Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Rheumatology Reports 5/2018

01.05.2018 | Spondyloarthritis (M Khan, Section Editor)

Functional Defects of Treg Cells: New Targets in Rheumatic Diseases, Including Ankylosing Spondylitis

verfasst von: Jinlin Miao, Ping Zhu

Erschienen in: Current Rheumatology Reports | Ausgabe 5/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of review

This study aims to review the advances of Treg cell biology, the functional defects of Treg cells, and the potential strategies for the experimental, preclinical or clinical application of Treg cell therapy in the context of autoimmune/immune-mediated rheumatic diseases.

Recent findings

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are a phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous subset of lymphocytes that prevent a variety of autoimmune diseases. As in many autoimmune diseases, the functional defects of Treg cells are supposed to play relevant roles in the pathogenesis and development of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and other autoimmune/immune-mediated rheumatic diseases. Consequently, manipulation and modulation of Treg cells represent a potent strategy for therapeutic benefit in many such diseases.

Summary

A further understanding of the functional defects of Treg cells in rheumatic diseases will contribute to find new targets and therapies in rheumatic diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakaguchi S, Miyara M, Costantino CM, Hafler DA. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the human immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10(7):490–500.PubMedCrossRef Sakaguchi S, Miyara M, Costantino CM, Hafler DA. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the human immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10(7):490–500.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakaguchi S, Sakaguchi N, Asano M, Itoh M, Toda M. Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases. J Immunol. 1995;155(3):1151–64.PubMed Sakaguchi S, Sakaguchi N, Asano M, Itoh M, Toda M. Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases. J Immunol. 1995;155(3):1151–64.PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Hori S, Nomura T, Sakaguchi S. Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3. Science. 2003;299(5609):1057–61.PubMedCrossRef Hori S, Nomura T, Sakaguchi S. Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3. Science. 2003;299(5609):1057–61.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Fontenot JD, Gavin MA, Rudensky AY. Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol. 2003;4(4):330–6.PubMedCrossRef Fontenot JD, Gavin MA, Rudensky AY. Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol. 2003;4(4):330–6.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakaguchi S, Yamaguchi T, Nomura T, Ono M. Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance. Cell. 2008;133(5):775–87.PubMedCrossRef Sakaguchi S, Yamaguchi T, Nomura T, Ono M. Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance. Cell. 2008;133(5):775–87.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Hsieh CS, Lee HM, Lio CW. Selection of regulatory T cells in the thymus. Nat Rev Immunol. 2012;12(3):157–67.PubMedCrossRef Hsieh CS, Lee HM, Lio CW. Selection of regulatory T cells in the thymus. Nat Rev Immunol. 2012;12(3):157–67.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Wing K, Sakaguchi S. Regulatory T cells exert checks and balances on self tolerance and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol. 2010;11(1):7–13.PubMedCrossRef Wing K, Sakaguchi S. Regulatory T cells exert checks and balances on self tolerance and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol. 2010;11(1):7–13.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Prakken B, Ellen W, van Wijk F. Editorial: quality or quantity? Unraveling the role of Treg cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(3):552–4.PubMedCrossRef Prakken B, Ellen W, van Wijk F. Editorial: quality or quantity? Unraveling the role of Treg cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(3):552–4.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Scheinecker C, Bonelli M, Smolen JS. Pathogenetic aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus with an emphasis on regulatory T cells. J Autoimmun. 2010;35(3):269–75.PubMedCrossRef Scheinecker C, Bonelli M, Smolen JS. Pathogenetic aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus with an emphasis on regulatory T cells. J Autoimmun. 2010;35(3):269–75.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamada A, Arakaki R, Saito M, Tsunematsu T, Kudo Y, Ishimaru N. Role of regulatory T cell in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(7):2195–205.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yamada A, Arakaki R, Saito M, Tsunematsu T, Kudo Y, Ishimaru N. Role of regulatory T cell in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(7):2195–205.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat • Guo H, Zheng M, Zhang K, et al. Functional defects in CD4+ CD25high FoxP3+ regulatory cells in ankylosing spondylitis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:37559. This study shows that functional defects of Treg cells are present in AS patients, that may be caused by abnormal of IL-2 signaling and CNS2 methylation. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef • Guo H, Zheng M, Zhang K, et al. Functional defects in CD4+ CD25high FoxP3+ regulatory cells in ankylosing spondylitis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:37559. This study shows that functional defects of Treg cells are present in AS patients, that may be caused by abnormal of IL-2 signaling and CNS2 methylation. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Haribhai D, Lin W, Edwards B, Ziegelbauer J, Salzman NH, Carlson MR, et al. A central role for induced regulatory T cells in tolerance induction in experimental colitis. J Immunol. 2009;182(6):3461–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Haribhai D, Lin W, Edwards B, Ziegelbauer J, Salzman NH, Carlson MR, et al. A central role for induced regulatory T cells in tolerance induction in experimental colitis. J Immunol. 2009;182(6):3461–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Malek TR, Bayer AL. Tolerance, not immunity, crucially depends on IL-2. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004;4(9):665–74.PubMedCrossRef Malek TR, Bayer AL. Tolerance, not immunity, crucially depends on IL-2. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004;4(9):665–74.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Zorn E, Nelson EA, Mohseni M, Porcheray F, Kim H, Litsa D, et al. IL-2 regulates FOXP3 expression in human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells through a STAT-dependent mechanism and induces the expansion of these cells in vivo. Blood. 2006;108(5):1571–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zorn E, Nelson EA, Mohseni M, Porcheray F, Kim H, Litsa D, et al. IL-2 regulates FOXP3 expression in human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells through a STAT-dependent mechanism and induces the expansion of these cells in vivo. Blood. 2006;108(5):1571–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Suzuki H, Kundig TM, Furlonger C, Wakeham A, Timms E, Matsuyama T, et al. Deregulated T cell activation and autoimmunity in mice lacking interleukin-2 receptor beta. Science. 1995;268(5216):1472–6.PubMedCrossRef Suzuki H, Kundig TM, Furlonger C, Wakeham A, Timms E, Matsuyama T, et al. Deregulated T cell activation and autoimmunity in mice lacking interleukin-2 receptor beta. Science. 1995;268(5216):1472–6.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Malek TR, Yu A, Vincek V, Scibelli P, Kong L. CD4 regulatory T cells prevent lethal autoimmunity in IL-2Rbeta-deficient mice. Implications for the nonredundant function of IL-2. Immunity. 2002;17(2):167–78.PubMedCrossRef Malek TR, Yu A, Vincek V, Scibelli P, Kong L. CD4 regulatory T cells prevent lethal autoimmunity in IL-2Rbeta-deficient mice. Implications for the nonredundant function of IL-2. Immunity. 2002;17(2):167–78.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Almeida AR, Legrand N, Papiernik M, Freitas AA. Homeostasis of peripheral CD4+ T cells: IL-2R alpha and IL-2 shape a population of regulatory cells that controls CD4+ T cell numbers. J Immunol. 