nach oben

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

Erschienen in:

02.02.2022

The bidirectional relationship of thyroid disease and atrial fibrillation: Established knowledge and future considerations

verfasst von: Alexandra Bekiaridou, Anastasios Kartas, Dimitrios V. Moysidis, Andreas S. Papazoglou, Amalia Baroutidou, Anastasios Papanastasiou, George Giannakoulas

Erschienen in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | Ausgabe 3/2022

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Atrial fibrillation (AF) tends to occur frequently in patients with thyroid disease, primarily hyperthyroidism. In hyperthyroidism, increased levels of thyroid hormones, via intra- and extranuclear mechanisms, have profound effects on cardiac electrophysiology. Hypothyroidism carries a lower risk for AF and is mainly associated with the overtreatment of hypothyroid patients. New-onset AF is frequently the only manifestation of thyroid disease, which renders screening for thyroid dysfunction in that scenario clinically useful. Managing thyroid disease and comorbid AF is essential. This includes thyroid hormones control along with conventional AF therapy. However, there are several open issues with this comorbid duo. The optimal management of thyroid disease and its impact on AF burden remains obscure. There is scanty information on clear-cut benefits for therapy of subclinical thyroid disease and screening of asymptomatic patients. Furthermore, the immunogenetic overlap between the autoantibodies in Graves’ disease and AF genesis may lead to novel therapeutic implications. The objective of this review is to summarize the up-to-date epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology and management of interacting thyroid disease and AF.

Madariaga AG, Santos Palacios S, Guillén-Grima F, Galofré JC. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Europe: A meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(3):923–31. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2409.CrossRef

Grossman A, Weiss A, Koren-Morag N, Shimon I, Beloosesky Y, Meyerovitch J. Subclinical Thyroid Disease and Mortality in the Elderly: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Am J Med. 2016;129(4):423–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.11.027.CrossRefPubMed

Frost L, Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L. Hyperthyroidism and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: A population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(15):1675–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.15.1675.CrossRefPubMed

Jia G, Sowers JR. Autoantibodies of β-adrenergic and M2 cholinergic receptors: atrial fibrillation in hyperthyroidism. Endocrine. 2015;49(2):301–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-015-0556-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Peeters RP. Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Solomon CG, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(26):2556–2565. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1611144

Grais IM, Sowers JR. Thyroid and the heart. Am J Med. 2014;127(8):691–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.009.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bellew SD, Moman R, Lohse CM, Hess EP, Bellolio MF. Validation of a decision rule for selective TSH screening in atrial fibrillation. West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(1):195–202. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2014.11.23490.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Croker EE, McGrath SA, Rowe CW. Thyroid disease: Using diagnostic tools effectively. Aust J Gen Pract. 2021;50(1–2):16–21. https://doi.org/10.31128/AJGP-10-20-5693

Salem JE, Shoemaker MB, Bastarache L, et al. Association of Thyroid Function Genetic Predictors with Atrial Fibrillation: A Phenome-Wide Association Study and Inverse-Variance Weighted Average Meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(2):136–43. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2018.4615.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Fitzgerald SP, Bean NG, Falhammar H, Tuke J. Clinical Parameters Are More Likely to Be Associated with Thyroid Hormone Levels than with Thyrotropin Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Thyroid. 2020;30(12):1695–709. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2019.0535.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Baumgartner C, Da Costa BR, Collet TH, et al. Thyroid Function Within the Normal Range, Subclinical Hypothyroidism, and the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation. 2017;136(22):2100–16. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028753.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Gammage MD, Parle JV, Holder RL, et al. Association between serum free thyroxine concentration and atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(9):928–34. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.9.928.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Yeap BB, Alfonso H, Hankey GJ, et al. Higher free thyroxine levels are associated with all-cause mortality in euthyroid older men: The Health in Men Study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169(4):401–8. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-13-0306.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Amouzegar A, Heidari M, Gharibzadeh S, Mehran L, Tohidi M, Azizi F. The Association between Blood Pressure and Normal Range Thyroid Function Tests in a Population Based Tehran Thyroid Study. Horm Metab Res. 2016;48(3):151–6. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564131.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Cappola AR, Fried L, Arnold A. Thyroid Status, Cardiovascular Risk, and Mortality in Older Adults. Surv Anesthesiol. 2006;50(6):289. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sa.0000248434.75521.67.CrossRef

16.

