Dominguez M, Yu MC, Ross RK (2000) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bladder cancer prevention. Br J Cancer 82:1364–1369PubMed

62.

Pommer W, Bronder E, Klimpel A, Helmert U, Greiser E, Molzahn M (1999) Urothelial cancer at different tumour sites: role of smoking and habitual intake of analgesics and laxatives. Results of the Berlin Urothelial Cancer Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:2892–2897PubMed

63.

IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum (1987) Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC Monographs, suppl 7, vol 1–42. IARCPress, Lyon

64.

Derby LE, Jick H (1996) Acetaminophen and renal and bladder cancer. Epidemiology 7:358–362PubMed

65.

Rosenberg L, Rao RS, Palmer JR et al (1998) Transitional cell cancer of the urinary tract and renal cell cancer in relation to acetaminophen use (United States). Cancer Causes Control 9:83–88PubMed

66.

Steineck G, Wiholm BE, Gerhardsson de Verdier M (1995) Acetaminophen, some other drugs, some diseases and the risk of transitional cell carcinoma. A population-based case-control study. Acta Oncol 34:741–748PubMed

67.

Kaye JA, Myers MW, Jick H (2001) Acetaminophen and the risk of renal and bladder cancer in the general practice research database. Epidemiology 12:690–694PubMed

68.

Friis S, Nielsen GL, Mellemkjaer L et al (2002) Cancer risk in persons receiving prescriptions for paracetamol: a Danish cohort study. Int J Cancer 97:96–101PubMed

69.

Schreinemachers DM, Everson RB (1994) Aspirin use and lung, colon, and breast cancer incidence in a prospective study. Epidemiology 5:138–146PubMed

70.

Langman MJ, Cheng KK, Gilman EA, Lancashire RJ (2000) Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on overall risk of common cancer: case-control study in general practice research database. BMJ 320:1642–1646PubMed

71.

Sørensen HT, Friis S, Norgard B et al (2003) Risk of cancer in a large cohort of nonaspirin NSAID users: a population-based study. Br J Cancer 88:1687–1692PubMed

72.

Olsen JH, Boice JD Jr, Jensen JP, Fraumeni JF Jr (1989) Cancer among epileptic patients exposed to anticonvulsant drugs. J Natl Cancer Inst 81:803–808PubMed

73.

Olsen JH, Wallin H, Boice JD Jr, Rask K, Schulgen G, Fraumeni JF Jr (1993) Phenobarbital, drug metabolism, and human cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2:449–452PubMed

74.

Habel LA, Bull SA, Friedman GD (1998) Barbiturates, smoking, and bladder cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7:1049–1050PubMed

75.

Castelao JE, Gago-Dominguez M, Yuan JM, Ross RK, Yu MC (2003) Phenobarbital use and bladder cancer risk. Eur J Epidemiol 18:659–664PubMed

76.

Miller CT, Neutel CI, Nair RC, Marrett LD, Last JM, Collins WE (1978) Relative importance of risk factors in bladder carcinogenesis. J Chronic Dis 31:51–56PubMed

77.

Kantor AF, Hartge P, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JF Jr (1985) Tuberculosis chemotherapy and risk of bladder cancer. Int J Epidemiol 14:182–184PubMed

78.

Glassroth JL, Snider DE, Comstock GW (1977) Urinary tract cancer and isoniazid. Am Rev Respir Dis 116:331–333PubMed

79.

Pedersen-Bjergaard J, Ersboll J, Hansen VL et al (1988) Carcinoma of the urinary bladder after treatment with cyclophosphamide for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med 318:1028–1032PubMed

80.

Travis LB, Curtis RE, Glimelius B et al (1995) Bladder and kidney cancer following cyclophosphamide therapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:524–530PubMed

81.

Knight A, Askling J, Ekbom A (2002) Cancer incidence in a population-based cohort of patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis. Int J Cancer 100:82–85PubMed

82.

Golka K, Wiese A, Assennato G, Bolt HM (2004) Occupational exposure and urological cancer. World J Urol 21:382–391PubMed

83.

