Introduction
Resection arthroplasty of the pelvis is the complete removal of the innominate bone along with the femoral head and neck. It is commonly referred to as an “internal hemipelvectomy,” or “flail hip,” as the limb is retained [9, 11, 13, 18, 29, 30]. While Theodore Kocher is credited as the first surgeon to perform this procedure in the late 19th century [33], in 1979 Eilber et al. described a modification of that technique [18].
Instability of the residual limb following resection of the innominate bone reportedly leads to poor ambulation and inferior patient acceptance [10, 12, 14, 23, 24, 28]. As a result, most authors currently advocate replacement of the resected bone using a prosthetic device, allograft, or other means to reconstruct the pelvic ring [3‐5, 7, 10, 17, 44‐46]. We previously reported the clinical and functional results following internal hemipelvectomy without reconstruction, which has been our preferred technique since 1979 [18, 26, 40]. The prolonged rehabilitation course following this procedure as well as the consistent improvement in ambulation over time was emphasized in our previous study. Following resection arthroplasty of the hemipelvis, patients typically require ambulatory supports for at least one year, and are eventually able to transition to aid-free ambulation [26].
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The purpose of this paper is to provide video evidence of the functional outcomes that are possible with resection arthroplasty of the hemipelvis. We posed the following questions: (1) How effectively does a typical patient ambulate following this procedure? (2) What is the typical functional capacity of a patient following internal hemipelvectomy? The accompanying video may serve as a useful reference for both patient and surgeon during the pre- and postoperative stages of primary pelvic sarcoma management. (Supplemental materials are available with the online version of CORR.)
Materials and Methods
From August 1984 to May 2006, we treated 46 patients with wide resection of portions of the innominate bone for pelvic malignancy. In the spring of 2006, one of the authors (PK) obtained video documentation for all patients who were seen in our clinic for routine followup following resection arthroplasty of the hemi-pelvis (Table 1). This included eight patients seen at a mean of 8.2 years (range, 1.1–22.7 years) following their index resection arthroplasty. The diagnosis was chondrosarcoma in four, Ewing’s sarcoma in two, malignant giant cell tumor in one, and osteosarcoma in one. Six patients presented with localized disease, while two had metastatic lesions upon initial presentation. We had prior institutional board approval for the study (UCLA IRB#G07-04-082-01) and all patients were informed that the video documentation would be used for publication, and all patients gave written consent.
Table 1
Demographics
Patient | Age | Diagnosis | Stage | Blood loss | Surgical margins | Metastatic disease |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 17 | Ewing’s | III | 400 | Negative | Yes§
|
2 | 44 | Malignant GCT | IIB | 600 | Negative | No |
3 | 43 | Chondrosarcoma | IIB | 1000 | Negative | Yes* |
4 | 29 | Chondrosarcoma | IIB | 2500 | Negative | Yes‡
|
5 | 46 | Chondrosarcoma | IIB | 500 | Negative | No |
6 | 22 | Chondrosarcoma | IIB | 500 | Negative | Yes†
|
7 | 23 | Ewing’s | IIB | 3500 | Negative | No |
8 | 28 | Osteosarcoma | III | NA | Negative | Yes§
|
All patients underwent resection arthroplasty according to the technique described by Eilber et al. [18]. Critical to the success of this particular technique is the meticulous reconstruction of the soft tissues surrounding the hemipelvis. Following resection, the remaining abductors and gluteal muscles are sutured in multiple layers to the abdominal muscles. If the anterior resection is through the symphysis, it is frequently necessary to place a prosthetic mesh to facilitate repair of the adductor musculature to the abdominal wall to help prevent herniation of the pelvic contents anteriorly. The femoral head and neck were routinely resected to avoid protrusion of the proximal femur into the pelvis. The posterior osteotomy was performed through the lateral sacrum or by disarticulation of the sacroiliac joint. Six of eight anterior osteotomies were performed through the superior and inferior pubic ramus, while the remaining two were performed through the pubic symphysis.
Surgical margins following the index resection arthroplasty were negative in all eight cases. For the eight patients, mean blood loss at surgery was 1285.7 cc (range, 400–3500 cc) (Table 2). One patient underwent repeat surgery due to postoperative wound dehiscence, likely related to preoperative radiation therapy for his pelvic Ewing’s sarcoma (Patient 7). This was managed in a single procedure with irrigation and débridement, followed by wound coverage with a latissimus dorsi rotation flap. Two patients had previously undergone iliac wing resection prior to the index resection arthroplasty. Patient 4 underwent resection of the iliac wing for intermediate-grade chondrosarcoma. Final pathologic evaluation demonstrated a positive surgical margin, and the patient was returned to the operating room within 5 days for definitive index resection arthroplasty. Similarly, Patient 6 underwent iliac wing resection for chondrosarcoma, and experienced a local recurrence 3 years postoperatively. He then underwent his index internal hemipelvectomy procedure.
