nach oben

Prevention Science

Erschienen in:

01.02.2014

Attitude Ambivalence, Friend Norms, and Adolescent Drug Use

verfasst von: Zachary P. Hohman, William D. Crano, Jason T. Siegel, Eusebio M. Alvaro

Erschienen in: Prevention Science | Ausgabe 1/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

This study assessed the moderating effects of attitudinal ambivalence on adolescent marijuana use in the context of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). With data from the National Survey of Parents and Youth (N = 1,604), two hierarchical multiple regression models were developed to examine the association of ambivalent attitudes, intentions, and later marijuana use. The first model explored the moderating effect of ambivalence on intentions to use marijuana; the second tested the moderation of ambivalence on actual marijuana use 1 year later. Results across both analyses suggest that ambivalence moderated the association of friend norms and subsequent adolescent marijuana use: friend norms were better predictors of marijuana intentions (β = 0.151, t = 2.29, p = 0.02) and subsequent use when adolescents were attitudinally ambivalent about marijuana use (β = 0.071, t = 2.76, p = 0.006). These results suggest that preventive programs that affect the certainty with which adolescents holds pro- or antimarijuana attitudes may influence the likelihood of their resistance to, initiation, or continuance of marijuana use.

Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park: Sage.

Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality and behavior. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.CrossRef

Ajzen, I., & Cote, N. G. (2008). Attitudes and the prediction of behavior. In W. D. Crano & R. Prislin (Eds.), Attitudes and attitude change (pp. 289–311). New York: Psychology.

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888–918.CrossRef

Armitage, C. J., & Arden, M. A. (2007). Felt and potential ambivalence across the stages of change. Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 149–158. doi:10.1177/1359105307071749.CrossRefPubMed

Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence: A test of three key hypotheses. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1421–1432.CrossRef

Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2004). The effects of attitudinal ambivalence on attitude–intention–behavior relations. In G. Haddock & G. R. Maio (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on the psychology of attitudes (pp. 121–143). Hove: Psychology Press.

Bassili, J. N. (1996). Meta-judgmental versus operative indexes of psychological attributes: the case of measures of attitude strength. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 637–653.CrossRef

Blanton, H., & Burkley, M. (2008). Deviance regulation theory: Applications to adolescent social influence. In M. J. Prinstein & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), Understanding peer influence in children and adolescents (pp. 94–121). New York: Guilford.

Blanton, H., & Christie, C. (2003). Deviance regulation: A theory of action and identity. Review of General Psychology, 7, 115–149. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.7.2.115.CrossRef

Block, R. I., & Ghoneim, M. M. (1993). Effects of chronic marijuana use in human cognition. Psychopharmachology, 110, 219–228.CrossRef

Boyer, C. B., Tschann, J. M., & Shafer, M.-A. (1999). Predictors of risk for sexually transmitted diseases in ninth grade urban high school students. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14, 448–465.CrossRefPubMed

Brook, J. S., Adams, R. E., Balka, E. B., & Johnson, E. (2002). Early adolescent marijuana use: Risks for the transition to young adulthood. Psychological Medicine: A Journal of Research in Psychiatry and the Allied Sciences, 32, 79–91.CrossRef

Brown, J. S., & Farber, I. E. (1951). Emotions conceptualized as intervening variables—with suggestions toward a theory of frustration. Psychological Bulletin, 48, 465–495.CrossRefPubMed

Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1997). Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 3–25.CrossRefPubMed

Conner, M., & Armitage, C. J. (2008). Attitude ambivalence. In W. D. Crano & R. Prislin (Eds.), Attitudes and attitude change (pp. 261–288). New York: Psychology Press.

Conner, M., & Sparks, P. (2002). Ambivalence and attitudes. European Review of Social Psychology, 12, 37–70.CrossRef

Conner, M., Povey, R., Sparks, P., & James, R. (2003). Moderating role of attitude ambivalence within the theory of planned behavior. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 75–94.CrossRefPubMed

Converse, P. E. (1995). Foreword. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. xi–xvii). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

Cooke, R., & Sheeran, P. (2004). Moderation of cognition–intention and cognition–behaviour relations: A meta-analysis of properties of variables from the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 159–186. doi:10.1348/0144666041501688.CrossRefPubMed

Cottrell, J. (2007). Social networks in youth and adolescence (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.

Crano, W. D. (2010). Experiments as reforms: Persuasion in the nation’s service. In J. P. Forgas, J. Cooper, & W. D. Crano (Eds.), The psychology of attitudes and attitude change (pp. 231–248). New York: Psychology Press.