Boffetta P, Jourenkova N, Gustavsson P (1997) Cancer risk from occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Causes Control 8:444–472PubMed

84.

Boffetta P, Silverman DT (2001) A meta-analysis of bladder cancer and diesel exhaust exposure. Epidemiology 12:125–130PubMed

85.

Kogevinas M, ‘t Mannetje A, Cordier S et al (2003) Occupation and bladder cancer among men in Western Europe. Cancer Causes Control 14:907–914PubMed

86.

Mannetje A, Kogevinas M, Chang-Claude J et al (1999) Occupation and bladder cancer in European women. Cancer Causes Control 10:209–217PubMed

87.

Wilkins JR 3rd, Comstock GW (1981) Source of drinking water at home and site-specific cancer incidence in Washington County, Maryland. Am J Epidemiol 114:178–190PubMed

88.

Cantor KP, Hoover R, Hartge P et al (1987) Bladder cancer, drinking water source, and tap water consumption: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 79:1269–1279PubMed

89.

McGeehin MA, Reif JS, Becher JC, Mangione EJ (1993) Case-control study of bladder cancer and water disinfection methods in Colorado. Am J Epidemiol 138:492–501PubMed

90.

King WD, Marrett LD (1996) Case-control study of bladder cancer and chlorination by-products in treated water (Ontario, Canada). Cancer Causes Control 7:596–604PubMed

91.

Villanueva CM, Cantor KP, Cordier S et al (2004) Disinfection byproducts and bladder cancer: a pooled analysis. Epidemiology 15:357–367PubMed

92.

Hopenhayn-Rich C, Biggs ML, Fuchs A et al (1996) Bladder cancer mortality associated with arsenic in drinking water in Argentina. Epidemiology 7:117–124PubMed

93.

Smith AH, Goycolea M, Haque R, Biggs ML (1998) Marked increase in bladder and lung cancer mortality in a region of Northern Chile due to arsenic in drinking water. Am J Epidemiol 147:660–669PubMed

94.

Chiou HY, Chiou ST, Hsu YH et al (2001) Incidence of transitional cell carcinoma and arsenic in drinking water: a follow-up study of 8,102 residents in an arseniasis-endemic area in northeastern Taiwan. Am J Epidemiol 153:411–418PubMed

95.

Chen YC, Su HJ, Guo YL et al (2003) Arsenic methylation and bladder cancer risk in Taiwan. Cancer Causes Control 14:303–310PubMed

96.

IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum (2004) Some drinking-water disinfectants and contaminants, including arsenic, vol 84. IARCPress, Lyon

97.

Weyer PJ, Cerhan JR, Kross BC et al (2001) Municipal drinking water nitrate level and cancer risk in older women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Epidemiology 12:327–338PubMed

98.

Ward MH, Cantor KP, Riley D, Merkle S, Lynch CF (2003) Nitrate in public water supplies and risk of bladder cancer. Epidemiology 14:183–190PubMed

99.

Boice JD Jr, Engholm G, Kleinerman RA et al (1988) Radiation dose and second cancer risk in patients treated for cancer of the cervix. Radiat Res 116:3–55PubMed

100.

Inskip PD, Monson RR, Wagoner JK et al (1990) Cancer mortality following radium treatment for uterine bleeding. Radiat Res 123:331–344PubMed

101.

Neugut AI, Ahsan H, Robinson E, Ennis RD (1997) Bladder carcinoma and other second malignancies after radiotherapy for prostate carcinoma. Cancer 79:1600–1604PubMed

102.

Brenner DJ, Curtis RE, Hall EJ, Ron E (2000) Second malignancies in prostate carcinoma patients after radiotherapy compared with surgery. Cancer 88:398–406PubMed

103.

Piper JM, Matanoski GM, Tonascia J (1986) Bladder cancer in young women. Am J Epidemiol 123:1033–1042PubMed

104.