Table 2
Results
Patient | Length of followup (years)* | Status†
| Walking aids†
| Shoe lift (inches)†
| MSTS score†,#
| Occupation†
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.1 | NED | None | 3.5 | 76.7 | College student |
2 | 1.2 | CDF | Cane/crutch | 2 | 53.3 | Billing specialist |
3 | 1.5 | DOD‡
| None | 2 | 73.3 | Executive |
4 | 6.0 | DOD§
| AFO¶
| 2 | 73.3 | Artist |
5 | 10.1 | CDF | None | 2 | 76.7 | Homemaker |
6 | 10.3 | DOD||
| None | 0 | 76.7 | TV reporter |
7 | 12.5 | CDF | None | 3 | 80.0 | Executive |
8 | 22.7 | NED | None | 3 | 76.7 | Administrator |
Mean | 8.2 | 2.2 | 73.3 |
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Video documentation was obtained using a commercially available camcorder device by one of the authors (PK). All patients in the videos were encouraged to ambulate according to their everyday routine, and to use ambulatory aids if these were utilized routinely. Patients were instructed to ambulate approximately 30 feet, turn and return to the starting position. Next, if possible, patients were instructed to navigate one flight of stairs according to their everyday routine. Functional outcomes were measured at the time of most recent clinical followup using the revised Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) Functional Score described by Enneking et al. [21]. Scores were considered excellent if five of six variables scored five points, good if five variables scored three points or more, fair if five of six factors scored one or more points, and poor if two or more factors scored zero.
Results
Three patients who presented with Stage IIB lesions at the time of presentation developed metastatic disease at 12 months, 3 years, and 10 years postoperatively. All three of these patients died of disease in 2008, at 3.5, 8.6, and 12.3 years, respectively, following their resection arthroplasty (Table 2). Functional data for these three patients was obtained at the time of their most recent outpatient clinic visit.
At the time of their last outpatient clinical evaluation, seven of the eight patients walked without walking assists and had no pain related to the index procedure. The remaining patient (Patient 2) used a cane around the house, crutches while outside, and remained on occasional narcotic medication. The mean shoe-lift size was 2.2 inches (range, 0–3.5 inches). One patient chose to ambulate without a shoe lift (Patient 6). In the absence of an ambulatory aid, all eight patients walked with a Trendelenburg gait. All patients ultimately returned to gainful employment.
The mean MSTS score at the time of most recent followup was 73.3% of normal (range, 53.3–80.0%; mean raw score, 22.0; range, 16–24). Scores were rated as good in 7 patients, and fair in 1.
Several key points are emphasized by the video supplement accompanying this report. First, readers should note the improvement in function that occurs as the time from the index procedure increases. Those patients with followup less than 3 years in duration demonstrate inferior ambulatory capacity to those with greater than 3 years’ followup. We have found this typical of patients who have undergone resection arthroplasty of the hemipelvis, and patients are generally more accepting of this procedure at longer-term followup. Second, most patients are able to navigate stairs. The two patients who are not seen climbing stairs (Patient 1 and Patient 2) were ultimately able to achieve this capacity with the use of a rail at the time of most recent followup. Finally, readers should note the use of shoe lifts among patients in the recordings, and the function that is possible despite a substantial leg-length discrepancy. Of particular interest is Patient 6 who does not use a shoe lift, and effectively compensates by ambulating with his foot in slight equinus. (Supplemental materials are available with the online version of CORR.)
Discussion
Resection arthroplasty is a well-established procedure for conditions affecting the acromioclavicular, femoroacetabular, proximal radiocarpal, scapulothoracic, and metatarsophalangeal joints, among others [15, 22, 31, 35, 36, 42]. Despite its widespread use elsewhere, most authors decry the use of resection arthroplasty for conditions involving the pelvic girdle, citing poor postoperative function and unacceptable levels of pain. The purpose of this review was to answer the following questions: what is the typical ambulatory status of a patient following this procedure, and what is their typical functional capacity?
The major limitations of this study include the small number of patients, the lack of an appropriately matched control group, and the potential for selection bias. Internal hemipelvectomy is only rarely indicated for pelvic malignancy and, at our institution, we averaged just over two of these procedures annually during the past three decades. With many of these patients having already succumbed to disease, and others living in distant parts of the country, it is exceedingly difficult to amass a large series. While we recognize that our study population is a select cohort, we believe these video recordings provide an accurate sample of the function that is typical following resection arthroplasty of the hemipelvis. Furthermore, the videos may serve as a useful reference for both patient and surgeon as to the typical rehabilitation course, and functional outcomes following this procedure.
