Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Inflammation 3/2008

01.06.2008

C-Reactive Protein is Linked to Lower Cognitive Performance in Overweight and Obese Women

verfasst von: V. Sweat, V. Starr, H. Bruehl, A. Arentoft, A. Tirsi, E. Javier, A. Convit

Erschienen in: Inflammation | Ausgabe 3/2008

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Our objective was to ascertain the nature of the associations between C-reactive protein (CRP) and cognition, and to examine how they are affected by gender and obesity. We evaluated 62 females and 63 males between 42 and 82 years of age. There were 20 lean females with a body mass index (BMI) of <25 kg/m2 and 42 overweight or obese females, with BMIs ≥25 kg/m2. There were 14 lean males and 49 with BMIs ≥25 kg/m2. CRP was associated with lower scores on cognitive tests of frontal lobe function among females and these associations were driven by the overweight/obese female group. In these data no associations between CRP and cognition were found among males. Obesity-associated inflammation is much more prominent in females and it appears to be associated with cognitive dysfunction, particularly of frontal lobe tasks.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee, W.-Y., J.-S. Park, S.-Y. Noh, E.-J. Rhee, K.-C. Sung, B.-S. Kim, J.-H. Kang, S.-W. Kim, M.-H. Lee, and J.-R. Park. 2004. C-reactive protein concentrations are related to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome as defined by the ATP III report. Int. J. Cardiol. 97:101–106.PubMedCrossRef Lee, W.-Y., J.-S. Park, S.-Y. Noh, E.-J. Rhee, K.-C. Sung, B.-S. Kim, J.-H. Kang, S.-W. Kim, M.-H. Lee, and J.-R. Park. 2004. C-reactive protein concentrations are related to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome as defined by the ATP III report. Int. J. Cardiol. 97:101–106.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang, Z., and W. E. Hoy. 2007. C-reactive protein and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in Aboriginal Australians. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 76:37–43.PubMedCrossRef Wang, Z., and W. E. Hoy. 2007. C-reactive protein and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in Aboriginal Australians. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 76:37–43.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Han, T., C. Gonzalez-Villalpando, N. Sattar, M. Lean, K. Williams, and S. M. Haffner. 2007. Prospective study of C-reactive protein in relation to the development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the Mexico City Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 25(11):2016–2021.CrossRef Han, T., C. Gonzalez-Villalpando, N. Sattar, M. Lean, K. Williams, and S. M. Haffner. 2007. Prospective study of C-reactive protein in relation to the development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the Mexico City Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 25(11):2016–2021.CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Pearson, T. A., G. A. Mensah, R. W. Alexander, J. L. Anderson, R. O. Cannon III, M. Criqui, Y. Y. Fadl, S. P. Fortmann, Y. Hong, G. L. Myers, N. Rifai, S. C. Smith Jr., K. Taubert, R. P. Tracy, and F. Vinicor. 2003. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 107(3):499–511 (Jan).PubMedCrossRef Pearson, T. A., G. A. Mensah, R. W. Alexander, J. L. Anderson, R. O. Cannon III, M. Criqui, Y. Y. Fadl, S. P. Fortmann, Y. Hong, G. L. Myers, N. Rifai, S. C. Smith Jr., K. Taubert, R. P. Tracy, and F. Vinicor. 2003. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 107(3):499–511 (Jan).PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Kushner, I., D. Rzewnicki, and D. Samols. 2006. What does minor elevation of C-reactive protein signify? Am. J. Med. 119:166.e17–166.e28.CrossRef Kushner, I., D. Rzewnicki, and D. Samols. 2006. What does minor elevation of C-reactive protein signify? Am. J. Med. 119:166.e17–166.e28.CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Swanson, S. J., M. M. McPeek, and R. F. Mortensen. 1989. Characteristics of the binding of human C-reactive protein (CRP) to laminin. J. Cell Biochem. 40(1):121–132 (May).PubMedCrossRef Swanson, S. J., M. M. McPeek, and R. F. Mortensen. 1989. Characteristics of the binding of human C-reactive protein (CRP) to laminin. J. Cell Biochem. 40(1):121–132 (May).PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Pepys, M. B., and M. L. Baltz. 1983. Acute phase proteins with special reference to C-reactive protein and related proteins (pentaxins) and serum amyloid A protein. Adv. Immunol. 34:141–212.PubMedCrossRef Pepys, M. B., and M. L. Baltz. 1983. Acute phase proteins with special reference to C-reactive protein and related proteins (pentaxins) and serum amyloid A protein. Adv. Immunol. 34:141–212.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Haffner, S. M. 2006. The metabolic syndrome: inflammation, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 97(2, Supplement 1):3–11 (Jan).CrossRef Haffner, S. M. 2006. The metabolic syndrome: inflammation, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 97(2, Supplement 1):3–11 (Jan).CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Parikh, N. I., M. J. Pencina, T. J. Wang, K. J. Lanier, C. S. Fox, R. B. D’Agostino, and R. S. Vasan. 