Chaker L, Korevaar TIM, Medici M, et al. Thyroid Function Characteristics and Determinants: The Rotterdam Study. Thyroid. 2016;26(9):1195–204. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2016.0133.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Anderson JL, Jacobs V, May HT, et al. Free thyroxine within the normal reference range predicts risk of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31(1):18–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/jce.14183.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Reddy V, Taha W, Kundumadam S, Khan M. Atrial fibrillation and hyperthyroidism: A literature review. Indian Heart J. 2017;69(4):545–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2017.07.004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Selmer C, Olesen JB, Hansen ML, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease and risk of new onset atrial fibrillation: A large population cohort study. BMJ. 2012;345(7885):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7895.CrossRef

20.

Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Hegedüs L, Leenhardt L, Poppe K, Pearce SH. 2018 European thyroid association guideline for the management of graves’ hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 2018;7(4):167–86. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490384.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

21.

Kahaly GJ, Dillmann WH. Thyroid hormone action in the heart. Endocr Rev. 2005;26(5):704–28. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2003-0033.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Razvi S, Jabbar A, Pingitore A, et al. Thyroid Hormones and Cardiovascular Function and Diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(16):1781–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.045.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Wijesurendra RS, Casadei B. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation. Heart. 2019;105(24):1860–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314267.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Biondi B. Heart failure and thyroid dysfunction. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;167(5):609–18. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-12-0627.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Shi M, Manouchehri AM, Shaffer CM, et al. Genetic Thyrotropin Regulation of Atrial Fibrillation Risk Is Mediated Through an Effect on Height. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(7):2124–32. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab272.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Tribulova N, Kurahara LH, Hlivak P, Hirano K, Bacova BS. Pro-arrhythmic signaling of thyroid hormones and its relevance in subclinical hyperthyroidism. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082844

27.

Kato T, Iwasaki YK, Nattel S. Connexins and atrial fibrillation: Filling in the gaps. Circulation. 2012;125(2):203–6. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.075432.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Komiya N, Isomoto S, Nakao K, Hayano M, Yano K. Electrophysiological abnormalities of the atrial muscle in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation associated with hyperthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;56(1):39–44. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0300-0664.2001.01459.x.CrossRef

29.

Wustmann K, Kucera JP, Zanchi A, et al. Activation of electrical triggers of atrial fibrillation in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(6):2104–8. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0092.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Patanè S, Marte F. Atrial fibrillation associated with exogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism, changing axis deviation, troponin-I positive and without acute coronary syndrome. Int J Cardiol. 2011;150(3):e85–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.03.011.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Chen YC, Chen SA, Chen YJ, Chang MS, Chan P, Lin CI. Effects of thyroid hormone on the arrhythmogenic activity of pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(2):366–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01731-4.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Po SS, Scherlag BJ, Yamanashi WS, et al. Experimental model for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation arising at the pulmonary vein-atrial junctions. Hear Rhythm. 2006;3(2):201–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2005.11.008.CrossRef

33.

Ertek S, Cicero AF. State of the art paper Hyperthyroidism and cardiovascular complications: a narrative review on the basis of pathophysiology. Arch Med Sci. 2013;5:944–52. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2013.38685.CrossRef

34.

Morshed SA, Davies TF. Graves’ Disease Mechanisms: The Role of Stimulating, Blocking, and Cleavage Region TSH Receptor Antibodies. Horm Metab Res. 2015;47(10):727–34. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1559633.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Okosieme OE, Taylor PN, Evans C, et al. Primary therapy of Graves’ disease and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: a linked-record cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(4):278–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30059-2.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Li H, Murphy T, Zhang L, et al. β1-Adrenergic and M2 muscarinic autoantibodies and thyroid hormone facilitate induction of atrial fibrillation in male rabbits. Endocrinology. 2016;157(1):16–22. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1655.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Galloway A, Li H, Vanderlinde-Wood M, et al. Activating autoantibodies to the β1/2-adrenergic and M2 muscarinic receptors associate with atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients with hyperthyroidism. Endocrine. 2015;49(2):457–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-014-0495-4.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Stavrakis S, Yu X, Patterson E, et al. Activating Autoantibodies to the Beta-1 Adrenergic and M2 Muscarinic Receptors Facilitate Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Graves’ Hyperthyroidism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(14):1309–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.015.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Park YJ, Yoon JW, Kim K Il, et al. Subclinical Hypothyroidism Might Increase the Risk of Transient Atrial Fibrillation After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87(6):1846–1852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.03.032

40.

