Introduction
Immunology and Genetics
Author | AS or axSpA | Study design | M/F | Observations |
---|---|---|---|---|
Immunological markers | ||||
Gracey, 2016 [34•] | AS | Observational Cohort | 53/41 | ↑ IL-17A levels + TH17 cells only in male AS patients* ↑ TNF levels in only male AS patients* |
Huang, 2012 [35] | AS | Cross-sectional | 68/19 | ↑ IL-18 levels in only male AS patients* ↑ TNF levels only in male AS patients* ↑ IL-6 levels in only female AS patients* |
Genetic markers | ||||
Tsui, 2007 [36] | AS | Cross-sectional | TNAP haplotype rs3767155 (G)/rs3738099 (G)/ rs1780329 (T) is a genetic marker associated with AS only in men* | |
Tsui, 2005 [37] | AS | Cross-sectional | ANKH genetic markers at 5′ end of the gene are associated with AS in affected women; haplotype: rs28006 [C] and rs25957 [C]* ANKH genetic markers at the 3′ end of the gene are associated with AS in affected men; haplotype: rs26307 [C] and rs27356 [C]* | |
Sex steroids | ||||
Jeong, 2017 [38] | axSpA | Experimental | Female mouse models | ↑ estrogen levels suppressed arthritis in female SKG mice (SpA model)* |
Mahendira, 2014 [39] | AS | Cross-sectional | 0/571 | Exogenous estrogens are not associated with initiation or severity of AS in women |
Aydin, 2005 [40] | AS | Cross-sectional | 58/0 | Possible relation between low dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) and bone loss in male AS patients |
Giltay, 1998 [41] | AS | Case-control | 50/10 | Serum testosterone levels are not elevated in male AS patients Other sex steroids differ not between patients and controls |
Jimenez-Balderas, 1990 [42] | AS | Case-control | 0/17 | Exogenous estrogen levels suppressed arthritis and lower clinical disease activity |
Delay in Diagnosis
Study | AS or axSpA | Study design | M/F | Delay in diagnosis (years) M/F |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mogard, 2017 [46] | axSpA | Cross-sectional | 128/55 | AS 7.6/8.6 USpA 6.7/6.1 |
Bandinelli, 2016 [47] | AS | Retrospective | 91/44 | 9.9/6.3* |
Webers, 2016 [48•] | AS | Prospective observational cohort | 154/62 | 8.0/10.8* |
Landi, 2016 [49] | AS | Observational cohort | 817/255 | 8.9/7.8 |
Shahlaee, 2015 [50] | AS | Prospective cohort | 253/67 | 8.0/8.8 |
Bodur, 2012 [51] | AS | Prospective observational cohort | 1038/343 | 4.9/5.3 |
Yacoub, 2012 [52] | AS | Cross-sectional | 87/43 | 4.6/4.8 |
Slobodin, 2011 [53] | axSpA | Cross-sectional | 79/72 | 5.9/5.7 |
Roussou, 2011 [54] | axSpA | Prospective cohort | 150/293 | 5.6/6.3 |
Atagunduz, 2010 [55] | AS | Cross-sectional | 139/96 | 6.2/7.4 |
Dincer, 2008 [56] | AS | Cross-sectional | 103/8 | 5.3/14.4 |
Reed, 2008 [57] | AS | Cross-sectional | 91/35 | 7.3/10.2 |
Extra-Articular Manifestations
Study | AS or axSpA | Study design | M/F | Anterior Uveitis M/F | Enthesitis M/F | IBD M/F | Psoriasis M/F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ibanez, 2017 [62••] | AS | Prospective cohort | 25/16 | 24%/18.8% | NR | 4%/0 | 12%/12.5% |
Lubrano, 2017 [63] | axSpA | Retrospective | 228/93 | NR | MASES 0/1* | NR | NR |
Kilic, 2017 [64] | axSpA | Cross-sectional observational cohort | 221/139 | 34%/19% | NR | 3%/2% | 16%/7% |