2007. Increasing trends in incidence of overweight and obesity over 5 decades. Am. J. Med. 120(3):242–250 (Mar).PubMedCrossRef Parikh, N. I., M. J. Pencina, T. J. Wang, K. J. Lanier, C. S. Fox, R. B. D’Agostino, and R. S. Vasan. 2007. Increasing trends in incidence of overweight and obesity over 5 decades. Am. J. Med. 120(3):242–250 (Mar).PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Ye, X., Z. Yu, H. Li, O. H. Franco, Y. Liu, and X. Lin. 2007. Distributions of C-reactive protein and its association with metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older Chinese people. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 49(17):1798–1805 (May).PubMedCrossRef Ye, X., Z. Yu, H. Li, O. H. Franco, Y. Liu, and X. Lin. 2007. Distributions of C-reactive protein and its association with metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older Chinese people. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 49(17):1798–1805 (May).PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Florez, H., S. Castillo-Florez, A. Mendez, P. Casanova-Romero, C. Larreal-Urdaneta, D. Lee, and R. Goldberg. 2006. C-reactive protein is elevated in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 71(1):92–100 (Jan).PubMedCrossRef Florez, H., S. Castillo-Florez, A. Mendez, P. Casanova-Romero, C. Larreal-Urdaneta, D. Lee, and R. Goldberg. 2006. C-reactive protein is elevated in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 71(1):92–100 (Jan).PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Wasir, J. S., A. Misra, N. K. Vikram, R. M. Pandey, and K. Luthra. 2007. C-reactive protein, obesity, and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women in urban slums of North India. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews 1(2):83–89 (Jun).CrossRef Wasir, J. S., A. Misra, N. K. Vikram, R. M. Pandey, and K. Luthra. 2007. C-reactive protein, obesity, and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women in urban slums of North India. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews 1(2):83–89 (Jun).CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Thorand, B., J. Baumert, A. Doring, C. Herder, H. Kolb, W. Rathmann, G. Giani, and W. Koenig. 2006. Sex differences in the relation of body composition to markers of inflammation. Atherosclerosis 184(1):216–224 (Jan).PubMedCrossRef Thorand, B., J. Baumert, A. Doring, C. Herder, H. Kolb, W. Rathmann, G. Giani, and W. Koenig. 2006. Sex differences in the relation of body composition to markers of inflammation. Atherosclerosis 184(1):216–224 (Jan).PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Rexrode, K. M., A. Pradhan, J. E. Manson, J. E. Buring, and P. M. Ridker. 2003. Relationship of total and abdominal adiposity with CRP and IL-6 in women. Ann. Epidemiol. 13(10):674–682 (Nov).PubMedCrossRef Rexrode, K. M., A. Pradhan, J. E. Manson, J. E. Buring, and P. M. Ridker. 2003. Relationship of total and abdominal adiposity with CRP and IL-6 in women. Ann. Epidemiol. 13(10):674–682 (Nov).PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Lear, S., M. Chen, C. L. Birmingham, and J. J. Frohlich. 2003. The relationship between simple anthropometric indices and C-reactive protein: ethnic and gender differences. Metabolism 52(12):1542–1546.PubMedCrossRef Lear, S., M. Chen, C. L. Birmingham, and J. J. Frohlich. 2003. The relationship between simple anthropometric indices and C-reactive protein: ethnic and gender differences. Metabolism 52(12):1542–1546.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Khera, A., D. McGuire, S. Murphy, H. Stanek, S. Das, W. Vongpatanasin, F. Wians, S. Grundy, and J. de Lemos. 2005. Race and gender differences in C-reactive protein levels. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46(3):464–469.PubMedCrossRef Khera, A., D. McGuire, S. Murphy, H. Stanek, S. Das, W. Vongpatanasin, F. Wians, S. Grundy, and J. de Lemos. 2005. Race and gender differences in C-reactive protein levels. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46(3):464–469.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Pieroni, L., J. P. Bastard, A. Piton, L. Kalil, B. Hainique, and C. Jardel. 2003. Interpretation of circulating C-reactive protein levels in adults: body mass index and gender are a must. Diabetes Metab. 29:133–138.PubMedCrossRef Pieroni, L., J. P. Bastard, A. Piton, L. Kalil, B. Hainique, and C. Jardel. 2003. Interpretation of circulating C-reactive protein levels in adults: body mass index and gender are a must. Diabetes Metab. 29:133–138.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Kraus, V. B., T. V. Stabler, G. Luta, J. B. Renner, A. D. Dragomir, and J. M. Jordan. 2007. Interpretation of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels for cardiovascular disease risk is complicated by race, pulmonary disease, body mass index, gender, and osteoarthritis. Osteoarth. Cartil. 15(8):966–971 (Aug).CrossRef Kraus, V. B., T. V. Stabler, G. Luta, J. B. Renner, A. D. Dragomir, and J. M. Jordan. 2007. Interpretation of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels for cardiovascular disease risk is complicated by race, pulmonary disease, body mass index, gender, and osteoarthritis. Osteoarth. Cartil. 15(8):966–971 (Aug).CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Lakoski, S., M. Cushman, M. Criqui, T. Rundek, R. Blumenthal, R. B. D’Agostino, and D. Herrington. 