Edmonds CJ, Smith T (1986) The long-term hazards of the treatment of thyroid cancer with radioiodine. Br J Radiol 59:45–51PubMed

105.

Franklyn JA, Maisonneuve P, Sheppard M, Betteridge J, Boyle P (1999) Cancer incidence and mortality after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 353:2111–2115PubMed

106.

Sandler DP, Everson RB, Wilcox AJ (1985) Passive smoking in adulthood and cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 121:37–48PubMed

107.

Burch JD, Rohan TE, Howe GR et al (1989) Risk of bladder cancer by source and type of tobacco exposure: a case-control study. Int J Cancer 44:622–628PubMed

108.

Zeegers MP, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA (2002) A prospective study on active and environmental tobacco smoking and bladder cancer risk (The Netherlands). Cancer Causes Control 13:83–90PubMed

109.

IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum (1994) Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylory, vol 61. IARCPress, Lyon

110.

Chitsulo L, Loverde P, Engels D (2004) Schistosomiasis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2:12–13PubMed

111.

Kantor AF, Hartge P, Hoover RN, Narayana AS, Sullivan JW, Fraumeni JF Jr (1984) Urinary tract infection and risk of bladder cancer. Am J Epidemiol 119:510–515PubMed

112.

González CA, Errezola M, Izarzugaza I, et al (1991) Urinary infection, renal lithiasis and bladder cancer in Spain. Eur J Cancer 27:498–500PubMed

113.

La Vecchia C, Negri E, D’Avanzo B, Savoldelli R, Franceschi S (1991) Genital and urinary tract diseases and bladder cancer. Cancer Res 51:629–631PubMed

114.

Kjaer SK, Knudsen JB, Sorensen BL, Moller Jensen O (1989) The Copenhagen case-control study of bladder cancer. V. Review of the role of urinary-tract infection. Acta Oncol 28:631–636PubMed

115.

Griffiths TR, Mellon JK (2000) Human papillomavirus and urological tumours: II. Role in bladder, prostate, renal and testicular cancer. BJU Int 85:211–217PubMed

116.

Chow WH, Lindblad P, Gridley G et al (1997) Risk of urinary tract cancers following kidney or ureter stones. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:1453–1457PubMed

117.

Rothman N, Talaska G, Hayes RB et al (1997) Acidic urine pH is associated with elevated levels of free urinary benzidine and N-acetylbenzidine and urothelial cell DNA adducts in exposed workers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:1039–1042PubMed

118.

Wada S, Yoshimura R, Masuda C et al (2001) Are tobacco use and urine pH indicated as risk factors for bladder carcinoma? Int J Urol 8:106–109PubMed

119.

Hartge P, Harvey EB, Linehan WM et al (1990) Unexplained excess risk of bladder cancer in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:1636–1640PubMed

120.

Cantor KP, Lynch CF, Johnson D (1992) Bladder cancer, parity, and age at first birth. Cancer Causes Control 3:57–62PubMed

121.

Pelucchi C, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Dal Maso L, Franceschi S (2002) Smoking and other risk factors for bladder cancer in women. Prev Med 35:114–120PubMed

122.

Fraumeni JF Jr, Thomas LB (1967) Malignant bladder tumors in a man and his three sons. J Am Med Assoc 201:507

123.

McCullough DL, Lamma DL, McLaughlin AP 3rd, Gittes RF (1975) Familial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 113:629–635PubMed

124.

Sharma SK, Bapna BC, Singh SM (1976) Familial profile of transitional cell carcinoma. Br J Urol 48:442PubMed

125.

Mahboubi AO, Ahlvin RC, Mahboubi EO (1981) Familial aggregation of urothelial carcinoma. J Urol 126:691–692PubMed

126.

Cartwright RA (1979) Genetic association with bladder cancer. Br Med J 2:798PubMed

127.

Kantor AF, Hartge P, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JF Jr (1985) Familial and environmental interactions in bladder cancer risk. Int J Cancer 35:703–706PubMed

128.