2002;169(9):4850–60.PubMedCrossRef Almeida AR, Legrand N, Papiernik M, Freitas AA. Homeostasis of peripheral CD4+ T cells: IL-2R alpha and IL-2 shape a population of regulatory cells that controls CD4+ T cell numbers. J Immunol. 2002;169(9):4850–60.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Lourenco EV, La Cava A. Natural regulatory T cells in autoimmunity. Autoimmunity. 2011;44(1):33–42.PubMedCrossRef Lourenco EV, La Cava A. Natural regulatory T cells in autoimmunity. Autoimmunity. 2011;44(1):33–42.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Roncarolo MG, Gregori S, Bacchetta R, Battaglia M. Tr1 cells and the counter-regulation of immunity: natural mechanisms and therapeutic applications. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2014;380:39–68.PubMed Roncarolo MG, Gregori S, Bacchetta R, Battaglia M. Tr1 cells and the counter-regulation of immunity: natural mechanisms and therapeutic applications. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2014;380:39–68.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang J, Ioan-Facsinay A, van der Voort EI, Huizinga TW, Toes RE. Transient expression of FOXP3 in human activated nonregulatory CD4+ T cells. Eur J Immunol. 2007;37(1):129–38.PubMedCrossRef Wang J, Ioan-Facsinay A, van der Voort EI, Huizinga TW, Toes RE. Transient expression of FOXP3 in human activated nonregulatory CD4+ T cells. Eur J Immunol. 2007;37(1):129–38.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Floess S, Freyer J, Siewert C, Baron U, Olek S, Polansky J, et al. Epigenetic control of the foxp3 locus in regulatory T cells. PLoS Biol. 2007;5(2):e38.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Floess S, Freyer J, Siewert C, Baron U, Olek S, Polansky J, et al. Epigenetic control of the foxp3 locus in regulatory T cells. PLoS Biol. 2007;5(2):e38.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Polansky JK, Schreiber L, Thelemann C, Ludwig L, Krüger M, Baumgrass R, et al. Methylation matters: binding of Ets-1 to the demethylated Foxp3 gene contributes to the stabilization of Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cells. J Mol Med (Berl). 2010;88(10):1029–40.CrossRef Polansky JK, Schreiber L, Thelemann C, Ludwig L, Krüger M, Baumgrass R, et al. Methylation matters: binding of Ets-1 to the demethylated Foxp3 gene contributes to the stabilization of Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cells. J Mol Med (Berl). 2010;88(10):1029–40.CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim HP, Leonard WJ. CREB/ATF-dependent T cell receptor-induced FoxP3 gene expression: a role for DNA methylation. J Exp Med. 2007;204(7):1543–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kim HP, Leonard WJ. CREB/ATF-dependent T cell receptor-induced FoxP3 gene expression: a role for DNA methylation. J Exp Med. 2007;204(7):1543–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Sojka DK, Huang YH, Fowell DJ. Mechanisms of regulatory T-cell suppression - a diverse arsenal for a moving target. Immunology. 2008;124(1):13–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sojka DK, Huang YH, Fowell DJ. Mechanisms of regulatory T-cell suppression - a diverse arsenal for a moving target. Immunology. 2008;124(1):13–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Onishi Y, Fehervari Z, Yamaguchi T, Sakaguchi S. Foxp3+ natural regulatory T cells preferentially form aggregates on dendritic cells in vitro and actively inhibit their maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(29):10113–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Onishi Y, Fehervari Z, Yamaguchi T, Sakaguchi S. Foxp3+ natural regulatory T cells preferentially form aggregates on dendritic cells in vitro and actively inhibit their maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(29):10113–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Wing K, Onishi Y, Prieto-Martin P, Yamaguchi T, Miyara M, Fehervari Z, et al. CTLA-4 control over Foxp3+ regulatory T cell function. Science. 2008;322(5899):271–5.PubMedCrossRef Wing K, Onishi Y, Prieto-Martin P, Yamaguchi T, Miyara M, Fehervari Z, et al. CTLA-4 control over Foxp3+ regulatory T cell function. Science. 2008;322(5899):271–5.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Sarris M, Andersen KG, Randow F, Mayr L, Betz AG. Neuropilin-1 expression on regulatory T cells enhances their interactions with dendritic cells during antigen recognition. Immunity. 2008;28(3):402–13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sarris M, Andersen KG, Randow F, Mayr L, Betz AG. Neuropilin-1 expression on regulatory T cells enhances their interactions with dendritic cells during antigen recognition. Immunity. 2008;28(3):402–13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Busse D, de la Rosa M, Hobiger K, Thurley K, Flossdorf M, Scheffold A, et al. Competing feedback loops shape IL-2 signaling between helper and regulatory T lymphocytes in cellular microenvironments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(7):3058–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Busse D, de la Rosa M, Hobiger K, Thurley K, Flossdorf M, Scheffold A, et al. Competing feedback loops shape IL-2 signaling between helper and regulatory T lymphocytes in cellular microenvironments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(7):3058–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakamura K, Kitani A, Fuss I, Pedersen A, Harada N, Nawata H, et al. TGF-beta 1 plays an important role in the mechanism of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell activity in both humans and mice. J Immunol. 2004;172(2):834–42.PubMedCrossRef Nakamura K, Kitani A, Fuss I, Pedersen A, Harada N, Nawata H, et al. TGF-beta 1 plays an important role in the mechanism of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell activity in both humans and mice. J Immunol. 2004;172(2):834–42.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Mirlekar B, Patil S, Bopanna R, Chattopadhyay S. MAR binding protein SMAR1 favors IL-10 mediated regulatory T cell function in acute colitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015;464(2):647–53.PubMedCrossRef Mirlekar B, Patil S, Bopanna R, Chattopadhyay S. MAR binding protein SMAR1 favors IL-10 mediated regulatory T cell function in acute colitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015;464(2):647–53.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Joetham A, Takeda K, Taube C, et al. Naturally occurring lung CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell regulation of airway allergic responses depends on IL-10 induction of TGF-beta. J Immunol. 2007;178(3):1433–42.PubMedCrossRef Joetham A, Takeda K, Taube C, et al. Naturally occurring lung CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell regulation of airway allergic responses depends on IL-10 induction of TGF-beta. J Immunol. 2007;178(3):1433–42.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakamura K, Kitani A, Strober W. Cell contact-dependent immunosuppression by CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells is mediated by cell surface-bound transforming growth factor beta. J Exp Med. 2001;194(5):629–44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Nakamura K, Kitani A, Strober W. Cell contact-dependent immunosuppression by CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells is mediated by cell surface-bound transforming growth factor beta. J Exp Med. 2001;194(5):629–44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Green EA, Gorelik L, McGregor CM, Tran EH, Flavell RA. CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells control anti-islet CD8+ T cells through TGF-beta-TGF-beta receptor interactions in type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(19):10878–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Green EA, Gorelik L, McGregor CM, Tran EH, Flavell RA. CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells control anti-islet CD8+ T cells through TGF-beta-TGF-beta receptor interactions in type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(19):10878–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Collison LW, Workman CJ, Kuo TT, Boyd K, Wang Y, Vignali KM, et al. The inhibitory cytokine IL-35 contributes to regulatory T-cell function. Nature. 2007;450(7169):566–9.PubMedCrossRef Collison LW, Workman CJ, Kuo TT, Boyd K, Wang Y, Vignali KM, et al. The inhibitory cytokine IL-35 contributes to regulatory T-cell function. Nature. 2007;450(7169):566–9.