Introduction
Materials and methods
Protocol, support, and funding
Subjects
Early treatment (n = 18) | Late treatment (n = 14) | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | (Mean ± standard deviation) | 51 ± 19 | 52 ± 12 | 0.43 |
Gender | Male: female | 10:8 | 9:5 | 0.32 |
Height (cm) | (Mean ± standard deviation) | 163.4 ± 10.5 | 165.1 ± 9.2 | 0.59 |
Body weight (Kg) | (Mean ± standard deviation) | 62.2 ± 16.1 | 67.7 ± 10.3 | 0.17 |
Clinical symptoms | Number (%) | 18 (100) | 12 (85.7) | 0.07 |
Fever | Number (%) | 10 (55.6) | 8 (57.1) | 0.93 |
Time between onset of clinical symptoms and CT examination (days) | (Mean ± standard deviation) | 5.8 ± 3.3 | 5.9 ± 3.7 | 0.88 |
Quantitative indexes (%: mean ± standard deviation) | Normal lung | 86.6 ± 5.6 | 86.9 ± 7.9 | 0.56 |
GGO | 7.1 ± 4.7 | 7.1 ± 4.8 | 0.99 | |
Reticulation or crazy paving | 3.7 ± 3.8 | 4.2 ± 4.7 | 0.81 | |
Emphysema | 0.7 ± 1.7 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.59 | |
Nodular lesion | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.27 | |
Consolidation | 1.8 ± 2.3 | 1.2 ± 1.8 | 0.47 | |
Honeycombing | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.66 | |
CT disease severity score | (Mean ± standard deviation) | 5.6 ± 4.7 | 7.1 ± 3.9 | 0.24 |
CT examinations
Treatment procedures and patient outcomes
Image analysis
Quantitative radiological finding evaluation by machine learning software
Qualitative CT severity score assessment based on previously published scoring system
Statistical analysis
Results
Correlation coefficient (r) | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Quantitative index | % Normal lung | 0.08 | 0.64 |
% GGO | − 0.45 | 0.005 | |
% Reticulation | 0.12 | 0.47 | |
% Consolidation | 0.48 | 0.002 | |
% Emphysema | 0.06 | 0.71 | |
% Nodular lesion | − 0.13 | 0.45 | |
% Honeycombing | − 0.24 | 0.15 | |
Qualitative index | CT disease severity score | 0.46 | 0.009 |
TV | SE (%) | SP (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | AC (%) | Real early and late treatment groups (cases) | Viral clearance in the first 6 days (days) [median] | Duration of fever (≥ 37.5 °C or ≥ 37.0 °C) (days) [median] | Time duration until hospital discharge (days) [median] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Radiological prediction | % GGO | 4 days or less | 10.0 ≤ | 69.2 (9/13) | 89.5 (17/19) | 81.8 (9/11) | 81.0 (17/21) | 81.3 (26/32) | 6 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
More than 4 days | 26 | 5 | 3.5 | 23 | ||||||||
p value | N/A | N/A | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||||
% Consolidation | 4 days or less | ≤ 2.0 | 100.0 (13/13) | 52.6 (10/19) | 59.1 (13/22) | 100.0 (10/10) | 71.9 (23/32) | 12 | 4 | 2 | 16 | |
More than 4 days | 20 | 5 | 3.5 | 23.5 | ||||||||
p value | N/A | N/A | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.008 | |||||||
Combined method | 4 days or less | 0.45 < | 92.3 (12/13) | 84.2 (16/19) | 80.0 (12/15) | 94.1 (16/17) | 87.5 (28/32) | 10 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 16 | |
More than 4 days | 22 | 5 | 4 | 23 | ||||||||
p value | N/A | N/A | 0.007 | < 0.0001 | 0.02 | |||||||
CT disease severity score | 4 days or less | ≤ 4 | 61.5 (8/13) | 63.2 (12/19) | 57.1 (8/14) | 70.6 (12/17) | 62.5 (20/32) | 7 | 3 | 1.5 | 18 | |
More than 4 days | 25 | 5 | 3.5 | 24 | ||||||||
p value | N/A | GGO: p = 0.03, Combined method: p = 0.008 | N/A | 0.04 | 0.001 | 0.12 | ||||||
Patients whose time until CT equal to or less than 4 days in early treatment group vs. patients assessed as time until CT more than 4 days in early treatment group and all patients in late treatment group | 4 days or less | N/A | 6 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 15 | ||||||