You XY, Chen JG, Hu YN (1990) Studies on the relation between bladder cancer and benzidine or its derived dyes in Shanghai. Br J Ind Med 47:544–552PubMed

129.

Kramer AA, Graham S, Burnett WS, Nasca P (1991) Familial aggregation of bladder cancer stratified by smoking status. Epidemiology 2:145–148PubMed

130.

Goldgar DE, Easton DF, Cannon-Albright LA, Skolnick MH (1994) Systematic population-based assessment of cancer risk in first-degree relatives of cancer probands. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:1600–1608PubMed

131.

Aben KK, Witjes JA, Schoenberg MP, Hulsbergen-van de Kaa C, Verbeek AL, Kiemeney LA (2002) Familial aggregation of urothelial cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 98:274–278PubMed

132.

Lichtenstein P, Holm NV, Verkasalo PK, Iliadou A, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Pukkala E, Skytthe A, Hemminki K (2000) Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer-analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. N Engl J Med 343:78–85PubMed

133.

Garcia-Closas M, Malats N, Silverman D et al (2005) NAT2 slow acetylation, GSTM1 null genotype, and risk of bladder cancer: results from the Spanish Bladder Cancer Study and meta-analyses. Lancet 366:649–659PubMed

134.

Green J, Banks E, Berrington A, Darby S, Deo H, Newton R (2000) N-acetyltransferase 2 and bladder cancer: an overview and consideration of the evidence for gene-environment interaction. Br J Cancer 83:412–417PubMed

135.

Cascorbi I, Roots I, Brockmoller J (2001) Association of NAT1 and NAT2 polymorphisms to urinary bladder cancer: significantly reduced risk in subjects with NAT1*10. Cancer Res 61:5051–5056PubMed

136.

Hung RJ, Boffetta P, Brennan P et al (2004) GST, NAT, SULT1A1, CYP1B1 genetic polymorphisms, interactions with environmental exposures and bladder cancer risk in a high-risk population. Int J Cancer 110:598–604PubMed

137.

Brockmoller J, Cascorbi I, Kerb R, Roots I (1996) Combined analysis of inherited polymorphisms in arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2, glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1, microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and cytochrome P450 enzymes as modulators of bladder cancer risk. Cancer Res 56:3915–3925PubMed

138.

Kempkes M, Golka K, Reich S, Reckwitz T, Bolt HM (1996) Glutathione S-transferase GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes as potential risk factors for urothelial cancer of the bladder. Arch Toxicol 71:123–126PubMed

139.

Harries LW, Stubbins MJ, Forman D, Howard GC, Wolf CR (1997) Identification of genetic polymorphisms at the glutathione S-transferase Pi locus and association with susceptibility to bladder, testicular and prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 18:641–644PubMed

140.

Toruner GA, Akyerli C, Ucar A et al (2001) Polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1) and bladder cancer susceptibility in the Turkish population. Arch Toxicol 75:459–464PubMed

141.

Giannakopoulos X, Charalabopoulos K, Baltogiannis D et al (2002) The role of N-acetyltransferase-2 and glutathione S-transferase on the risk and aggressiveness of bladder cancer. Anticancer Res 22:3801–3804PubMed

142.

Kim WJ, Kim H, Kim CH et al (2002) GSTT1-null genotype is a protective factor against bladder cancer. Urology 60:913–918PubMed

143.

Lee SJ, Cho SH, Park SK et al (2002) Combined effect of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genotypes on bladder cancer risk. Cancer Lett 177:173–179PubMed

144.

Ozawa S, Katoh T, Inatomi H et al (2003) Association of genotypes of carcinogen-activating enzymes, phenol sulfotransferase SULT1A1 (ST1A3) and arylamine N-acetyltransferase NAT2, with urothelial cancer in a Japanese population. Cancer Lett 202:61–69

145.

Zheng L, Wang Y, Schabath MB, Grossman HB, Wu X (2003) Sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1) polymorphism and bladder cancer risk: a case-control study. Cancer Lett 202:61–69PubMed

146.