2006. Gender and C-reactive protein: data from the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort. Am. Heart J. 152(3):593–598.PubMedCrossRef Lakoski, S., M. Cushman, M. Criqui, T. Rundek, R. Blumenthal, R. B. D’Agostino, and D. Herrington. 2006. Gender and C-reactive protein: data from the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort. Am. Heart J. 152(3):593–598.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Kluft, C. 2002. HRT effects on inflammatory markers: is chronic inflammation a contra-indication for HRT? Int. Congr. Ser. 1229:103–108.CrossRef Kluft, C. 2002. HRT effects on inflammatory markers: is chronic inflammation a contra-indication for HRT? Int. Congr. Ser. 1229:103–108.CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdullah, S. M., A. Khera, D. Leonard, S. R. Das, R. M. Canham, S. A. Kamath, G. L. Vega, S. M. Grundy, D. K. McGuire, and J. A. de Lemos. 2007. Sex differences in the association between leptin and CRP: results from the Dallas Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 195(2):404–410 (Dec).PubMedCrossRef Abdullah, S. M., A. Khera, D. Leonard, S. R. Das, R. M. Canham, S. A. Kamath, G. L. Vega, S. M. Grundy, D. K. McGuire, and J. A. de Lemos. 2007. Sex differences in the association between leptin and CRP: results from the Dallas Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 195(2):404–410 (Dec).PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrannini, E., A. Natali, P. Bell, P. Cavallo-Perin, N. Lalic, and G. Mingrone. 1997. Insulin resistance and hypersecretion in obesity. J. Clin. Invest. 100(5):1166–1173 (Sep).PubMedCrossRef Ferrannini, E., A. Natali, P. Bell, P. Cavallo-Perin, N. Lalic, and G. Mingrone. 1997. Insulin resistance and hypersecretion in obesity. J. Clin. Invest. 100(5):1166–1173 (Sep).PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith, D. O., and D. LeRoith. 2004. Insulin resistance syndrome, pre-diabetes, and the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin. Cornerstone 6(2):7–13.PubMedCrossRef Smith, D. O., and D. LeRoith. 2004. Insulin resistance syndrome, pre-diabetes, and the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin. Cornerstone 6(2):7–13.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Biessels, G.-J., E. ter Braak, D. Erkelens, and R. Hijman. 2001. Cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Neurosci. Res. Commun. 28(1):11–22.CrossRef Biessels, G.-J., E. ter Braak, D. Erkelens, and R. Hijman. 2001. Cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Neurosci. Res. Commun. 28(1):11–22.CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Akisaki, T., T. Sakurai, T. Takata, H. Umegaki, A. Araki, S. Mizuno, S. Tanaka, Y. Ohashi, A. Iguchi, K. Yokono, and H. Ito. 2006. Cognitive dysfunction associates with white matter hyperintensities and subcortical atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging of the elderly diabetes mellitus Japanese elderly diabetes intervention trial (J-EDIT). Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 22(5):376–384.PubMedCrossRef Akisaki, T., T. Sakurai, T. Takata, H. Umegaki, A. Araki, S. Mizuno, S. Tanaka, Y. Ohashi, A. Iguchi, K. Yokono, and H. Ito. 2006. Cognitive dysfunction associates with white matter hyperintensities and subcortical atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging of the elderly diabetes mellitus Japanese elderly diabetes intervention trial (J-EDIT). Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 22(5):376–384.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Strachan, M., I. Deary, F. Ewing, and B. Frier. 1997. Is type II diabetes associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction? A critical review of published studies. Diabetes Care 20(3):438–445.PubMedCrossRef Strachan, M., I. Deary, F. Ewing, and B. Frier. 1997. Is type II diabetes associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction? A critical review of published studies. Diabetes Care 20(3):438–445.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Vanhanen, M., K. Koivisto, L. Karjalainen, E. L. Helkala, M. Laakso, H. Soininen, and P. Riekkinen, Sr. 1997. Risk for non-insulin-dependent diabetes in the normoglycaemic elderly is associated with impaired cognitive function. NeuroReport. 8(6):1527–1530.PubMedCrossRef Vanhanen, M., K. Koivisto, L. Karjalainen, E. L. Helkala, M. Laakso, H. Soininen, and P. Riekkinen, Sr. 1997. Risk for non-insulin-dependent diabetes in the normoglycaemic elderly is associated with impaired cognitive function. NeuroReport. 8(6):1527–1530.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Convit, A. 2005. Links between cognitive impairment in insulin resistance: an explanatory model. Neurobiol. Aging 26(1, Supplement 1):31–35 (Dec).PubMedCrossRef Convit, A. 2005. Links between cognitive impairment in insulin resistance: an explanatory model. Neurobiol. Aging 26(1, Supplement 1):31–35 (Dec).PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Gold, S. M., I. Dziobek, V. Sweat, A. Tirsi, K. Rogers, H. Bruehl, W. Tsui, S. Richardson, E. Javier, and A. Convit. 2007. Hippocampal damage and memory impairments as possible early brain complications of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 50(4):711–719.PubMedCrossRef Gold, S. M., I. Dziobek, V. Sweat, A. Tirsi, K. Rogers, H. Bruehl, W. Tsui, S. Richardson, E. Javier, and A. Convit. 2007. Hippocampal damage and memory impairments as possible early brain complications of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 50(4):711–719.