More than 4 days | 26 | 5 | 3.5 | 23 | ||||||||
p value | N/A | 0.04 | 0.0007 | 0.004 |
TV | SE (%) | SP (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | AC (%) | Real early and late treatment groups (cases) | Viral clearance in the first 6 days (days) [median] | Duration of fever (≥ 37.5 °C or ≥ 37.0 °C) (days) [median] | Time duration until hospital discharge (days) [median] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Radiological prediction | % GGO | 5 days or less | 10.0 ≤ | 55.6 (10/18) | 92.9 (13/14) | 90.9 (10/11) | 61.9 (13/21) | 71.9 (23/32) | 6 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
More than 5 days | 26 | 5 | 4 | 23 | ||||||||
p value | N/A | % Consolidation: p = 0.02, Combined method: p = 0.02 | N/A | N/A | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
% Consolidation | 5 days or less | ≤ 2.0 | 94.4 (17/18) | 57.1 (8/14) | 73.9 (17/23) | 88.9 (8/9) | 78.1 (25/32) | 12 | 4 | 2 | 16 | |
More than 5 days | 20 | 5 | 3.5 | 23.5 | ||||||||
p value | N/A | N/A | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.008 | |||||||
Combined method | 5 days or less | 0.40 < | 94.4 (17/18) | 57.1 (8/14) | 73.9 (17/23) | 88.9 (8/9) | 78.1 (25/32) | 11 | 4 | 2 | 16 | |
More than 5 days | 21 | 5 | 4 | 23 | ||||||||
p value | N/A | N/A | 0.02 | 0.0003 | 0.008 | |||||||
CT disease severity score | 5 days or less | ≤ 4 | 72.2 (13/18) | 85.7 (12/14) | 86.7 (13/15) | 70.6 (12/17) | 78.1 (25/32) | 7 | 3 | 2 | 15 | |
More than 5 days | 25 | 5 | 3.5 | 23 | ||||||||
p value | N/A | N/A | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||||||
Patients whose time until CT equal to or less than 5 days in early treatment group vs. patients assessed as time until CT more than 5 days in early treatment group and all patients in late treatment group | 5 days or less | N/A | 8 | 4 | 2 | 15.5 | ||||||
More than 5 days | 24 | 5 | 3 | 23 | ||||||||
p value | N/A | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.002 |
TV | SE (%) | SP (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | AC (%) | Real early and late treatment groups (cases) | Viral clearance in the first 6 days (days) [median] | Duration of fever (≥ 37.5 °C or ≥ 37.0 °C) (days) [median] | Time duration until hospital discharge (days) [median] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Radiological prediction | % GGO | 6 days or less | 8 ≤ | 73.7 (14/19) | 76.9 (10/13) | 82.4 (14/17) | 66.7 (10/15) | 75.0 (24/32) | 11 | 4 | 4 | 16 |
More than 6 days | 21 | 5 | 3 | 23 | ||||||||
p value | N/A | N/A | 0.13 | 0.67 | 0.03 | |||||||
% Consolidation | 6 days or less | < 0.33 | 94.4 (15/19) | 76.9 (10/13) | 83.3 (15/18) | 71.4 (10/14) | 78.1 (25/32) | 9 | 4 | 1.5 | 15 | |
More than 6 days | 23 | 5 | 3 | 22.5 | ||||||||
p value | N/A | N/A | 0.1 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |||||||
Combined method | 6 days or less | 0.40 < | 94.7 (18/19) | 61.5 (8/13) | 78.3 (18/23) | 88.9 (8/9) | 81.3 (26/32) | 11 | 4 | 2 | 16 | |
More than 6 days | 21 | 5 | 3.5 | 23 | ||||||||
p value | N/A | N/A | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.02 | |||||||
CT disease severity score | 6 days or less | ≤ 5 | 73.7 (14/19) | 84.6 (11/13) | 87.5 (14/16) | 68.8 (11/16) | 78.1 (25/32) | 7 | 3 | 2.5 | 15 | |
More than 6 days | 25 | 5 | 3.5 | 23 | ||||||||
p value | N/A | N/A | 0.04 | 0.1 | 0.01 | |||||||
Patients whose time until CT equal to or less than 6 days in early treatment group vs. patients assessed as time until CT more than 6 days in early treatment group and all patients in late treatment group | 6 days or less | N/A | 9 | 4 | 2 | 15 | ||||||
More than 6 days | 23 | 5 | 3 | 23 | ||||||||
p value | N/A | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.0004 |