Lee H-C, Huang KTL, Wang X-L, Shen W-K. Autoantibodies and Cardiac Arrhythmias. Hear Rhythm. 2011;8(11):1788–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.06.032.CrossRef

41.

Li J. The Role of Autoantibodies in Arrhythmogenesis. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2021;23(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-020-01430-x

42.

Li Z, Zhao H, Wang J. Metabolism and Chronic Inflammation: The Links Between Chronic Heart Failure and Comorbidities. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8: 650278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.650278.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Ozaydin M, Kutlucan A, Turker Y, et al. Association of inflammation with atrial fibrillation in hyperthyroidism. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2012;9(4):344–8. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1263.2012.06251.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Elahi MM, Flatman S, Matata BM. Tracing the origins of postoperative atrial fibrillation: the concept of oxidative stress-mediated myocardial injury phenomenon. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15(6):735–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJR.0b013e328317f38a.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Pearce EN, Bogazzi F, Martino E, et al. The prevalence of elevated serum C-reactive protein levels in inflammatory and noninflammatory thyroid disease. Thyroid. 2003;13(7):643–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/105072503322239989.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Mayyas F, Saadeh N, Al-Muqbel K, Van Wagoner DR. Plasma endothelin-1 levels are increased in atrial fibrillation patients with hyperthyroidism. PLoS One. 2018;13(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208206

47.

Lu R, Ma N, Jiang Z, Mei J. Endothelin-1 is associated with dilatation of the left atrium and can be an independent predictor of atrial fibrillation after mitral valve surgery. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2018;26(1):66–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivx250.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Tilly N, Schneider J, Leidig-Bruckner G, Sommer U, Kasperk C. Endothelin-1 Levels in Patients with Disorders of the Thyroid Gland. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2003;111(02):80–4. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-39234.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Mayyas F, Niebauer M, Zurick A, et al. Association of left atrial endothelin-1 with atrial rhythm, size, and fibrosis in patients with structural heart disease. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol. 2010;3(4):369–79. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.109.924985.CrossRef

50.

Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Mikhailidis DP, Rysz J, Banach M. The mechanisms of atrial fibrillation in hyperthyroidism. Thyroid Res. 2009;2(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-6614-2-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

51.

52.

Sawin CT. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and atrial fibrillation. Thyroid. 2002;12(6):501–3. https://doi.org/10.1089/105072502760143881.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Selmer C, Olesen JB, Hansen ML, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease and risk of new onset atrial fibrillation: A large population cohort study. BMJ. 2012;345(7885). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7895

54.

Auer J, Scheibner P, Mische T, Langsteger W, Eber O, Eber B. Subclinical hyperthyroidism as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J. 2001;142(5):838–42. https://doi.org/10.1067/mhj.2001.119370.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Goldstein SA, Green J, Huber K, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Thyroid Disease (from the ARISTOTLE Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2019;124(9):1406–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.07.046.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

56.

Ogbera A, Dada O, Kuku S. The metabolic syndrome in thyroid disease: A report from Nigeria. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(3):417. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.95688.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, D’agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Wolf PA. Independent Risk Factors for Atrial Fibrillation in a Population-Based Cohort: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 1994;271(11):840–4. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03510350050036.CrossRef

58.

Chauhan V. Hypothyroidism was 300% more frequent than hyperthyroidism in patients with atrial fibrillation enrolled over 10 years. Am J Med. 2015;128(10): e51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.06.012.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Zhang Y, Dedkov EI, Teplitsky D, et al. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism increase atrial fibrillation inducibility in rats. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol. 2013;6(5):952–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.113.000502.CrossRef

60.

Gerritsen RJ, van den Brom WE, Stokhof AA. Relationship between atrial fibrillation and primary hypothyroidism in the dog. Vet Q. 1996;18(2):49–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1996.9694614.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Kim E-J, Lyass A, Wang N. Relation of Hypothyroidism and Incident Atrial Fibrillation (from the Framingham Heart Study). Bone. 2008;23(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2013.10.012.Relation.CrossRef

62.

Papaleontiou M, Haymart MR. Too Much of a Good Thing? A Cautionary Tale of Thyroid Cancer Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment. Thyroid. 2020;30(5):651–2. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2020.0185.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

63.