Webers, 2016 [48•] | AS | Prospective observational cohort | 154/62 | 18.2%/18.0% | MEI 13.5%/18.7%* | 7.8%/4.9% | 3.9%/4.9% |
Landi, 2016 [49] | axSpA | Observational cohort | 817/255 | 23.9%/23.4% | 41.1%/67.9%* | NR | NR |
Shahlaee, 2015 [50] | AS | Prospective cohort | 253/67 | 15.8%/13.4% | 68.8%/82.1%* | 7.5%/7.5% | 4.7%/3.0% |
Zarco, 2015 [60] | AS | Prospective observational cohort | 379/222 | 14.0%/13.1% | NR | 5.0%/5.4% | 24.8%/32.9%* |
Mitulescu, 2015 [65] | axSpA | Retrospective | 81/45 | 12.3%/2.2%* | NR | NR | NR |
Tournadre, 2013 [61] | axSpA | Prospective cohort | 239/236 | NR | MASES 1.4/3.4* | NR | NR |
Carvalho, 2012 [66] | AS | Observational cohort | 1090/415 | 19.8%/16.8% | Enthesitis 28%/25% MASES 2.0/2.42* | NR | 13.8%/29.1%* |
Yacoub, 2011 [52] | AS | Cross-sectional | 87/43 | NR | MEI 5.2/7.7* | NR | NR |
Attagunduz, 2010 [55] | AS | Cross-sectional | 139/96 | 20.6%/26.2% | 36.4%/64.8%* | NR | NR |
Braakenburg, 2008 [67] | HLA-B27 associated AAU | Retrospective | 96/81 | 54%/46% | NR | NR | NR |
Disease Activity and Severity
Study | AS or axSpA | M/F◊ | Study design | Disease duration (years)◊ | Age (years)◊ | TNF naive◊ | BASDAI◊ | ASDAS-CRP◊ | BASFI◊ | QoL◊ | CRP level◊ | ESR level◊ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ibanez, 2017 [62••] | AS | 25/16 | Prospective cohort | 5/3 | 43.1/41.7 | 25/16 | 5.1/ 5.2 | NR | NR | NR | 6/4.5 | NR |
Lubrano, 2017 [63] | axSpA | 228/93 | Retrospective | NR | NR | NR | 5.7/6.1 | 3.7/3.4* | 5.5/5.5 | NR | 1.3/1* | NR |
Kilic, 2017 [64] | axSpA | 221/139 | Cross-sectional observational cohort | NR | 36/37.4 | n.a. | 3.3/4.2* | 2.6/2.7 | 2.5/2.8 | 7.1/8.9* | 16.1/12.5 | 18.9/24.9* |
Landi, 2016 [49] | AS | 817/1072 | Observational cohort | 16/15.9 | 40.9/43.3* | n.a. | 4.1/4.8* | NR | 4.6/4.8 | 6.9/8.3* | NR | NR |
Vargas, 2016 [71•] | axSpA | 81/87 | Observational cohort | NR | 29.9/30.5 | NR | 3.6/4.3* | 2.3/2.5 | NR | NR | 3/3 | NR |
Shahlaee, 2015 [50] | AS | 253/67 | Prospective cohort | 15.5/15.6 | 37.6/39.5 | n.a. | 4.6/5.0 | NR | 3.8/4.3 | 7.7/8.5 | 18.7/10.6* | 17.6/18.6 |
Webers, 2015 [48•] | AS | 154/62 | Prospective observational cohort | n.a. | 42.3/46.8 | n.a. | 3.2/3.9* | 2.7/2.8 | 3.5/3.2 | 5.8/7.2 | 19.5/14.2* | 14.5/14.8 |
Gremese, 2014 [23] | axSpA | 118/52 | Retrospective | 16.5/16.1 | 39.2/40.3 | 118/52 | 5.5/5.6 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Tournadre, 2013 [61] | axSpA | 239/236 | Prospective cohort | n.a. | 31.9/34 | 239/236 | 4.0/4.6* | 2.9/3.0 | 2.7/3.3* | 8.0/10.2* | 11/6.9* | NR |
Horst-Bruinsma, 2012 [26••] | AS | 957/326 | Pooled data clinical controlled trials | 9.4/7.4* | 31.2/35* | 642/225 | 58.6/62.7* | 3.7/3.6 | 55.8/57.5 | 62.4/66.2* | 20.9/13.1* | NR |
Carvalho, 2012 [66] | axSpA | 1090/415 | Observational cohort | 13.9/30.3* | 41/45* | n.a. | 4.0/4.6* | NR | 4.5/4.8 | 7.5/8.3* | NR | NR |
Yacoub, 2012 [52] | AS | 87/43 | Cross-sectional | 9.5/9.1 | 27.9/28.8 | n.a. | 43.1/48.8* | NR | 53/54.2 | NR | 28.5/35.2 | 44.3/43.7 |
Roussou, 2011 [54] | axSpA | 172/344 | Prospective cohort | 9.7/10.1 | 46.5/47.6 | n.a. | 5.7/6.3 | NR | 4.9/5.2 | NR | 7.6/8.3 | 14.3/20.3* |