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Convit, A., O. T. Wolf, C. Tarshish, and M. J. de Leon. 2003. Reduced glucose tolerance is associated with poor memory performance and hippocampal atrophy among normal elderly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100(4):2019–2022.PubMedCrossRef Convit, A., O. T. Wolf, C. Tarshish, and M. J. de Leon. 2003. Reduced glucose tolerance is associated with poor memory performance and hippocampal atrophy among normal elderly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100(4):2019–2022.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Gunstad, J., R. H. Paul, R. A. Cohen, D. F. Tate, M. B. Spitznagel, and E. Gordon. 2007. Elevated body mass index is associated with executive dysfunction in otherwise healthy adults. Compr. Psychiatry 48(1):57–61.PubMedCrossRef Gunstad, J., R. H. Paul, R. A. Cohen, D. F. Tate, M. B. Spitznagel, and E. Gordon. 2007. Elevated body mass index is associated with executive dysfunction in otherwise healthy adults. Compr. Psychiatry 48(1):57–61.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Weisell, R. C. 2002. Body mass index as an indicator of obesity. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 11(Suppl 8):S681–S684.CrossRef Weisell, R. C. 2002. Body mass index as an indicator of obesity. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 11(Suppl 8):S681–S684.CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Jeong, S. K., H. S. Nam, M. H. Son, E. J. Son, and K. H. Cho. 2005. Interactive effect of obesity indexes on cognition. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 19(2–3):91–96.PubMedCrossRef Jeong, S. K., H. S. Nam, M. H. Son, E. J. Son, and K. H. Cho. 2005. Interactive effect of obesity indexes on cognition. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 19(2–3):91–96.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Elias, M. F., P. K. Elias, L. M. Sullivan, P. A. Wolf, and R. B. D’Agostino. 2005. Obesity, diabetes and cognitive deficit: the Framingham Heart Study. Neurobiol. Aging 26(1, Supplement 1):11–16 (Dec).PubMedCrossRef Elias, M. F., P. K. Elias, L. M. Sullivan, P. A. Wolf, and R. B. D’Agostino. 2005. Obesity, diabetes and cognitive deficit: the Framingham Heart Study. Neurobiol. Aging 26(1, Supplement 1):11–16 (Dec).PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Cournot, M., J. C. Marquie, D. Ansiau, C. Martinaud, H. Fonds, J. Ferrieres, and J. B. Ruidavets. 2006. Relation between body mass index and cognitive function in healthy middle-aged men and women. Neurol. 67(7):1208–1214 (Oct).CrossRef Cournot, M., J. C. Marquie, D. Ansiau, C. Martinaud, H. Fonds, J. Ferrieres, and J. B. Ruidavets. 2006. Relation between body mass index and cognitive function in healthy middle-aged men and women. Neurol. 67(7):1208–1214 (Oct).CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285(19):2486–2497 (May). Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285(19):2486–2497 (May).
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Komulainen, P., T. A. Lakka, M. Kivipelto, M. Hassinen, E. L. Helkala, I. Haapala, A. Nissinen, and R. Rauramaa. 2007. Metabolic syndrome and cognitive function: a population-based follow-up study in elderly women. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 23(1):29–34.PubMedCrossRef Komulainen, P., T. A. Lakka, M. Kivipelto, M. Hassinen, E. L. Helkala, I. Haapala, A. Nissinen, and R. Rauramaa. 2007. Metabolic syndrome and cognitive function: a population-based follow-up study in elderly women. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 23(1):29–34.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Yaffe, K., A. Kanaya, K. Lindquist, E. M. Simonsick, T. Harris, R. I. Shorr, F. A. Tylavsky, and A. B. Newman. 2004. The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. JAMA 292(18):2237–2242 (Nov).PubMedCrossRef Yaffe, K., A. Kanaya, K. Lindquist, E. M. Simonsick, T. Harris, R. I. Shorr, F. A. Tylavsky, and A. B. Newman. 2004. The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. JAMA 292(18):2237–2242 (Nov).PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Dik, M. G., C. Jonker, H. C. Comijs, D. J. Deeg, A. Kok, K. Yaffe, and B. W. Penninx. 2007. Contribution of metabolic syndrome components to cognition in older persons. Diabetes Care 30:2655–2660 (Jun).PubMedCrossRef Dik, M. G., C. Jonker, H. C. Comijs, D. J. Deeg, A. Kok, K. Yaffe, and B. W. Penninx. 2007. Contribution of metabolic syndrome components to cognition in older persons. Diabetes Care 30:2655–2660 (Jun).PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuo, H. K., C. J. Yen, C. H. Chang, C. K. Kuo, J. H. Chen, and F. Sorond. 2005. Relation of C-reactive protein to stroke, cognitive disorders, and depression in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 4(6):371–380 (Jun).PubMedCrossRef Kuo, H. K., C. J. Yen, C. H. Chang, C. K. Kuo, J. H. Chen, and F. Sorond. 2005. Relation of C-reactive protein to stroke, cognitive disorders, and depression in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 4(6):371–380 (Jun).PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruehl, H., M. Rueger, I. Dziobek, V. Sweat, A. Tirsi, E. Javier, A. Arentoft, O. T. Wolf, and A. Convit. 2007. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation and memory impairments in Type 2 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92(7):2439–2445 (Jul).PubMedCrossRef Bruehl, H., M. Rueger, I. Dziobek, V. Sweat, A. Tirsi, E. Javier, A. Arentoft, O. T. Wolf, and A. Convit. 2007. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation and memory impairments in Type 2 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92(7):2439–2445 (Jul).PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Executive Summary of the Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. J. Am. Diet Assoc. 98(10):1178–1191 (Oct). Executive Summary of the Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. J. Am. Diet Assoc. 98(10):1178–1191 (Oct).