Lee SW, Jang IJ, Shin SG et al (1994) CYP1A2 activity as a risk factor for bladder cancer. J Korean Med Sci 9:482–489PubMed

147.

Anwar WA, Abdel-Rahman SZ, El-Zein RA, Mostafa HM, Au WW (1996) Genetic polymorphism of GSTM1, CYP2E1 and CYP2D6 in Egyptian bladder cancer patients. Carcinogenesis 17:1923–1929PubMed

148.

Choi JY, Lee KM, Cho SH et al (2003) CYP2E1 and NQO1 genotypes, smoking and bladder cancer. Pharmacogenetics 13:349–355PubMed

149.

Kelsey KT, Park S, Nelson HH, Karagas MR (2004) A population-based case-control study of the XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism and susceptibility to bladder cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:1337–1341PubMed

150.

Matullo G, Guarrera S, Sacerdote C et al (2005) Polymorphisms/haplotypes in DNA repair genes and smoking: a bladder cancer case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:2569–2578PubMed

151.

Garcia-Closas M, Malats N, Real FX et al (2006) Genetic variation in the nucleotide excision repair pathway and bladder cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:536–542PubMed

152.

Wu X, Gu J, Grossman HB et al (2006) Bladder cancer predisposition: a multigenic approach to DNA-repair and cell-cycle-control genes. Am J Hum Genet 78:464–479PubMed

153.

Mohrenweiser HW, Wilson DM 3rd, Jones IM (2003) Challenges and complexities in estimating both the functional impact and the disease risk associated with the extensive genetic variation in human DNA repair genes. Mutat Res 526:93–125PubMed

154.

Michalek AM, Cummings KM, Pontes JE (1985) Cigarette smoking, tumor recurrence, and survival from bladder cancer. Prev Med 14:92–98PubMed

155.

Carpenter AA (1989) Clinical experience with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder with special reference to smoking. J Urol 141:527–528PubMed

156.

Allard P, Fradet Y, Tetu B, Bernard P (1995) Tumor-associated antigens as prognostic factors for recurrence in 382 patients with primary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Clin Cancer Res 1:1195–1202PubMed

157.

Raitanen MP, Tammela TL (1995) Impact of tumour grade, stage, number and size, smoking habits and sex on the recurrence rate and disease-free interval in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Ann Chir Gynaecol 84:37–41PubMed

158.

Fleshner N, Garland J, Moadel A et al (1999) Influence of smoking status on the disease-related outcomes of patients with tobacco-associated superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer 86:2337–2345PubMed

159.

Busto Catanon L, Sanchez Merino JM, Picallo Sanchez JA, Gelabert Mas A (2001) Clinical prognostic factors in superficial cancer of the urinary bladder. Arch Esp Urol 54:131–138PubMed

160.

Schmitz-Dräger BJ, Kushima M, Goebell P et al (1997) p53 and MDM2 in the development and progression of bladder cancer. Eur Urol 32:487–493PubMed

161.

Takashi M, Murase T, Mizuno S, Hamajima N, Ohno Y (1987) Multivariate evaluation of prognostic determinants in bladder cancer patients. Urol Int 42:368–374PubMed

162.

Wakai K, Ohno Y, Obata K, Aoki K (1993) Prognostic significance of selected lifestyle factors in urinary bladder cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 84:1223–1229PubMed

163.

Anthony HM, Thomas GM (1970) Bladder tumours and smoking. Int J Cancer 5:266–272PubMed

164.

Thrasher JB, Frazier HA, Robertson JE, Dodge RK, Paulson DF (1994) Clinical variables which serve as predictors of cancer-specific survival among patients treated with radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and prostate. Cancer 73:1708–1715PubMed

165.

Raitanen MP, Nieminen P, Tammela TL (1995) Impact of tumour grade, stage, number and size, and smoking and sex, on survival in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Br J Urol 76:470–474PubMed

166.