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Bardel E, Larousserie F, Charlot-Rabiega P, Coulomb-L’Hermine A, Devergne O. Human CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells do not constitutively express IL-35. J Immunol. 2008;181(10):6898–905.PubMedCrossRef Bardel E, Larousserie F, Charlot-Rabiega P, Coulomb-L’Hermine A, Devergne O. Human CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells do not constitutively express IL-35. J Immunol. 2008;181(10):6898–905.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Thiolat A, Denys A, Petit M, Biton J, Lemeiter D, Herve R, et al. Interleukin-35 gene therapy exacerbates experimental rheumatoid arthritis in mice. Cytokine. 2014;69(1):87–93.PubMedCrossRef Thiolat A, Denys A, Petit M, Biton J, Lemeiter D, Herve R, et al. Interleukin-35 gene therapy exacerbates experimental rheumatoid arthritis in mice. Cytokine. 2014;69(1):87–93.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Wildin RS, Ramsdell F, Peake J, Faravelli F, Casanova JL, Buist N, et al. X-linked neonatal diabetes mellitus, enteropathy and endocrinopathy syndrome is the human equivalent of mouse scurfy. Nat Genet. 2001;27(1):18–20.PubMedCrossRef Wildin RS, Ramsdell F, Peake J, Faravelli F, Casanova JL, Buist N, et al. X-linked neonatal diabetes mellitus, enteropathy and endocrinopathy syndrome is the human equivalent of mouse scurfy. Nat Genet. 2001;27(1):18–20.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanchez E, Rueda B, Orozco G, et al. Analysis of a GT microsatellite in the promoter of the foxp3/scurfin gene in autoimmune diseases. Hum Immunol. 2005;66(8):869–73.PubMedCrossRef Sanchez E, Rueda B, Orozco G, et al. Analysis of a GT microsatellite in the promoter of the foxp3/scurfin gene in autoimmune diseases. Hum Immunol. 2005;66(8):869–73.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin YC, Lee JH, Wu AS, et al. Association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in FOXP3 gene with systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility: a case-control study. Lupus. 2011;20(2):137–43.PubMedCrossRef Lin YC, Lee JH, Wu AS, et al. Association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in FOXP3 gene with systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility: a case-control study. Lupus. 2011;20(2):137–43.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Howson JM, Walker NM, Smyth DJ, Todd JA. Analysis of 19 genes for association with type I diabetes in the type I diabetes genetics consortium families. Genes Immun. 2009;10(Suppl 1):S74–84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Howson JM, Walker NM, Smyth DJ, Todd JA. Analysis of 19 genes for association with type I diabetes in the type I diabetes genetics consortium families. Genes Immun. 2009;10(Suppl 1):S74–84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Dal Ben ER, Do PC, Baptista TS, Bauer ME, Staub HL. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome have decreased numbers of circulating CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg and CD3(−)CD19(+) B cells. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2014;54(3):241–6.PubMedCrossRef Dal Ben ER, Do PC, Baptista TS, Bauer ME, Staub HL. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome have decreased numbers of circulating CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg and CD3(−)CD19(+) B cells. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2014;54(3):241–6.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Szmyrka-Kaczmarek M, Kosmaczewska A, Ciszak L, Szteblich A, Wiland P. Peripheral blood Th17/Treg imbalance in patients with low-active systemic lupus erythematosus. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2014;68:893–8.CrossRef Szmyrka-Kaczmarek M, Kosmaczewska A, Ciszak L, Szteblich A, Wiland P. Peripheral blood Th17/Treg imbalance in patients with low-active systemic lupus erythematosus. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2014;68:893–8.CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Miyara M, Amoura Z, Parizot C, Badoual C, Dorgham K, Trad S, et al. Global natural regulatory T cell depletion in active systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol. 2005;175(12):8392–400.PubMedCrossRef Miyara M, Amoura Z, Parizot C, Badoual C, Dorgham K, Trad S, et al. Global natural regulatory T cell depletion in active systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol. 2005;175(12):8392–400.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Crispin JC, Martinez A, Alcocer-Varela J. Quantification of regulatory T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun. 2003;21(3):273–6.PubMedCrossRef Crispin JC, Martinez A, Alcocer-Varela J. Quantification of regulatory T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun. 2003;21(3):273–6.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Valencia X, Yarboro C, Illei G, Lipsky PE. Deficient CD4+CD25high T regulatory cell function in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol. 2007;178(4):2579–88.PubMedCrossRef Valencia X, Yarboro C, Illei G, Lipsky PE. Deficient CD4+CD25high T regulatory cell function in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol. 2007;178(4):2579–88.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Suarez A, Lopez P, Gomez J, Gutierrez C. Enrichment of CD4+ CD25high T cell population in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with glucocorticoids. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(11):1512–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Suarez A, Lopez P, Gomez J, Gutierrez C. Enrichment of CD4+ CD25high T cell population in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with glucocorticoids. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(11):1512–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonelli M, Savitskaya A, von Dalwigk K, Steiner CW, Aletaha D, Smolen JS, et al. Quantitative and qualitative deficiencies of regulatory T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Int Immunol. 2008;20(7):861–8.PubMedCrossRef Bonelli M, Savitskaya A, von Dalwigk K, Steiner CW, Aletaha D, Smolen JS, et al. Quantitative and qualitative deficiencies of regulatory T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Int Immunol. 2008;20(7):861–8.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Cao D, van Vollenhoven R, Klareskog L, Trollmo C, Malmstrom V. CD25brightCD4+ regulatory T cells are enriched in inflamed joints of patients with chronic rheumatic disease. Arthritis Res Ther. 2004;6(4):R335–46.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cao D, van Vollenhoven R, Klareskog L, Trollmo C, Malmstrom V. CD25brightCD4+ regulatory T cells are enriched in inflamed joints of patients with chronic rheumatic disease. Arthritis Res Ther. 2004;6(4):R335–46.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Jiao Z, Wang W, Jia R, Li J, You H, Chen L, et al. Accumulation of FoxP3-expressing CD4+CD25+ T cells with distinct chemokine receptors in synovial fluid of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2007;36(6):428–33.PubMedCrossRef Jiao Z, Wang W, Jia R, Li J, You H, Chen L, et al. Accumulation of FoxP3-expressing CD4+CD25+ T cells with distinct chemokine receptors in synovial fluid of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2007;36(6):428–33.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Sempere-Ortells JM, Perez-Garcia V, Marin-Alberca G, et al. Quantification and phenotype of regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis according to disease activity score-28. Autoimmunity. 2009;42(8):636–45.PubMedCrossRef Sempere-Ortells JM, Perez-Garcia V, Marin-Alberca G, et al. Quantification and phenotype of regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis according to disease activity score-28. Autoimmunity. 2009;42(8):636–45.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Kawashiri SY, Kawakami A, Okada A, et al. CD4+CD25(high)CD127(low/−) Treg cell frequency from peripheral blood correlates with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2011;38(12):2517–21.PubMedCrossRef Kawashiri SY, Kawakami A, Okada A, et al. CD4+CD25(high)CD127(low/−) Treg cell frequency from peripheral blood correlates with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2011;38(12):2517–21.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Niu Q, Cai B, Huang ZC, Shi YY, Wang LL. Disturbed Th17/Treg balance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(9):2731–6.PubMedCrossRef Niu Q, Cai B, Huang ZC, Shi YY, Wang LL. Disturbed Th17/Treg balance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(9):2731–6.