Prevalence and associated risk factors of nocturia and subsequent mortality in 1,301 patients with type 2 diabetes

Of 1,301 consecutive subjects, 59.6 and 25.3 % reported having nocturia and severe nocturia, respectively. The presence and severity of nocturia increased with age and overactive bladder (OAB). The presence of OAB was 28.8 % in patients with nocturia and was significantly associated with nocturia (OR 2.26) after adjustment for age and duration of DM. The presence of stroke, calcium channel blocker use, hypertension, waist circumference greater than standard, albuminuria, and higher serum creatinine level, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein was associated with nocturia and severe nocturia after adjustment for age, duration of DM, and the presence of OAB. Higher estimated glomerular filtration rate, hemoglobin, serum albumin, and male gender were less likely to have nocturia (OR <1). Severe nocturia increased mortality (OR 1.93) independent of age and DM duration and has a higher mortality rate compared to those without severe nocturia (6.1 vs. 2.4 %, P = 0.001) in 2.5 years follow-up.