Crano, W. D. (2012). The rules of influence. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Crano, W. D., & Prislin, R. (2006). Attitudes and persuasion. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 345–374.CrossRefPubMed

Crano, W. D., Gilbert, C., Alvaro, E. M., & Siegel, J. T. (2008). Enhancing prediction of inhalant abuse risk in samples of early adolescents: A secondary analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 895–905. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.02.006.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Crano, W. D., Siegel, J. T., Alvaro, E. M., Lac, A., & Hemovich, V. (2008). The at-risk marijuana nonuser: Expanding the standard distinction. Prevention Science, 9, 129–137.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Crano, W. D., Siegel, J. T., & Alvaro, E. A. (2013). The siren’s call: Mass media and drug prevention. In J. Dillard & L. Shen (Eds.), The persuasion handbook. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

David, S., Hornik, R., & Maklan, D. (2010). National Survey of Parents and Youth (NSPY), 1998–2004—restricted use files [computer file]. ICPSR27868-v1. Ann Arbor: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2010-06-17. doi:10.3886/ICPSR27868.

Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1995). Attitude strength, attitude structure, and resistance to change. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 413–432). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

Erceg-Hurn, D. M. (2008). Drugs, money, and graphic ads: A critical review of the Montana Meth Project. Prevention Science, 9, 256–263. doi:10.1007/s11121-008-0098-5.CrossRefPubMed

Fazio, R. H., & Zanna, M. P. (1978). Attitudinal qualities relating to the strength of the attitude–behavior relationship. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 398–408. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(78)90035-5.CrossRef

Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.CrossRef

Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

Fishbein, M., Cappella, J., Hornik, R., Sayeed, S., Yzer, M., & Ahern, R. K. (2002). The role of theory in developing effective antidrug public service announcements. In W. D. Crano & M. Burgoon (Eds.), Mass media and drug prevention: Classic and contemporary theories and research (pp. 89–117). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

Gavin, L. A., & Furman, W. (1989). Age differences in adolescents’ perceptions of their peer groups. Developmental Psychology, 25, 827–834.CrossRef

Hartup, W. W. (2005). Peer interaction: what causes what? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 387–394.CrossRefPubMed

Hass, R. G., Katz, I., Rizzo, N., Bailey, J., & Moore, L. (1992). When racial ambivalence evokes negative affect, using a disguised measure of mood. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 786–797.CrossRef

Hornik, R., Jacobsohn, L., Orwin, R., Piesse, A., & Kalton, G. (2008). Effects of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media campaign on youths. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 2229–2236. doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.125849.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Johnston, K. L., & White, K. M. (2003). Binge-drinking: A test of the role of group norms in the theory of planned behavior. Psychology and Health, 17, 63–77.CrossRef

Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2010). Monitoring the future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2009 (NIH publication no. 10–7583). Bethesda: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Kaplan, K. J. (1972). On the ambivalence–indifference problem in attitude theory and measurement: A suggested modification of the semantic differential technique. Psychological Bulletin, 77, 361–372.CrossRef

Keyes, K. M., Schulenberg, J. E., O'Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., Bachman, J. G., Li, G., et al. (2011). The social norms of birth cohorts and adolescent marijuana use in the United States, 1976–2007. Addiction, 106, 1790–1800.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Krosnick, J. A., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Attitude strength: An overview. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 1–24). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

Lac, A., & Crano, W. D. (2009). Monitoring matters: Meta-analytic review reveals the reliable linkage of parental monitoring with adolescent marijuana use. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 578–586.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Lac, A., Alvaro, E. M., Crano, W. D., & Siegel, J. T. (2009). Pathways from parental knowledge and warmth to adolescent marijuana use: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. Prevention Science, 10, 22–32.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Liebkind, K. (1982). The Swedish-speaking Finns: A case study of ethnolinguistic identity. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lundqvist, T. (2005). Cognitive consequences of cannabis use: Comparison with abuse of stimulants and heroin with regard to attention, memory and executive functions. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 81, 319–330.CrossRefPubMed

Lynskey, M., & Hall, W. (2000). The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: A review. Addiction, 95, 1621–1630.CrossRefPubMed

Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Slutske, W. S., Madden, P. A., & Martin, N. G. (2003). Escalation of drug use in early-onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls. Journal of American Medical Association, 289, 427–33.CrossRef

McGuire, W. J. (1985). Attitudes and attitude change. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 233–346). New York: Random House.

Moore, M. (1973). Ambivalence in attitude measurement. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 33, 481–483.CrossRef

Moore, M. (1980). Validation of attitude toward any practice scale through use of ambivalence as a moderator. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40, 205–208.CrossRef

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2006). InfoFacts on adolescent drug trends. New York: NIH.

Newby-Clark, I. R., McGregor, I., & Zanna, M. P. (2008). Thinking and caring about cognitive inconsistency: When and for whom does attitudinal ambivalence feel uncomfortable? In R. H. Fazio & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Attitudes: Their structure, function, and consequences (pp. 199–213). New York: Psychology Press.

Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231–259.CrossRef

Palmonari, A., Pombeni, M. L., & Kirchler, E. (1989). Peer groups and evolution of the self-system in adolescence. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 4, 3–15. doi:10.1007/BF03172757.CrossRef

Palmonari, A., Pombeni, M. L., & Kirchler, E. (1990). Adolescents and their peer groups: A study on the significance of peers, social categorization processes and coping with developmental tasks. Social Behaviour, 5, 33–48.