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Samson M, Audia S, Janikashvili N, Ciudad M, Trad M, Fraszczak J, et al. Brief report: inhibition of interleukin-6 function corrects Th17/Treg cell imbalance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(8):2499–503.PubMedCrossRef Samson M, Audia S, Janikashvili N, Ciudad M, Trad M, Fraszczak J, et al. Brief report: inhibition of interleukin-6 function corrects Th17/Treg cell imbalance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(8):2499–503.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Lina C, Conghua W, Nan L, Ping Z. Combined treatment of etanercept and MTX reverses Th1/Th2, Th17/Treg imbalance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Immunol. 2011;31(4):596–605.PubMedCrossRef Lina C, Conghua W, Nan L, Ping Z. Combined treatment of etanercept and MTX reverses Th1/Th2, Th17/Treg imbalance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Immunol. 2011;31(4):596–605.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Cao D, Malmstrom V, Baecher-Allan C, et al. Isolation and functional characterization of regulatory CD25brightCD4+ T cells from the target organ of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol. 2003;33(1):215–23.PubMedCrossRef Cao D, Malmstrom V, Baecher-Allan C, et al. Isolation and functional characterization of regulatory CD25brightCD4+ T cells from the target organ of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol. 2003;33(1):215–23.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Mottonen M, Heikkinen J, Mustonen L, Isomaki P, Luukkainen R, Lassila O. CD4+ CD25+ T cells with the phenotypic and functional characteristics of regulatory T cells are enriched in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;140(2):360–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mottonen M, Heikkinen J, Mustonen L, Isomaki P, Luukkainen R, Lassila O. CD4+ CD25+ T cells with the phenotypic and functional characteristics of regulatory T cells are enriched in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;140(2):360–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu MF, Wang CR, Fung LL, Lin LH, Tsai CN. The presence of cytokine-suppressive CD4+CD25+ T cells in the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Immunol. 2005;62(3):312–7.PubMedCrossRef Liu MF, Wang CR, Fung LL, Lin LH, Tsai CN. The presence of cytokine-suppressive CD4+CD25+ T cells in the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Immunol. 2005;62(3):312–7.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Dejaco C, Duftner C, Klauser A, Schirmer M. Altered T-cell subtypes in spondyloarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Rheumatol Int. 2010;30(3):297–303.PubMedCrossRef Dejaco C, Duftner C, Klauser A, Schirmer M. Altered T-cell subtypes in spondyloarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Rheumatol Int. 2010;30(3):297–303.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin SC, Chen KH, Lin CH, Kuo CC, Ling QD, Chan CH. The quantitative analysis of peripheral blood FOXP3-expressing T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Eur J Clin Investig. 2007;37(12):987–96.CrossRef Lin SC, Chen KH, Lin CH, Kuo CC, Ling QD, Chan CH. The quantitative analysis of peripheral blood FOXP3-expressing T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Eur J Clin Investig. 2007;37(12):987–96.CrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Ji L, Geng Y, Zhou W, Zhang Z. A study on relationship among apoptosis rates, number of peripheral T cell subtypes and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2016;19(2):167–71.PubMedCrossRef Ji L, Geng Y, Zhou W, Zhang Z. A study on relationship among apoptosis rates, number of peripheral T cell subtypes and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2016;19(2):167–71.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Dombrecht EJ, Aerts NE, Schuerwegh AJ, Hagendorens MM, Ebo DG, van Offel J, et al. Influence of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy (adalimumab) on regulatory T cells and dendritic cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006;24(1):31–7.PubMed Dombrecht EJ, Aerts NE, Schuerwegh AJ, Hagendorens MM, Ebo DG, van Offel J, et al. Influence of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy (adalimumab) on regulatory T cells and dendritic cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006;24(1):31–7.PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat van Amelsfort JM, Jacobs KM, Bijlsma JW, Lafeber FP, Taams LS. CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis: differences in the presence, phenotype, and function between peripheral blood and synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(9):2775–85.PubMedCrossRef van Amelsfort JM, Jacobs KM, Bijlsma JW, Lafeber FP, Taams LS. CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis: differences in the presence, phenotype, and function between peripheral blood and synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(9):2775–85.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Han GM, O’Neil-Andersen NJ, Zurier RB, Lawrence DA. CD4+CD25high T cell numbers are enriched in the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Immunol. 2008;253(1–2):92–101.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Han GM, O’Neil-Andersen NJ, Zurier RB, Lawrence DA. CD4+CD25high T cell numbers are enriched in the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Immunol. 2008;253(1–2):92–101.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat van Amelsfort JM, van Roon JA, Noordegraaf M, et al. Proinflammatory mediator-induced reversal of CD4+,CD25+ regulatory T cell-mediated suppression in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(3):732–42.PubMedCrossRef van Amelsfort JM, van Roon JA, Noordegraaf M, et al. Proinflammatory mediator-induced reversal of CD4+,CD25+ regulatory T cell-mediated suppression in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(3):732–42.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Cao D, Borjesson O, Larsson P, Rudin A, Gunnarsson I, Klareskog L, et al. FOXP3 identifies regulatory CD25bright CD4+ T cells in rheumatic joints. Scand J Immunol. 2006;63(6):444–52.PubMedCrossRef Cao D, Borjesson O, Larsson P, Rudin A, Gunnarsson I, Klareskog L, et al. FOXP3 identifies regulatory CD25bright CD4+ T cells in rheumatic joints. Scand J Immunol. 2006;63(6):444–52.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Moradi B, Schnatzer P, Hagmann S, Rosshirt N, Gotterbarm T, Kretzer J, et al. CD4(+)CD25(+)/highCD127low/(−) regulatory T cells are enriched in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis joints—analysis of frequency and phenotype in synovial membrane, synovial fluid and peripheral blood. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(2):R97.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Moradi B, Schnatzer P, Hagmann S, Rosshirt N, Gotterbarm T, Kretzer J, et al. CD4(+)CD25(+)/highCD127low/(−) regulatory T cells are enriched in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis joints—analysis of frequency and phenotype in synovial membrane, synovial fluid and peripheral blood. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(2):R97.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Rapetti L, Chavele KM, Evans CM, Ehrenstein MR. B cell resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis contributes to their ineffective control by regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(1):294–302.PubMedCrossRef Rapetti L, Chavele KM, Evans CM, Ehrenstein MR. B cell resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis contributes to their ineffective control by regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(1):294–302.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Ehrenstein MR, Evans JG, Singh A, Moore S, Warnes G, Isenberg DA, et al. Compromised function of regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis and reversal by anti-TNFalpha therapy. J Exp Med. 2004;200(3):277–85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ehrenstein MR, Evans JG, Singh A, Moore S, Warnes G, Isenberg DA, et al. Compromised function of regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis and reversal by anti-TNFalpha therapy. J Exp Med. 2004;200(3):277–85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Flores-Borja F, Jury EC, Mauri C, Ehrenstein MR. Defects in CTLA-4 are associated with abnormal regulatory T cell function in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(49):19396–401.