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Raz, N., K. M. Rodrigue, and J. D. Acker. 2003. Hypertension and the brain: vulnerability of the prefrontal regions and executive functions. Behav. Neurosci. 117(6):1169–1180 (Dec).PubMedCrossRef Raz, N., K. M. Rodrigue, and J. D. Acker. 2003. Hypertension and the brain: vulnerability of the prefrontal regions and executive functions. Behav. Neurosci. 117(6):1169–1180 (Dec).PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Lezak, M. D. 1995. Neuropsychological Assessment. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, New York. Lezak, M. D. 1995. Neuropsychological Assessment. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, New York.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamilton, M. 1960. A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 23:56–62.PubMed Hamilton, M. 1960. A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 23:56–62.PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Ansell, B., K. Watson, R. Weiss, and G. Fonarow. 2003. hsCRP and HDL Effects of Statins Trial (CHEST): rapid effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein and high-density lipoprotein levels. Heart Dis. 5:2–7.PubMedCrossRef Ansell, B., K. Watson, R. Weiss, and G. Fonarow. 2003. hsCRP and HDL Effects of Statins Trial (CHEST): rapid effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein and high-density lipoprotein levels. Heart Dis. 5:2–7.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanefeld, M., N. Marx, A. Pfutzner, W. Baurecht, G. Lubben, E. Karagiannis, U. Stier, and T. Forst. 2007. Anti-inflammatory effects of pioglitazone and/or simvastatin in high cardiovascular risk patients with elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein: the PIOSTAT Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 49(3):290–297 (Jan).PubMedCrossRef Hanefeld, M., N. Marx, A. Pfutzner, W. Baurecht, G. Lubben, E. Karagiannis, U. Stier, and T. Forst. 2007. Anti-inflammatory effects of pioglitazone and/or simvastatin in high cardiovascular risk patients with elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein: the PIOSTAT Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 49(3):290–297 (Jan).PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Kinlay, S. 2007. Low-density lipoprotein-dependent and -independent effects of cholesterol-lowering therapies on C-reactive protein. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 49(20):2003–2009.PubMedCrossRef Kinlay, S. 2007. Low-density lipoprotein-dependent and -independent effects of cholesterol-lowering therapies on C-reactive protein. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 49(20):2003–2009.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Kritchevsky, S. B., M. Cesari, and M. Pahor. 2005. Inflammatory markers and cardiovascular health in older adults. Cardiovasc. Res. 66(2):265–275 (May).PubMedCrossRef Kritchevsky, S. B., M. Cesari, and M. Pahor. 2005. Inflammatory markers and cardiovascular health in older adults. Cardiovasc. Res. 66(2):265–275 (May).PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Neisser, U., G. Boodoo, T. J. Bouchard, A. W. Boykin, N. Brody, S. J. Ceci, D. F. Halpern, J. C. Loehlin, R. Perloff, R. J. Sternberg, and S. Urbina. 1996. Intelligence: knowns and unknowns. Am. Psychol. 51(2):77–101 (Feb).CrossRef Neisser, U., G. Boodoo, T. J. Bouchard, A. W. Boykin, N. Brody, S. J. Ceci, D. F. Halpern, J. C. Loehlin, R. Perloff, R. J. Sternberg, and S. Urbina. 1996. Intelligence: knowns and unknowns. Am. Psychol. 51(2):77–101 (Feb).CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Barzilai, N., G. Atzmon, C. A. Derby, J. M. Bauman, and R. B. Lipton. 2006. A genotype of exceptional longevity is associated with preservation of cognitive function. Neurol. 67:2170–2175.CrossRef Barzilai, N., G. Atzmon, C. A. Derby, J. M. Bauman, and R. B. Lipton. 2006. A genotype of exceptional longevity is associated with preservation of cognitive function. Neurol. 67:2170–2175.CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramlawi, B., J. L. Rudolph, S. Mieno, J. Feng, M. Boodhwani, K. Khabbaz, S. E. Levkoff, E. R. Marcantonio, C. Bianchi, and F. W. Sellke. 2006. C-reactive protein and inflammatory response associated to neurocognitive decline following cardiac surgery. Surgery 140(2):221–226 (Aug).PubMedCrossRef Ramlawi, B., J. L. Rudolph, S. Mieno, J. Feng, M. Boodhwani, K. Khabbaz, S. E. Levkoff, E. R. Marcantonio, C. Bianchi, and F. W. Sellke. 2006. C-reactive protein and inflammatory response associated to neurocognitive decline following cardiac surgery. Surgery 140(2):221–226 (Aug).PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathew, J. P., M. V. Podgoreanu, H. P. Grocott, W. D. White, R. W. Morris, M. Stafford-Smith, G. B. Mackensen, C. S. Rinder, J. A. Blumenthal, D. A. Schwinn, and M. F. Newman. 