All eight patients in this series were able to ambulate without pain, and without the use of walking aids. All patients walked with a Trendelenburg gait, and all but one patient required the use of a shoe-lift. It is our experience that stability of the extremity, and thus ambulation, is improved by utilizing a shoe-lift approximately 50% of the total leg-length discrepancy (eg, a 2.5-inch lift for a 5-inch leg-length discrepancy). This allows the patient to ambulate with the foot in slight equinus. If the lift equals the total leg-length discrepancy, the plantigrade foot rests on an unstable platform, which is less cosmetic and less functional than walking on the ball of the foot. The number of patients seen in this series who ambulate with a Trendelenburg gait and demonstrate a substantial leg length discrepancy is comparable to that seen in the available literature.
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A lack of standardized reporting, coupled with varied surgical techniques reported throughout the literature makes functional data comparison difficult (Table 3). The system described by Enneking et al. [21] is the most widely employed means of functional reporting following treatment of musculoskeletal malignancy. According to this system, patients are assigned a score between 0 and 5 for pain, function, supports, emotional acceptance, walking ability, and gait. Functional scores are reported as a percentage of normal (the maximum 30 possible points) [21]. An earlier scoring system [19] reported outcomes on a 35-point scale, and encouraged a more subjective terminology (e.g. excellent, good, fair and poor) used in many older series. The results of this series are compared to those reported in the available literature (Table 3). The mean MSTS score at the time of most recent followup was 73.3% of normal (range 53.3–80.0%; mean raw score was 22.0; range 16–24), which is comparable to scores reported throughout the literature. The prolonged rehabilitation course following this procedure, which is a common finding in similar studies, should be discussed with the patient preoperatively. By 3 years, most patients are able to achieve pain-free, independent ambulation without the use of supports.
Table 3
Function following internal hemipelvectomy: comparison of the available literature
Author | Year | Number of patients | Duration of followup (mean or range) | Reconstruction type* | Functional outcome†
| Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Enneking et al. [20] | 1978 | 32 | 1–17 years | A, E | 23G,5P,4F | 3 with resection arthroplasty, all with good function |
Johnson [27] | 1978 | 2 | 2–4.5 years | C | n/a | Both ambulate with limb, one with cane |
Steel [43] | 1978 | 5 | 3–6 years | A | n/a | All ambulatory without supports |
Nilsonne et al. [38] | 1982 | 7 | 1.5–10 years | A | n/a | Gait analysis; 1 of 7 uses no support |
Nielsen et al. [37] | 1985 | 1 | 5 years | C | n/a | Pain-free, using crutch, employed |
Huth et al. [26] | 1988 | 27 | 2–14 years | A | n/a | Initial ambulation with supports, eventually independent |
Abudu et al. [1] | 1997 | 35 | 84 months | C | 70% | Thirteen of 35 available for MSTS score |
Bell et al. [8] | 1997 | 17 | 7 years | B | 70% | Thirteen of 17 available for MSTS score |
Renard et al. [41] | 1999 | 15 | 6 months | C | 50% | |
Kollender et al. [34] | 2000 | 27 | 1.5–12 years | A,B,C | 6E,17G,3F,1P | Twelve of 27 had no reconstruction |
Pant et al. [39] | 2000 | 13 | 84 months | A,B,C | 3G, 1F‡
| Six of 13 had no reconstruction; 4 patients alive at follow-up |
Wirbel et al. [46] | 2001 | 18 | 60.5 months | C | 3E,7G,6F,3P | |
Aljassir et al. [2] | 2005 | 17 | 45 months | C | 51% | |
Beadel et al. [6] | 2005 | 21 | 60 months (min) | B | 45% | Six of 21 available for MSTS score |
Hoffman et al. [25] | 2006 | 45 | 69 months | A,B,C | 48% | Best function (61%) with “hip transposition” |
Kitagawa et al. [32] | 2006 | 8 | 37 months | C | 53% | |
Dai et al. [14] | 2007 | 10 | 21–48 months | C | 7G, 2F, 1P | |
Delloye et al. [16] | 2007 | 18 | 41 months | B, C | 68% | |
Chang et al. [12] | 2008 | 6 | 18 months | D | n/a | Mean time to assist-free ambulation was 8 months |
Schwartz et al.§
| 2008 | 8 | 8.2 years | A | 22; 73.3% | 7 Good, 1 Fair; Video documentation provided |
Resection arthroplasty of the hemipelvis provides an alternative to complex reconstructive procedures that carry high rates of reoperation, infection, implant failure, and amputation. Although the vast majority of patients will demonstrate a considerable leg-length discrepancy, the results of this review demonstrate that independent, painless ambulation is possible following resection of the innominate bone without reconstruction of the pelvic ring. We provide this video documentation as objective evidence for both patient and surgeon of the functional outcomes that are possible following this procedure. A lack of standardized reporting in the available literature makes comparison of the different reconstructive options difficult. In the future, increased uniformity of technique and reporting method among comparable series should be encouraged.
Acknowledgments
We thank Sara Johnson, Miriam Reyes, and Thara Rankin for their assistance in the preparation of this manuscript.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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Open AccessThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.