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Flores-Borja F, Jury EC, Mauri C, Ehrenstein MR. Defects in CTLA-4 are associated with abnormal regulatory T cell function in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(49):19396–401.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Nadkarni S, Mauri C, Ehrenstein MR. Anti-TNF-alpha therapy induces a distinct regulatory T cell population in patients with rheumatoid arthritis via TGF-beta. J Exp Med. 2007;204(1):33–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Nadkarni S, Mauri C, Ehrenstein MR. Anti-TNF-alpha therapy induces a distinct regulatory T cell population in patients with rheumatoid arthritis via TGF-beta. J Exp Med. 2007;204(1):33–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen L, Ridley A, Hammitzsch A, al-Mossawi MH, Bunting H, Georgiadis D, et al. Silencing or inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) suppresses free heavy chain expression and Th17 responses in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(5):916–23.PubMedCrossRef Chen L, Ridley A, Hammitzsch A, al-Mossawi MH, Bunting H, Georgiadis D, et al. Silencing or inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) suppresses free heavy chain expression and Th17 responses in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(5):916–23.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Walter GJ, Evans HG, Menon B, Gullick NJ, Kirkham BW, Cope AP, et al. Interaction with activated monocytes enhances cytokine expression and suppressive activity of human CD4+CD45ro+CD25+CD127(low) regulatory T cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(3):627–38.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Walter GJ, Evans HG, Menon B, Gullick NJ, Kirkham BW, Cope AP, et al. Interaction with activated monocytes enhances cytokine expression and suppressive activity of human CD4+CD45ro+CD25+CD127(low) regulatory T cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(3):627–38.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang C, Liao Q, Hu Y, Zhong D. T lymphocyte subset imbalances in patients contribute to ankylosing spondylitis. Exp Ther Med. 2015;9(1):250–6.PubMedCrossRef Wang C, Liao Q, Hu Y, Zhong D. T lymphocyte subset imbalances in patients contribute to ankylosing spondylitis. Exp Ther Med. 2015;9(1):250–6.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Jandus C, Bioley G, Rivals JP, Dudler J, Speiser D, Romero P. Increased numbers of circulating polyfunctional Th17 memory cells in patients with seronegative spondylarthritides. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(8):2307–17.PubMedCrossRef Jandus C, Bioley G, Rivals JP, Dudler J, Speiser D, Romero P. Increased numbers of circulating polyfunctional Th17 memory cells in patients with seronegative spondylarthritides. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(8):2307–17.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Ye L, Goodall JC, Zhang L, Putintseva EV, Lam B, Jiang L, et al. TCR usage, gene expression and function of two distinct FOXP3(+)Treg subsets within CD4(+)CD25(hi) T cells identified by expression of CD39 and CD45RO. Immunol Cell Biol. 2016;94(3):293–305.PubMedCrossRef Ye L, Goodall JC, Zhang L, Putintseva EV, Lam B, Jiang L, et al. TCR usage, gene expression and function of two distinct FOXP3(+)Treg subsets within CD4(+)CD25(hi) T cells identified by expression of CD39 and CD45RO. Immunol Cell Biol. 2016;94(3):293–305.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu Y, Ren M, Yang R, Liang X, Ma Y, Tang Y, et al. Reduced immunomodulation potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells induced CCR4+CCR6+ Th/Treg cell subset imbalance in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(1):R29.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wu Y, Ren M, Yang R, Liang X, Ma Y, Tang Y, et al. Reduced immunomodulation potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells induced CCR4+CCR6+ Th/Treg cell subset imbalance in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(1):R29.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao SS, Hu JW, Wang J, Lou XJ, Zhou LL. Inverse correlation between CD4+ CD25high CD127low/− regulatory T-cells and serum immunoglobulin A in patients with new-onset ankylosing spondylitis. J Int Med Res. 2011;39(5):1968–74.PubMedCrossRef Zhao SS, Hu JW, Wang J, Lou XJ, Zhou LL. Inverse correlation between CD4+ CD25high CD127low/− regulatory T-cells and serum immunoglobulin A in patients with new-onset ankylosing spondylitis. J Int Med Res. 2011;39(5):1968–74.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Powell JD, Delgoffe GM. The mammalian target of rapamycin: linking T cell differentiation, function, and metabolism. Immunity. 2010;33(3):301–11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Powell JD, Delgoffe GM. The mammalian target of rapamycin: linking T cell differentiation, function, and metabolism. Immunity. 2010;33(3):301–11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Battaglia M, Stabilini A, Roncarolo MG. Rapamycin selectively expands CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Blood. 2005;105(12):4743–8.PubMedCrossRef Battaglia M, Stabilini A, Roncarolo MG. Rapamycin selectively expands CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Blood. 2005;105(12):4743–8.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Battaglia M, Stabilini A, Migliavacca B, Horejs-Hoeck J, Kaupper T, Roncarolo MG. Rapamycin promotes expansion of functional CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells of both healthy subjects and type 1 diabetic patients. J Immunol. 2006;177(12):8338–47.PubMedCrossRef Battaglia M, Stabilini A, Migliavacca B, Horejs-Hoeck J, Kaupper T, Roncarolo MG. Rapamycin promotes expansion of functional CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells of both healthy subjects and type 1 diabetic patients. J Immunol. 2006;177(12):8338–47.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Delgoffe GM, Pollizzi KN, Waickman AT, Heikamp E, Meyers DJ, Horton MR, et al. The kinase mTOR regulates the differentiation of helper T cells through the selective activation of signaling by mTORC1 and mTORC2. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(4):295–303.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Delgoffe GM, Pollizzi KN, Waickman AT, Heikamp E, Meyers DJ, Horton MR, et al. The kinase mTOR regulates the differentiation of helper T cells through the selective activation of signaling by mTORC1 and mTORC2. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(4):295–303.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Battaglia M, Stabilini A, Draghici E, Migliavacca B, Gregori S, Bonifacio E, et al. Induction of tolerance in type 1 diabetes via both CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells and T regulatory type 1 cells. Diabetes. 2006;55(6):1571–80.PubMedCrossRef Battaglia M, Stabilini A, Draghici E, Migliavacca B, Gregori S, Bonifacio E, et al. Induction of tolerance in type 1 diabetes via both CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells and T regulatory type 1 cells. Diabetes. 2006;55(6):1571–80.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Monti P, Scirpoli M, Maffi P, Piemonti L, Secchi A, Bonifacio E, et al. Rapamycin monotherapy in patients with type 1 diabetes modifies CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells. Diabetes. 2008;57(9):2341–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Monti P, Scirpoli M, Maffi P, Piemonti L, Secchi A, Bonifacio E, et al. Rapamycin monotherapy in patients with type 1 diabetes modifies CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells. Diabetes. 2008;57(9):2341–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Long SA, Rieck M, Sanda S, Bollyky JB, Samuels PL, Goland R, et al. Rapamycin/IL-2 combination therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes augments Tregs yet transiently impairs beta-cell function. Diabetes. 2012;61(9):2340–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Long SA, Rieck M, Sanda S, Bollyky JB, Samuels PL, Goland R, et al. Rapamycin/IL-2 combination therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes augments Tregs yet transiently impairs beta-cell function. Diabetes. 