Penning, M., & Barnes, G. E. (1982). Adolescent marijuana use: A review. The International Journal of Addictions, 17, 749–791.

Petraitis, J., Flay, B. R., & Miller, T. Q. (1995). Reviewing theories of adolescent substance use: Organizing pieces of the puzzle. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 67–86.CrossRefPubMed

Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123–205). New York: Academic Press.

Petty, R. E., & Krosnick, J. A. (Eds.). (1995). Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences. Mahwah: Erlbaum.

Priester, J. R. (2002). Sex, drugs, and attitude ambivalence: How feelings of evaluative tension influence alcohol use and safe sex behaviors. In W. D. Crano & M. Burgoon (Eds.), Mass media and drug prevention: Classic and contemporary theories and research (pp. 145–162). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

Priester, J. R., & Petty, R. E. (1996). The gradual threshold model of ambivalence: Relating the positive and negative bases of attitudes to subjective ambivalence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 431–449.CrossRefPubMed

Priester, J. R., & Petty, R. E. (2001). Extending the bases of subjective attitude ambivalence: Interpersonal and intrapersonal antecedents of evaluative tension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 19–34.CrossRefPubMed

Rivis, A., & Sheeran, P. (2001). Descriptive norms as an additional predictor in the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analysis. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 22, 218–233.CrossRef

Siegel, J. T., Alvaro, E. M., Patel, N., & Crano, W. D. (2009). '…you would probably want to do it. Cause that's what made them popular': Exploring perceptions of inhalant utility among young adolescent nonusers and occasional users. Substance Use & Misuse, 44, 597–615. doi:10.1080/10826080902809543.CrossRef

Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Alvaro, E. M., & Lac, A. (2008). Expectancy change and adolescents' intentions to use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 563–569.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Sparks, P., & Shepherd, R. (1992). Self-identity and the theory of planned behavior—assessing the role of identification with green consumerism. Social Psychology Quarterly, 55, 388–399.CrossRef

Sparks, P., Conner, M., James, R., Shepherd, R., & Povey, R. (2001). Ambivalence about health related behaviors: An exploration in the domain of food choice. British Journal of Health Psychology, 6, 53–68.CrossRefPubMed

Suls, J., & Wheeler, L. (2000). Handbook of social comparison: Theory and research. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRef

Tarrant, M. (2002). Adolescent peer groups and social identity. Social Development, 11, 110–123.CrossRef

Thompson, M. M., Zanna, M. P., & Griffin, D. W. (1995). Let’s not be indifferent about (attitude) ambivalence. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 361–386). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

Ullrich, J., & Krueger, J. I. (2010). Interpersonal liking from bivariate attitude similarity. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 214–221.

Ullrich, J., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Böttcher, B. (2008). The moderator effect that wasn't there: Statistical problems in ambivalence research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 774–794. doi:10.1037/a0012709.CrossRefPubMed

Wicker, A. W. (1969). Attitudes versus actions: The relationship of verbal and overt behavioral responses to attitude objects. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 41–78.CrossRef

Zajonc, R. B. (1980). On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist, 39, 117–123.CrossRef

Zanna, M. P., Olson, J. M., & Fazio, R. H. (1980). Attitude–behavior consistency: An individual difference perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 432–440. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.3.432.CrossRef

Zhao, X., Sayeed, S., Cappella, J., Hornik, R., Fishbein, M., & Ahern, R. K. (2006). Targeting norm-related beliefs about marijuana use in an adolescent population. Health Communication, 19, 187–196.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Attitude Ambivalence, Friend Norms, and Adolescent Drug Use
verfasst von: Zachary P. Hohman
William D. Crano
Jason T. Siegel
Eusebio M. Alvaro
Publikationsdatum: 01.02.2014
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Prevention Science / Ausgabe 1/2014
Print ISSN: 1389-4986
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-6695
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-013-0368-8

Die Highlights vom Kongress des American College of Cardiology 2024

Springer Medizin

Attitude Ambivalence, Friend Norms, and Adolescent Drug Use

Abstract

Die Highlights vom Kongress des American College of Cardiology 2024

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2014

The Development of the Lifestyle and Habits Questionnaire-Brief Version: Relationship to Quality of Life and Stress in College Students

Youth Misperceptions of Peer Substance Use Norms: A Hidden Risk Factor in State and Community Prevention

Optimizing Timing and Dosage: Does Parent Type Moderate the Effects of Variations of a Parent-Based Intervention to Reduce College Student Drinking?

Risk for Exposure to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs on the Route to and from School: The Role of Alcohol Outlets

Spring Break Versus Spring Broken: Predictive Utility of Spring Break Alcohol Intentions and Willingness at Varying Levels of Extremity

Using Surveillance Data to Inform Community Action: The Effect of Alcohol Sale Restrictions on Intentional Injury-related Ambulance Pickups