2007. Genetic variants in P-selectin and C-reactive protein influence susceptibility to cognitive decline after cardiac surgery. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 49(19):1934–1942 (May).PubMedCrossRef Mathew, J. P., M. V. Podgoreanu, H. P. Grocott, W. D. White, R. W. Morris, M. Stafford-Smith, G. B. Mackensen, C. S. Rinder, J. A. Blumenthal, D. A. Schwinn, and M. F. Newman. 2007. Genetic variants in P-selectin and C-reactive protein influence susceptibility to cognitive decline after cardiac surgery. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 49(19):1934–1942 (May).PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat de Luca, C., and J. M. Olefsky. 2006. Stressed out about obesity and insulin resistance. Nat. Med. 12(1):41–42 (Jan).PubMedCrossRef de Luca, C., and J. M. Olefsky. 2006. Stressed out about obesity and insulin resistance. Nat. Med. 12(1):41–42 (Jan).PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson, J. L., C. A. Slentz, B. D. Duscha, G. P. Samsa, J. S. McCartney, J. A. Houmard, and W. E. Kraus. 2004. Gender and racial differences in lipoprotein subclass distributions: the STRRIDE study. Atherosclerosis 176(2):371–377 (Oct).PubMedCrossRef Johnson, J. L., C. A. Slentz, B. D. Duscha, G. P. Samsa, J. S. McCartney, J. A. Houmard, and W. E. Kraus. 2004. Gender and racial differences in lipoprotein subclass distributions: the STRRIDE study. Atherosclerosis 176(2):371–377 (Oct).PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdullah, S. M., A. Khera, D. Leonard, S. R. Das, R. M. Canham, S. A. Kamath, G. L. Vega, S. M. Grundy, D. K. McGuire, and J. A. de LemosSex differences in the association between leptin and CRP: results from the Dallas Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 195(2):404–410.PubMedCrossRef Abdullah, S. M., A. Khera, D. Leonard, S. R. Das, R. M. Canham, S. A. Kamath, G. L. Vega, S. M. Grundy, D. K. McGuire, and J. A. de LemosSex differences in the association between leptin and CRP: results from the Dallas Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 195(2):404–410.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Molina, M. J., A. M. Mayor, A. E. Franco, C. A. Morell, M. A. Lopez, and L. M. Vila. 2007. Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus and associated comorbidities in Puerto Rico. J. Clin. Rheumatol. 13(4):202–204 (Aug).PubMedCrossRef Molina, M. J., A. M. Mayor, A. E. Franco, C. A. Morell, M. A. Lopez, and L. M. Vila. 2007. Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus and associated comorbidities in Puerto Rico. J. Clin. Rheumatol. 13(4):202–204 (Aug).PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence and impact of doctor-diagnosed arthritis—United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 54(5):119–123 (Feb). Racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence and impact of doctor-diagnosed arthritis—United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 54(5):119–123 (Feb).
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Linares, L. F., J. J. Gomez-Reino, P. E. Carreira, L. Morillas, and I. Ibero. 1986. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Clin. Rheumatol. 5(1):66–69 (Jan).PubMedCrossRef Linares, L. F., J. J. Gomez-Reino, P. E. Carreira, L. Morillas, and I. Ibero. 1986. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Clin. Rheumatol. 5(1):66–69 (Jan).PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Popkova, T. V., A. N. Khelkovskaia, E. S. Mach, E. N. Aleksandrova, A. A. Novikov, D. S. Novikova, and E. L. Nasonov. 2007. Cardiovascular diseases in rheumatoid arthritis. Ter. Arkh. 79(5):9–14.PubMed Popkova, T. V., A. N. Khelkovskaia, E. S. Mach, E. N. Aleksandrova, A. A. Novikov, D. S. Novikova, and E. L. Nasonov. 2007. Cardiovascular diseases in rheumatoid arthritis. Ter. Arkh. 79(5):9–14.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Urowitz, M. B., and D. D. Gladman. 2007. Atherosclerosis and lupus—the SLICC study. Lupus. 16(12):925–928.PubMedCrossRef Urowitz, M. B., and D. D. Gladman. 2007. Atherosclerosis and lupus—the SLICC study. Lupus. 16(12):925–928.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Assous, N., E. Touze, C. Meune, A. Kahan, and Y. Allanore. 2007. Cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis: single-center hospital-based cohort study in France. Jt. Bone Spine 74(1):66–72 (Jan).CrossRef Assous, N., E. Touze, C. Meune, A. Kahan, and Y. Allanore. 2007. Cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis: single-center hospital-based cohort study in France. Jt. Bone Spine 74(1):66–72 (Jan).CrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Shucard, J. L., J. J. Gaines, J. Ambrus Jr., and D. W. Shucard. 2007. C-reactive protein and cognitive deficits in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cogn. Behav. Neurol. 20(1):31–37 (Mar).PubMedCrossRef Shucard, J. L., J. J. Gaines, J. Ambrus Jr., and D. W. Shucard. 2007. C-reactive protein and cognitive deficits in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cogn. Behav. Neurol. 20(1):31–37 (Mar).PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Nandula, S. R., S. Amarnath, A. Molinolo, B. C. Bandyopadhyay, B. Hall, C. M. Goldsmith, C. Zheng, J. Larsson, T. Sreenath, W. Chen, I. S. Ambudkar, S. Karlsson, B. J. Baum, and A. B. Kulkarni. 