2012;61(9):2340–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Penaranda C, Tang Q, Bluestone JA. Anti-CD3 therapy promotes tolerance by selectively depleting pathogenic cells while preserving regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2011;187(4):2015–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Penaranda C, Tang Q, Bluestone JA. Anti-CD3 therapy promotes tolerance by selectively depleting pathogenic cells while preserving regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2011;187(4):2015–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Belghith M, Bluestone JA, Barriot S, Mégret J, Bach JF, Chatenoud L. TGF-beta-dependent mechanisms mediate restoration of self-tolerance induced by antibodies to CD3 in overt autoimmune diabetes. Nat Med. 2003;9(9):1202–8.PubMedCrossRef Belghith M, Bluestone JA, Barriot S, Mégret J, Bach JF, Chatenoud L. TGF-beta-dependent mechanisms mediate restoration of self-tolerance induced by antibodies to CD3 in overt autoimmune diabetes. Nat Med. 2003;9(9):1202–8.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Chatenoud L, Thervet E, Primo J, Bach JF. Anti-CD3 antibody induces long-term remission of overt autoimmunity in nonobese diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91(1):123–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chatenoud L, Thervet E, Primo J, Bach JF. Anti-CD3 antibody induces long-term remission of overt autoimmunity in nonobese diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91(1):123–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Goto R, You S, Zaitsu M, Chatenoud L, Wood KJ. Delayed anti-CD3 therapy results in depletion of alloreactive T cells and the dominance of Foxp3+ CD4+ graft infiltrating cells. Am J Transplant. 2013;13(7):1655–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Goto R, You S, Zaitsu M, Chatenoud L, Wood KJ. Delayed anti-CD3 therapy results in depletion of alloreactive T cells and the dominance of Foxp3+ CD4+ graft infiltrating cells. Am J Transplant. 2013;13(7):1655–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Herold KC, Hagopian W, Auger JA, Poumian-Ruiz E, Taylor L, Donaldson D, et al. Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(22):1692–8.PubMedCrossRef Herold KC, Hagopian W, Auger JA, Poumian-Ruiz E, Taylor L, Donaldson D, et al. Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(22):1692–8.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Keymeulen B, Vandemeulebroucke E, Ziegler AG, Mathieu C, Kaufman L, Hale G, et al. Insulin needs after CD3-antibody therapy in new-onset type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(25):2598–608.PubMedCrossRef Keymeulen B, Vandemeulebroucke E, Ziegler AG, Mathieu C, Kaufman L, Hale G, et al. Insulin needs after CD3-antibody therapy in new-onset type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(25):2598–608.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Goudy K, Aydin D, Barzaghi F, Gambineri E, Vignoli M, Mannurita SC, et al. Human IL2RA null mutation mediates immunodeficiency with lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity. Clin Immunol. 2013;146(3):248–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Goudy K, Aydin D, Barzaghi F, Gambineri E, Vignoli M, Mannurita SC, et al. Human IL2RA null mutation mediates immunodeficiency with lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity. Clin Immunol. 2013;146(3):248–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Liao W, Lin JX, Wang L, Li P, Leonard WJ. Modulation of cytokine receptors by IL-2 broadly regulates differentiation into helper T cell lineages. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(6):551–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Liao W, Lin JX, Wang L, Li P, Leonard WJ. Modulation of cytokine receptors by IL-2 broadly regulates differentiation into helper T cell lineages. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(6):551–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu A, Zhu L, Altman NH, Malek TR. A low interleukin-2 receptor signaling threshold supports the development and homeostasis of T regulatory cells. Immunity. 2009;30(2):204–17.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yu A, Zhu L, Altman NH, Malek TR. A low interleukin-2 receptor signaling threshold supports the development and homeostasis of T regulatory cells. Immunity. 2009;30(2):204–17.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu A, Snowhite I, Vendrame F, Rosenzwajg M, Klatzmann D, Pugliese A, et al. Selective IL-2 responsiveness of regulatory T cells through multiple intrinsic mechanisms supports the use of low-dose IL-2 therapy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2015;64(6):2172–83.PubMedCrossRef Yu A, Snowhite I, Vendrame F, Rosenzwajg M, Klatzmann D, Pugliese A, et al. Selective IL-2 responsiveness of regulatory T cells through multiple intrinsic mechanisms supports the use of low-dose IL-2 therapy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2015;64(6):2172–83.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat • Klatzmann D, Abbas AK. The promise of low-dose interleukin-2 therapy for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(5):283–94. This review summarized the recent studies on the therapeutic effects of low-dose interleukin-2 in autoimmune diseases and inflammation by specifically expanding and activating Treg cells. PubMedCrossRef • Klatzmann D, Abbas AK. The promise of low-dose interleukin-2 therapy for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(5):283–94. This review summarized the recent studies on the therapeutic effects of low-dose interleukin-2 in autoimmune diseases and inflammation by specifically expanding and activating Treg cells. PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Koreth J, Matsuoka K, Kim HT, McDonough SM, Bindra B, Alyea EP III, et al. Interleukin-2 and regulatory T cells in graft-versus-host disease. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(22):2055–66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Koreth J, Matsuoka K, Kim HT, McDonough SM, Bindra B, Alyea EP III, et al. Interleukin-2 and regulatory T cells in graft-versus-host disease. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(22):2055–66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Kennedy-Nasser AA, Ku S, Castillo-Caro P, Hazrat Y, Wu MF, Liu H, et al. Ultra low-dose IL-2 for GVHD prophylaxis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation mediates expansion of regulatory T cells without diminishing antiviral and antileukemic activity. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(8):2215–25.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kennedy-Nasser AA, Ku S, Castillo-Caro P, Hazrat Y, Wu MF, Liu H, et al. Ultra low-dose IL-2 for GVHD prophylaxis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation mediates expansion of regulatory T cells without diminishing antiviral and antileukemic activity. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(8):2215–25.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Saadoun D, Rosenzwajg M, Joly F, Six A, Carrat F, Thibault V, et al. Regulatory T-cell responses to low-dose interleukin-2 in HCV-induced vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(22):2067–77.PubMedCrossRef Saadoun D, Rosenzwajg M, Joly F, Six A, Carrat F, Thibault V, et al. Regulatory T-cell responses to low-dose interleukin-2 in HCV-induced vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(22):2067–77.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartemann A, Bensimon G, Payan CA, Jacqueminet S, Bourron O, Nicolas N, et al. Low-dose interleukin 2 in patients with type 1 diabetes: a phase 1/2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013;1(4):295–305.PubMedCrossRef Hartemann A, Bensimon G, Payan CA, Jacqueminet S, Bourron O, Nicolas N, et al. Low-dose interleukin 2 in patients with type 1 diabetes: a phase 1/2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013;1(4):295–305.