Cansu, 2011 [68] | AS | 66/36 | Prospective cohort | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | NR | NR | NR | NR | M = Fa | NR |
Bodur,2010 [51] | AS | 1038/343 | Prospective observational cohort | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 3.7/4.2* | NR | 3.3/3.2 | 6.8/7.3 | NR | NR |
Jung, 2010 [72] | AS | 434/71 | Registry | 9.9/7.7* | 29.8/31.5 | n.a. | M = Fa | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Lee, 2007 [73] | AS | 302/100 | Cross-sectional | 32/31.5 | 55.5/53.0 | n.a. | NR | NR | 43.3/49.0* | Worse F*a | NR | NR |
Study | AS or axSpA | Study design | M/F | Disease duration M/F | Age M/F | Time measurement radiological progression (months) | Radiological progression/damage M/F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1A. Radiological progression and damage according to BASRI | |||||||
Landi, 2017 [49] | AS | Observational cohort | 817/1072 | 16/15.9 | 40.9/43.3 | At baseline | 7.3/5.8*a |
Carvalho, 2012 [66] | axSpA | Observational cohort | 172/344 | 13.9/30.3 | 41/45 | n.a. | 7.6/5.5*a |
Yacoub, 2011 [52] | AS | Cross-sectional | 87/43 | 9.5/9.1 | n.a. | One time point | 8.1/6*b |
Attagunduz, 2010 [55] | AS | Cross-sectional | 139/96 | 12.1/12.1 | 37.2/41.8 | One time point | 1.77/0.97*b |
Lee, 2007 [73] | AS | Cross-sectional | 302/100 | 32/31.5 | 55.5/53.0 | One time point | 10/6.5*b |
1B. Radiological progression and damage according to mSASSS | |||||||
Webers, 2015 [48•] | AS | Prospective observational cohort | 154/62 | n.a. | 42.3/46.8 | At baseline | 13.8/6.5* |
Tournadré, 2013 [61] | axSpA | Prospective cohort | 239/236 | 1.5/1.6 | 31.9/34 | At baseline | 1.45/2.9 |
1C. Radiological progression and damage according to other scoring methods | |||||||
Tournadré, 2013 [61] | axSpA | Prospective cohort | 239/236 | 1.5/1.6 | 31.9/34 | At baseline | More male patients had sacroiliitis compared to females: 45%/33% |
1D. Radiological progression and damage presented only as descriptive data | |||||||
Maas, 2015 [75] | AS | Prospective longitudinal observational cohort | 121/55 | n.a. | n.a. | At baseline and 24, 26 and 48 months | Increased radiological progression (mSASSS) in male patients |
Baraliakos, 2011 [76] | AS | Retrospective | 114/32 | n.a. | n.a. | 24 months | Male patients experienced increased overall radiological progression. Female patients experienced increased progression in the cervical spine |
Tubergen, 2011 [77] | AS | Retrospective | 94/48 | n.a. | n.a. | 48 months | Increased radiological progression (mSASSS) in male patients |
Cansu, 2011 [68] | AS | Prospective cohort | 66/36 | n.a. | n.a. | One time point | Increased radiological progression (BASRI-t) in male patients |
Jang et al. 2011 [78] | AS | Prospective study | 556/213 | n.a. | 48/45 | 10 years | Male patients had more severe sacroiliitis compared to females |
Jung, 2010 [72] | AS | Registry | 434/71 | 9.9/7.7* | 34.9/35.4 | One time point | More male patients developed bamboo spine |
Aggarwal, 2009 [79] | AS | Cross-sectional | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | One time point | No radiological differences between male and females |