2007. Female mice are more susceptible to developing inflammatory disorders due to impaired transforming growth factor beta signaling in salivary glands. Arthritis Rheum. 56(6):1798–1805 (Jun).PubMedCrossRef Nandula, S. R., S. Amarnath, A. Molinolo, B. C. Bandyopadhyay, B. Hall, C. M. Goldsmith, C. Zheng, J. Larsson, T. Sreenath, W. Chen, I. S. Ambudkar, S. Karlsson, B. J. Baum, and A. B. Kulkarni. 2007. Female mice are more susceptible to developing inflammatory disorders due to impaired transforming growth factor beta signaling in salivary glands. Arthritis Rheum. 56(6):1798–1805 (Jun).PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Pradhan, A. D., J. E. Manson, J. E. Rossouw, D. S. Siscovick, C. P. Mouton, N. Rifai, R. B. Wallace, R. D. Jackson, M. B. Pettinger, and P. M. Ridker. 2002. Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the Women’s Health Initiative observational study. JAMA 288(8):980–987 (Aug).PubMedCrossRef Pradhan, A. D., J. E. Manson, J. E. Rossouw, D. S. Siscovick, C. P. Mouton, N. Rifai, R. B. Wallace, R. D. Jackson, M. B. Pettinger, and P. M. Ridker. 2002. Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the Women’s Health Initiative observational study. JAMA 288(8):980–987 (Aug).PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Singh, U., S. Devaraj, J. Vasquez-Vivar, and I. Jialal. 2007. C-reactive protein decreases endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity via uncoupling. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 43(6):780–791 (Dec).PubMedCrossRef Singh, U., S. Devaraj, J. Vasquez-Vivar, and I. Jialal. 2007. C-reactive protein decreases endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity via uncoupling. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 43(6):780–791 (Dec).PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Jialal, I., S. Devaraj, and S. K. Venugopal. 2004. C-reactive protein: risk marker or mediator in atherothrombosis? Hypertension 44(1):6–11 (Jul).PubMedCrossRef Jialal, I., S. Devaraj, and S. K. Venugopal. 2004. C-reactive protein: risk marker or mediator in atherothrombosis? Hypertension 44(1):6–11 (Jul).PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Verma, S., C. H. Wang, S. H. Li, A. S. Dumont, P. W. Fedak, M. V. Badiwala, B. Dhillon, R. D. Weisel, R. K. Li, D. A. Mickle, and D. J. Stewart. 2002. A self-fulfilling prophecy: C-reactive protein attenuates nitric oxide production and inhibits angiogenesis. Circulation 106(8):913–919 (Aug).PubMedCrossRef Verma, S., C. H. Wang, S. H. Li, A. S. Dumont, P. W. Fedak, M. V. Badiwala, B. Dhillon, R. D. Weisel, R. K. Li, D. A. Mickle, and D. J. Stewart. 2002. A self-fulfilling prophecy: C-reactive protein attenuates nitric oxide production and inhibits angiogenesis. Circulation 106(8):913–919 (Aug).PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt, R., C. Enzinger, S. Ropele, H. Schmidt, and F. Fazekas. 2006. Subcortical vascular cognitive impairment: Similarities and differences with multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 245(1–2):3–7 (Jun).PubMedCrossRef Schmidt, R., C. Enzinger, S. Ropele, H. Schmidt, and F. Fazekas. 2006. Subcortical vascular cognitive impairment: Similarities and differences with multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 245(1–2):3–7 (Jun).PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Gold, S. M., I. Dziobek, K. Rogers, A. Bayoumy, P. F. McHugh, and A. Convit. 2005. Hypertension and hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivity affect frontal lobe integrity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90(6):3262–3267 (Jun).PubMedCrossRef Gold, S. M., I. Dziobek, K. Rogers, A. Bayoumy, P. F. McHugh, and A. Convit. 2005. Hypertension and hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivity affect frontal lobe integrity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90(6):3262–3267 (Jun).PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Raz, N., K. M. Rodrigue, and J. D. Acker. 2003. Hypertension and the brain: vulnerability of the prefrontal regions and executive functions. Behav. Neurosci. 117(6):1169–1180 (Dec).PubMedCrossRef Raz, N., K. M. Rodrigue, and J. D. Acker. 2003. Hypertension and the brain: vulnerability of the prefrontal regions and executive functions. Behav. Neurosci. 117(6):1169–1180 (Dec).PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat van Dijk, E. J., N. D. Prins, S. E. Vermeer, H. A. Vrooman, A. Hofman, P. J. Koudstaal, and M. M. B. Breteler. 2005. C-reactive protein and cerebral small-vessel disease: the Rotterdam Scan Study. Circulation 112(6):900–905 (Aug).PubMedCrossRef van Dijk, E. J., N. D. Prins, S. E. Vermeer, H. A. Vrooman, A. Hofman, P. J. Koudstaal, and M. M. B. Breteler. 2005. C-reactive protein and cerebral small-vessel disease: the Rotterdam Scan Study. Circulation 112(6):900–905 (Aug).PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
C-Reactive Protein is Linked to Lower Cognitive Performance in Overweight and Obese Women
verfasst von
V. Sweat
V. Starr
H. Bruehl
A. Arentoft
A. Tirsi
E. Javier
A. Convit
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2008
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Inflammation / Ausgabe 3/2008
Print ISSN: 0360-3997
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2576
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-008-9065-3