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat von Spee-Mayer C, Siegert E, Abdirama D, Rose A, Klaus A, Alexander T, et al. Low-dose interleukin-2 selectively corrects regulatory T cell defects in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(7):1407–15.CrossRef von Spee-Mayer C, Siegert E, Abdirama D, Rose A, Klaus A, Alexander T, et al. Low-dose interleukin-2 selectively corrects regulatory T cell defects in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(7):1407–15.CrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat • He J, Zhang X, Wei Y, et al. Low-dose interleukin-2 treatment selectively modulates CD4(+) T cell subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Med. 2016;22(9):991–3. This study in SLE patients shows that low-dose IL-2 treatment selectively modulated the Treg cells and markedly decreased the disease activity. PubMedCrossRef • He J, Zhang X, Wei Y, et al. Low-dose interleukin-2 treatment selectively modulates CD4(+) T cell subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Med. 2016;22(9):991–3. This study in SLE patients shows that low-dose IL-2 treatment selectively modulated the Treg cells and markedly decreased the disease activity. PubMedCrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Putnam AL, Brusko TM, Lee MR, Liu W, Szot GL, Ghosh T, et al. Expansion of human regulatory T-cells from patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2009;58(3):652–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Putnam AL, Brusko TM, Lee MR, Liu W, Szot GL, Ghosh T, et al. Expansion of human regulatory T-cells from patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2009;58(3):652–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat • Bluestone JA, Buckner JH, Fitch M, et al. Type 1 diabetes immunotherapy using polyclonal regulatory T cells. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7(315):315ra189. This study reports on the successful isolation, expansion, and reinfusion of poly Treg cells in T1D patients, and there were no obviously adverse events and infusion reactions. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef • Bluestone JA, Buckner JH, Fitch M, et al. Type 1 diabetes immunotherapy using polyclonal regulatory T cells. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7(315):315ra189. This study reports on the successful isolation, expansion, and reinfusion of poly Treg cells in T1D patients, and there were no obviously adverse events and infusion reactions. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Tang Q, Bluestone JA. Regulatory T-cell therapy in transplantation: moving to the clinic. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013;3(11):a015552. Tang Q, Bluestone JA. Regulatory T-cell therapy in transplantation: moving to the clinic. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013;3(11):a015552.
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Tang Q, Bluestone JA, Kang SM. CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell therapy in transplantation. J Mol Cell Biol. 2012;4(1):11–21.PubMedCrossRef Tang Q, Bluestone JA, Kang SM. CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell therapy in transplantation. J Mol Cell Biol. 2012;4(1):11–21.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Hippen KL, Merkel SC, Schirm DK, Sieben CM, Sumstad D, Kadidlo DM, et al. Massive ex vivo expansion of human natural regulatory T cells (T(regs)) with minimal loss of in vivo functional activity. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3(83):83ra41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hippen KL, Merkel SC, Schirm DK, Sieben CM, Sumstad D, Kadidlo DM, et al. Massive ex vivo expansion of human natural regulatory T cells (T(regs)) with minimal loss of in vivo functional activity. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3(83):83ra41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoffmann P, Eder R, Boeld TJ, Doser K, Piseshka B, Andreesen R, et al. Only the CD45RA+ subpopulation of CD4+CD25high T cells gives rise to homogeneous regulatory T-cell lines upon in vitro expansion. Blood. 2006;108(13):4260–7.PubMedCrossRef Hoffmann P, Eder R, Boeld TJ, Doser K, Piseshka B, Andreesen R, et al. Only the CD45RA+ subpopulation of CD4+CD25high T cells gives rise to homogeneous regulatory T-cell lines upon in vitro expansion. Blood. 2006;108(13):4260–7.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Di Ianni M, Falzetti F, Carotti A, et al. Tregs prevent GVHD and promote immune reconstitution in HLA-haploidentical transplantation. Blood. 2011;117(14):3921–8.PubMedCrossRef Di Ianni M, Falzetti F, Carotti A, et al. Tregs prevent GVHD and promote immune reconstitution in HLA-haploidentical transplantation. Blood. 2011;117(14):3921–8.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Brunstein CG, Miller JS, Cao Q, McKenna DH, Hippen KL, Curtsinger J, et al. Infusion of ex vivo expanded T regulatory cells in adults transplanted with umbilical cord blood: safety profile and detection kinetics. Blood. 2011;117(3):1061–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Brunstein CG, Miller JS, Cao Q, McKenna DH, Hippen KL, Curtsinger J, et al. Infusion of ex vivo expanded T regulatory cells in adults transplanted with umbilical cord blood: safety profile and detection kinetics. Blood. 2011;117(3):1061–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Martelli MF, Di Ianni M, Ruggeri L, et al. HLA-haploidentical transplantation with regulatory and conventional T-cell adoptive immunotherapy prevents acute leukemia relapse. Blood. 2014;124(4):638–44.PubMedCrossRef Martelli MF, Di Ianni M, Ruggeri L, et al. HLA-haploidentical transplantation with regulatory and conventional T-cell adoptive immunotherapy prevents acute leukemia relapse. Blood. 2014;124(4):638–44.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Marek-Trzonkowska N, Mysliwiec M, Dobyszuk A, Grabowska M, Techmanska I, Juscinska J, et al. Administration of CD4+CD25highCD127- regulatory T cells preserves beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes in children. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(9):1817–20.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Marek-Trzonkowska N, Mysliwiec M, Dobyszuk A, Grabowska M, Techmanska I, Juscinska J, et al. Administration of CD4+CD25highCD127- regulatory T cells preserves beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes in children. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(9):1817–20.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Marek-Trzonkowska N, Mysliwiec M, Dobyszuk A, et al. Therapy of type 1 diabetes with CD4(+)CD25(high)CD127-regulatory T cells prolongs survival of pancreatic islets—results of one year follow-up. Clin Immunol. 2014;153(1):23–30.PubMedCrossRef Marek-Trzonkowska N, Mysliwiec M, Dobyszuk A, et al. Therapy of type 1 diabetes with CD4(+)CD25(high)CD127-regulatory T cells prolongs survival of pancreatic islets—results of one year follow-up. Clin Immunol. 2014;153(1):23–30.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Brunstein CG, Miller JS, McKenna DH, et al. Umbilical cord blood-derived T regulatory cells to prevent GVHD: kinetics, toxicity profile, and clinical effect. Blood. 2016;127(8):1044–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Brunstein CG, Miller JS, McKenna DH, et al. Umbilical cord blood-derived T regulatory cells to prevent GVHD: kinetics, toxicity profile, and clinical effect. Blood. 2016;127(8):1044–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
117.
Zurück zum Zitat • Rossetti M, Spreafico R, Saidin S, et al. Ex vivo-expanded but not in vitro-induced human regulatory T cells are candidates for cell therapy in autoimmune diseases thanks to stable demethylation of the FOXP3 regulatory T cell-specific demethylated region. J Immunol. 2015;194(1):113–24. This study in rheumatological settings demonstrated that the feasibility and effectiveness of the expansion protocol with Treg cells derived from RA patients, and Treg cell expansion with rapamycin as the protocol of choice for clinical application. PubMedCrossRef • Rossetti M, Spreafico R, Saidin S, et al. Ex vivo-expanded but not in vitro-induced human regulatory T cells are candidates for cell therapy in autoimmune diseases thanks to stable demethylation of the FOXP3 regulatory T cell-specific demethylated region. J Immunol. 2015;194(1):113–24. This study in rheumatological settings demonstrated that the feasibility and effectiveness of the expansion protocol with Treg cells derived from RA patients, and Treg cell expansion with rapamycin as the protocol of choice for clinical application. PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Functional Defects of Treg Cells: New Targets in Rheumatic Diseases, Including Ankylosing Spondylitis
verfasst von
Jinlin Miao
Ping Zhu
Publikationsdatum
01.05.2018
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Rheumatology Reports / Ausgabe 5/2018
Print ISSN: 1523-3774
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-6307
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-018-0729-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 5/2018