Aveyard P, Adab P, Cheng KK, Wallace DM, Hey K, Murphy MF (2002) Does smoking status influence the prognosis of bladder cancer? A systematic review. BJU Int 90:228–239PubMed

167.

Koch M, Hill GB, McPhee MS (1986) Factors affecting recurrence rates in superficial bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 76:1025–1029PubMed

168.

Donat SM, Bayuga S, Herr HW, Berwick M (2003) Fluid intake and the risk of tumor recurrence in patients with superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 170:1777–1780PubMed

169.

Cheng L, Neumann RM, Weaver AL, Spotts BE, Bostwick DG (1999) Predicting cancer progression in patients with stage T1 bladder carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 17:3182–3187PubMed

170.

Jacobs EJ, Henion AK, Briggs PJ et al (2002) Vitamin C and vitamin E supplement use and bladder cancer mortality in a large cohort of US men and women. Am J Epidemiol 156:1002–1010PubMed

171.

Michalek AM, Cummings KM, Phelan J (1987) Vitamin A and tumor recurrence in bladder cancer. Nutr Cancer 9:143–146PubMed

172.

Sheehy OE, Zhao SZ, Raymoundo AL, Miller B, Aprikian AG, Lelorier J (2003) Celecoxib associated with reduced risk of superficial bladder cancer. ASCO Annual Meeting. Abstract 1539

173.

Lopez-Beltran A, Escudero AL, Vicioso L, Munoz E, Carrasco JC (1996) Human papillomavirus DNA as a factor determining the survival of bladder cancer patients. Br J Cancer 73:124–127PubMed

174.

Pycha A, Mian C, Posch B et al (1999) Numerical chromosomal aberrations in muscle invasive squamous cell and transitional cell cancer of the urinary bladder: an alternative to classic prognostic indicators? Urology 53:1005–1010PubMed

175.

Cartwright RA, Glashan RW, Rogers HJ et al (1982) Role of N-acetyltransferase phenotypes in bladder carcinogenesis: a pharmacogenetic epidemiological approach to bladder cancer. Lancet 2:842–845PubMed

176.

Hanssen HP, Agarwal DP, Goedde HW et al (1985) Association of N-acetyltransferase polymorphism and environmental factors with bladder carcinogenesis. Study in a north German population. Eur Urol 11:263–266PubMed

177.

Mommsen S, Aagaard J (1986) Susceptibility in urinary bladder cancer: acetyltransferase phenotypes and related risk factors. Cancer Lett 32:199–205PubMed

178.

Inatomi H, Katoh T, Kawamoto T, Matsumoto T (1999) NAT2 gene polymorphism as a possible marker for susceptibility to bladder cancer in Japanese. Int J Urol 6:446–454PubMed

179.

Jong Jeong H, Jin Kim H, Young Seo I et al (2003) Association between glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms and increased risk for bladder cancer in Korean smokers. Cancer Lett 202:193–9199PubMed

180.

Marsh HP, Haldar NA, Bunce M et al (2003) Polymorphisms in tumour necrosis factor (TNF) are associated with risk of bladder cancer and grade of tumour at presentation. Br J Cancer 89:1096–1101PubMed

181.

Zhang X, Ma X, Zhu QG, Li LC, Chen Z, Ye ZQ (2003) Association between a C/A single nucleotide polymorphism of the E-cadherin gene promoter and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 170:1379–1382PubMed

182.

van Gils CH, Conway K, Li Y, Taylor JA (2002) HRAS1 variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism and risk of bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 100:414–418PubMed

183.

Tsukino H, Kuroda Y, Nakao H et al (2004) Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1, and N-acetyltransferase (NAT) 2 polymorphisms and susceptibility to urothelial cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 130:99–106PubMed

184.

Ryk C, Berggren P, Kumar R et al (2005) Influence of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and NAT2 genotypes on the p53 mutational spectrum in bladder tumours. Int J Cancer 113:761–768PubMed

185.