Lee EK, Ahn HY, Ku EJ, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes in Thyroid Cancer Patients Treated With Thyroidectomy: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Published online August 4, 2021:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab576

64.

Hesselink ENK, Lefrandt JD, Schuurmans EP, et al. Increased risk of atrial fibrillation after treatment for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(12):4563–9. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2782.CrossRef

65.

Surks MI, Ortiz E, Daniels GH, et al. Subclinical Thyroid Disease: Scientific Review and Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management. J Am Med Assoc. 2004;291(2):228–38. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.2.228.CrossRef

66.

Gencer B, Collet TH, Virgini V, et al. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of heart failure events an individual participant data analysis from 6 prospective cohorts. Circulation. 2012;126(9):1040–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.096024.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Martínez-Comendador J, Marcos-Vidal JM, Gualis J, et al. Subclinical Hypothyroidism Might Increase the Risk of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation after Aortic Valve Replacement. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;64(5):427–33. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1555753.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Sairaku A, Nakano Y, Uchimura Y, et al. Increased left atrial pressure in non-heart failure patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and atrial fibrillation. Endocr Connect. 2016;5(3):101–6. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-16-0012.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

Isaksen JL, Skov MW, Graff C, Ellervik C, Kanters JK. Electrocardiography in euthyroid individuals: a Danish general population study. Minerva Endocrinol 2020 Jul 23. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0391-1977.20.03170-3

70.

Tayal B, Graff C, Selmer C, et al. Thyroid dysfunction and electrocardiographic changes in subjects without arrhythmias: A cross-sectional study of primary healthcare subjects from Copenhagen. BMJ Open. 2019;9(6):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023854.CrossRef

71.

Chen JL, Chiu HW, Tseng YJ, Chu WC. Hyperthyroidism is characterized by both increased sympathetic and decreased vagal modulation of heart rate: Evidence from spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;64(6):611–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02514.x.CrossRef

72.

Burggraaf J, Tulen JHM, Lalezari S, et al. Sympathovagal imbalance in hyperthyroidism. Am J Physiol Metab. 2001;281(1):E190–5. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.1.E190.CrossRef

73.

Selmer C, Hansen ML, Olesen JB, et al. New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation Is a Predictor of Subsequent Hyperthyroidism: A Nationwide Cohort Study. PLoS One. 2013;8(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057893

74.

Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Kerr CR, et al. How useful is thyroid function testing in patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation? Arch Intern Med. 1996;156(19):2221–4. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.156.19.2221.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Heeringa J, Hoogendoorn EH, van der Deure WM, et al. High-Normal Thyroid Function and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(20):2219. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.20.2219.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Zych J, Guerriaud M, Michiels Y. Amiodarone and thyroid dysfunction. Actual Pharm. 2019;58(591):46–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpha.2019.10.012.CrossRef

77.

Batcher EL, Tang XC, Singh BN, Singh SN, Reda DJ, Hershman JM. Thyroid Function Abnormalities during Amiodarone Therapy for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation. Am J Med. 2007;120(10):880–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.04.022.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Lewandowski K. Reference ranges for TSH and thyroid hormones. Thyroid Res. 2015;8(Suppl 1):A17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-6614-8-s1-a17.CrossRefPubMedCentral

79.

Shimizu T, Koide S, Noh JY, Sugino K, Ito K, Nakazawa H. Hyperthyroidism and the management of atrial fibrillation. Thyroid. 2002;12(6):489–93. https://doi.org/10.1089/105072502760143863.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Bahn RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: Management guidelines of the american thyroid association and American association of clinical endocrinoloigists. Endocr Pract. 2011;17(3):456–520. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.17.3.456.CrossRefPubMed

81.

Sivanandy P, Mey LC. Management of thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation - A case report. J Young Pharm. 2017;9(4):616–9. https://doi.org/10.5530/jyp.2017.9.117.CrossRef

82.

Burr WA, Griffiths RS, Ramsden DB, et al. Effect of a single dose of dexamethasone on serum concentrations of thyroid hormones. Lancet. 1976;308(7976):58–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(76)92283-2.CrossRef

83.

Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2021;42(5):373–498. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612.CrossRefPubMed

84.

De Souza MVL, Duarte MMT, Coeli CM, Vaisman M. Atrial fibrillation and hyperthyroidism: Relation between transoesophageal markers of a thrombogenic milieu and clinical risk factors for thromboembolism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;76(3):448–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04232.x.CrossRef

85.

Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lip GYH. Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182 678 patients with atrial fibrillation: The Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(12):1500–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr488.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Gorenek B, Boriani G, Dan GA, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) position paper on arrhythmia management and device therapies in endocrine disorders, endorsed by Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS). Europace. 2018;20(6):895–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euy051.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Naccarelli GV, Dell’Orfano JT, Wolbrette DL, Patel HM, Luck JC. Cost-effective management of acute atrial fibrillation: role of rate control, spontaneous conversion, medical and direct current cardioversion, transesophageal echocardiography, and antiembolic therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2000;85(10):36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(00)00905-X.CrossRef

88.

Shah AJ, Liu X, Jadidi AS, Haïssaguerre M. Early management of atrial fibrillation: From imaging to drugs to ablation. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7(6):345–54. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2010.49.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Ma CS, Liu X, Hu FL, et al. Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with hyperthyroidism. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2007;18(2):137–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10840-007-9088-y.CrossRefPubMed

90.

Siu CW, Jim MH, Zhang X, et al. Comparison of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence Rates After Successful Electrical Cardioversion in Patients With Hyperthyroidism-Induced Versus Non-Hyperthyroidism-Induced Persistent Atrial Fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(4):540–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.10.019.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Wongcharoen W, Lin Y-J, Chang S-L, et al. History of hyperthyroidism and long-term outcome of catheter ablation of drug-refractory atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12(9):1956–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.06.004.

92.

Nakazawa H, Lythall DA, Noh J, et al. Is there a place for the late cardioversion of atrial fibrillation? A long-term follow-up study of patients with post-thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2000;21(4):327–33. https://doi.org/10.1053/euhj.1999.1956.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: The bidirectional relationship of thyroid disease and atrial fibrillation: Established knowledge and future considerations
verfasst von: Alexandra Bekiaridou
Anastasios Kartas
Dimitrios V. Moysidis
Andreas S. Papazoglou
Amalia Baroutidou
Anastasios Papanastasiou
George Giannakoulas
Publikationsdatum: 02.02.2022
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders / Ausgabe 3/2022
Print ISSN: 1389-9155
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2606
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-022-09713-0

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

„Überwältigende“ Evidenz für Tripeltherapie beim metastasierten Prostata-Ca.

22.05.2024 Prostatakarzinom Nachrichten

Patienten mit metastasiertem hormonsensitivem Prostatakarzinom sollten nicht mehr mit einer alleinigen Androgendeprivationstherapie (ADT) behandelt werden, mahnt ein US-Team nach Sichtung der aktuellen Datenlage. Mit einer Tripeltherapie haben die Betroffenen offenbar die besten Überlebenschancen.

So sicher sind Tattoos: Neue Daten zur Risikobewertung

22.05.2024 Melanom Nachrichten

Das größte medizinische Problem bei Tattoos bleiben allergische Reaktionen. Melanome werden dadurch offensichtlich nicht gefördert, die Farbpigmente könnten aber andere Tumoren begünstigen.

CAR-M-Zellen: Warten auf das große Fressen

22.05.2024 Onkologische Immuntherapie Nachrichten

Auch myeloide Immunzellen lassen sich mit chimären Antigenrezeptoren gegen Tumoren ausstatten. Solche CAR-Fresszell-Therapien werden jetzt für solide Tumoren entwickelt. Künftig soll dieser Prozess nicht mehr ex vivo, sondern per mRNA im Körper der Betroffenen erfolgen.

Frühzeitige HbA1c-Kontrolle macht sich lebenslang bemerkbar

22.05.2024 Typ-2-Diabetes Nachrichten

Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes von Anfang an intensiv BZ-senkend zu behandeln, wirkt sich positiv auf Komplikationen und Mortalität aus – und das offenbar lebenslang, wie eine weitere Nachfolgeuntersuchung der UKPD-Studie nahelegt.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Die Highlights vom Kongress des American College of Cardiology 2024

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2022

Emerging roles of Galectin-3 in diabetes and diabetes complications: A snapshot

Metabolomic signatures after bariatric surgery – a systematic review

The role of transforming growth factor beta in thyroid autoimmunity: current knowledge and future perspectives

Factors influencing the levothyroxine dose in the hormone replacement therapy of primary hypothyroidism in adults

Fluorescence-guided detection of pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) tissue during endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery available agents, their potential, and technical aspects