Current Rheumatology Reports 5/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Inflammatory Muscle Disease (I Lundberg, Section Editor)

New Developments in the Genetics of Inclusion Body Myositis

Vasculitis (L Espinoza, Section Editor)

Recent Advances in Giant Cell Arteritis

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Erhebliches Risiko für Kehlkopfkrebs bei mäßiger Dysplasie

29.05.2024 Larynxkarzinom Nachrichten

Fast ein Viertel der Personen mit mäßig dysplastischen Stimmlippenläsionen entwickelt einen Kehlkopftumor. Solche Personen benötigen daher eine besonders enge ärztliche Überwachung.

Nach Herzinfarkt mit Typ-1-Diabetes schlechtere Karten als mit Typ 2?

29.05.2024 Herzinfarkt Nachrichten

Bei Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes sind die Chancen, einen Myokardinfarkt zu überleben, in den letzten 15 Jahren deutlich gestiegen – nicht jedoch bei Betroffenen mit Typ 1.

15% bedauern gewählte Blasenkrebs-Therapie

29.05.2024 Urothelkarzinom Nachrichten

Ob Patienten und Patientinnen mit neu diagnostiziertem Blasenkrebs ein Jahr später Bedauern über die Therapieentscheidung empfinden, wird einer Studie aus England zufolge von der Radikalität und dem Erfolg des Eingriffs beeinflusst.

Costims – das nächste heiße Ding in der Krebstherapie?

28.05.2024 Onkologische Immuntherapie Nachrichten

„Kalte“ Tumoren werden heiß – CD28-kostimulatorische Antikörper sollen dies ermöglichen. Am besten könnten diese in Kombination mit BiTEs und Checkpointhemmern wirken. Erste klinische Studien laufen bereits.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.