Basu S, Brown JE, Flannigan GM et al (2004) Immunohistochemical analysis of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase and NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase in human superficial bladder tumours: relationship between tumour enzymology and clinical outcome following intravesical mitomycin C therapy. Int J Cancer 109:703–709PubMed

186.

Fleming CM, Kaisary A, Wilkinson GR, Smith P, Branch RA (1992) The ability to 4-hydroxylate debrisoquine is related to recurrence of bladder cancer. Pharmacogenetics 2:128–134PubMed

187.

Sakano S, Berggren P, Kumar R et al (2003) Clinical course of bladder neoplasms and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CDKN2A gene. Int J Cancer 104:98–103PubMed

Titel: Epidemiology of urinary bladder cancer: from tumor development to patient’s death
verfasst von: Cristiane Murta-Nascimento
Bernd J. Schmitz-Dräger
Maurice P. Zeegers
Gunnar Steineck
Manolis Kogevinas
Francisco X. Real
Núria Malats
Publikationsdatum: 01.06.2007
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: World Journal of Urology / Ausgabe 3/2007
Print ISSN: 0724-4983
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-8726
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-007-0168-5

Neu im Fachgebiet Urologie

15% bedauern gewählte Blasenkrebs-Therapie

29.05.2024 Urothelkarzinom Nachrichten

Ob Patienten und Patientinnen mit neu diagnostiziertem Blasenkrebs ein Jahr später Bedauern über die Therapieentscheidung empfinden, wird einer Studie aus England zufolge von der Radikalität und dem Erfolg des Eingriffs beeinflusst.

Costims – das nächste heiße Ding in der Krebstherapie?

28.05.2024 Onkologische Immuntherapie Nachrichten

„Kalte“ Tumoren werden heiß – CD28-kostimulatorische Antikörper sollen dies ermöglichen. Am besten könnten diese in Kombination mit BiTEs und Checkpointhemmern wirken. Erste klinische Studien laufen bereits.

Fehlerkultur in der Medizin – Offenheit zählt!

28.05.2024 Internistische Arzneimitteltherapie Podcast

Darüber reden und aus Fehlern lernen, sollte das Motto in der Medizin lauten. Und zwar nicht nur im Sinne der Patientensicherheit. Eine negative Fehlerkultur kann auch die Behandelnden ernsthaft krank machen, warnt Prof. Dr. Reinhard Strametz. Ein Plädoyer und ein Leitfaden für den offenen Umgang mit kritischen Ereignissen in Medizin und Pflege.

ADT zur Radiatio nach Prostatektomie: Wenn, dann wohl länger

24.05.2024 Prostatakarzinom Nachrichten

Welchen Nutzen es trägt, wenn die Strahlentherapie nach radikaler Prostatektomie um eine Androgendeprivation ergänzt wird, hat die RADICALS-HD-Studie untersucht. Nun liegen die Ergebnisse vor. Sie sprechen für länger dauernden Hormonentzug.

Update Urologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Epidemiology of urinary bladder cancer: from tumor development to patient’s death

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Urologie

15% bedauern gewählte Blasenkrebs-Therapie

Costims – das nächste heiße Ding in der Krebstherapie?

Fehlerkultur in der Medizin – Offenheit zählt!

ADT zur Radiatio nach Prostatektomie: Wenn, dann wohl länger

Update Urologie

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2007

Holmium laser for stone management

RevoLix™ vaporesection of the prostate: initial results of 54 patients with a 1-year follow-up

The influence of thermo-chemotherapy on bladder tumours: an immunohistochemical analysis

Bladder neck incision using a 70 W 2 micron continuous wave laser (RevoLix)

History of lasers

Technical aspects of lasers in urology

Neu im Fachgebiet Urologie

15% bedauern gewählte Blasenkrebs-Therapie

Costims – das nächste heiße Ding in der Krebstherapie?

Fehlerkultur in der Medizin – Offenheit zählt!

ADT zur Radiatio nach Prostatektomie: Wenn, dann wohl länger

Update Urologie