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2008

Inflammation 3/2008 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Erhebliches Risiko für Kehlkopfkrebs bei mäßiger Dysplasie

29.05.2024 Larynxkarzinom Nachrichten

Fast ein Viertel der Personen mit mäßig dysplastischen Stimmlippenläsionen entwickelt einen Kehlkopftumor. Solche Personen benötigen daher eine besonders enge ärztliche Überwachung.

Nach Herzinfarkt mit Typ-1-Diabetes schlechtere Karten als mit Typ 2?

29.05.2024 Herzinfarkt Nachrichten

Bei Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes sind die Chancen, einen Myokardinfarkt zu überleben, in den letzten 15 Jahren deutlich gestiegen – nicht jedoch bei Betroffenen mit Typ 1.

15% bedauern gewählte Blasenkrebs-Therapie

29.05.2024 Urothelkarzinom Nachrichten

Ob Patienten und Patientinnen mit neu diagnostiziertem Blasenkrebs ein Jahr später Bedauern über die Therapieentscheidung empfinden, wird einer Studie aus England zufolge von der Radikalität und dem Erfolg des Eingriffs beeinflusst.

Costims – das nächste heiße Ding in der Krebstherapie?

28.05.2024 Onkologische Immuntherapie Nachrichten

„Kalte“ Tumoren werden heiß – CD28-kostimulatorische Antikörper sollen dies ermöglichen. Am besten könnten diese in Kombination mit BiTEs und Checkpointhemmern wirken. Erste klinische Studien laufen bereits.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.