Rudwaleit, 2009 [80] | AS | Cross-sectional | 151/85 | n.a. | n.a. | At one time point | Male patients had a significant higher mSASSS compared to female patients |
Ward, 2009 [81] | AS | Prospective | 298/100 | n.a | n.a | One time point | Increased radiological progression (BASRI-s) in male patients |
Boonen, 2009 [82] | AS | Review | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | Male patients presented themselves with more ankylosis and syndesmophytes compared to females |
Calin, 1999 [83] | AS | Cross-sectional | 351/72 | n.a. | n.a. | 24 months | Male patients show more radiological progression compared to females |
Gran, 1984 | AS | Retrospective | 60/22 | 13.7/15.3 | 40.6/36.7 | One time point | Males showed significantly more often radiological involvement of the lumbar spine |
Kidd, 1988 [84] | AS | Cross-sectional | 70/35 | 17.7/16.2 | n.a./42.8 | One time point | Male had significantly greater spinal radiological changes compared to females Male and females had equal sclerosis, erosions and ankylosis |
Spencer, 1979 [51] | AS | Cross-sectional | 164/36 | n.a. | n.a. | One time point | No radiological differences between males and females |
Treatment Response and Drug Adherence
Study | AS or axSpA | Study design | M/F | Treatment response M/F | TNF naive population | Follow-up period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lubrano, 2017 [63] | axSpA | Retrospective | 228/93 | ASAS40%: ↑ response male*‡ | Yes | Every 3 months |
Rusman, 2017 [88] | AS | Prospective observational cohort | 194/97 | BASDAI50%: 62%/43%* BASDAI50%: 59%/46%* ASDAS: 64.9%/47.6%* ASDAS: 65.9%/46.3%* | Yes | 12 months 24 months 6 months 12 months |
Lorenzin, 2015 [31] | AS | Retrospective | 52/18 | ASAS20: 82.9%/65.7% | n.a. | 60 months |
Gremese, 2013 [23] | axSpA | Retrospective | 118/52 | BASDAI50%: 67.8%/46.2%* | Yes | 12 months |
Horst-Bruinsma, 2012 [26••] | AS | Pooled data clinical controlled trials | 957/326 | ASDAS: 89.4%/68.4%* | Yes | 12 weeks |
Paccou, 2012 [32] | AS | Retrospective | 121/68 | BASDAI50%: 78.5%/21.5%* | Yes | 3 months |
Arends, 2011 [28] | AS | Prospective longitudinal observational | 152/68 | ASAS20: ↑ response Male*‡ ASAS40: ↑ response Male*‡ | Yes | 3 and 6 months 6 months |
Glintborg, 2010 [27] | AS | Observational cohort | 364/239 | Change in BASDAI: 27/22 | Yes | 6 months |
Study | AS or axSpA | Study design | M/F | Treatment adherence | Study time period | |
Rusman, 2016 [89] | AS | Prospective cohort | 74/48 | Males: 44.9 months Females: 33.4 months | Mean 4.8 years | |
Horst-Bruinsma, 2012 [26••] | AS | Pooled data clinical controlled trials | 957/326 | ↓ Females: HR: 1.5 | 12 weeks | |
Glintborg, 2013 [90] | AS | Observational cohort | 1076/360 | ↑ Males: HR:1.76 | 10 years | |
Arends, 2011 [28] | AS | Prospective longitudinal observational | 152/68 | ↓ Females: HR:0.41 | 6 months | |
Glintborg, 2010 [27] | AS | Observational cohort | 364/239 | ↓Females: HR:3.4 | 5 years | |
Kristensen, 2010 [30] | AS | Prospective observational cohort | 182/61 | ↑Males: HR:0.36 | 2 years | |
Pavelka, 2009 [33] | AS | Prospective observational | 238/72 | ↓Females: RR: 2.2 | 2 years |