Introduction
Background
Purpose
Clinical overview of urinary tract infections
Type | Risk factors | Risk of more severe outcome |
---|---|---|
Recurrent | Sexual behaviour Contraceptive devices Post-menopausal hormonal deficiency Controlled diabetes mellitus | No |
Extra-urogenital | Pregnancy Male gender Badly controlled diabetes Immunosuppression including HIV, uremia, transplant recipients, treatment with corticosteroids, chemotherapy or immunosuppressants Connective tissue disease | Yes |
Nephropathy | Impaired renal function Polycystic kidney | Yes |
Urological | Obstructive uropathy, e.g. congenital, lithiasis, stricture, tumour Short-term catheterisation Neurogenic bladder Urological surgery or instrumentation | Yes |
Permanent Catheter or non-resolvable urological risk factors | Long-term catheter Non-resolvable obstruction Badly controlled neurogenic bladder | Yes |
Indications and techniques for imaging urinary tract infections
Role of ultrasound
Role of CT
Multidetector CT technique
MRI role and technique
Cross-sectional imaging features of urinary bladder infections
Acute infectious cystitis
Urinary bladder abscess
Differential diagnosis of infectious bladder changes
Cross-sectional imaging features of infections of the prostate and seminal vesicles
Prostatic infections and abscesses
Infections of the seminal vesicles
Cross-sectional imaging features of infections of the urethra, perineum and scrotum
Urethritis
Perineal abscesses from lower urinary tract infection
Funiculitis and epididymitis
Orchitis and scrotal abscesses
Differential diagnosis of perineal and genital infections
Conclusion
Infectious conditions | Cross-sectional imaging signs | Key differential diagnoses |
---|---|---|
Acute infectious cystitis | Diffuse mural bladder thickening, particularly if: - marked (≥1 cm thick) - hypoenhancing - oedematous at T2-weighted MRI - increased compared to previous studies Urothelial hyperenhancement - minimally thickened - uniform, circumferential Perivesical fat inflammatory changes | Urinary bladder carcinoma Nephrogenic adenoma, malacoplakia Urinary tuberculosis Schistosomiasis w/o superimposed squamocellular carcinoma Post-chemotherapy Radiation cystitis Uncommon: cystitis cystica, cystitis glandularis, eosinophilic cystitis |
Mural bladder abscess | Intramural / exophytic collection - internally hypoattenuating (10–15 HU) non-enhancing - irregular, often thick peripheral enhancement - usual site: upper bladder aspect | Infected bladder diverticulum Urinary bladder carcinoma with perivesical invasion |
Emphysematous cystitis | Gas-attenuation linear changes along the bladder wall | Intraluminal air from catheterisation Enterovesical fistulisation (particularly from colonic diverticulosis or Crohn’s disease) |
Prostatic abscess | Single or multifocal collection - peripheral or septal enhancement - centrally non-enhancing fluid-like Variable prostatic enlargement, urethral displacement Possible extraprostatic extension | Acute bacterial prostatitis Prostate carcinoma (particularly after treatment) |
Seminal vesicle abscess | Uni- or bilateral seminal vesicle enlargement - thick irregular enhancing walls and septa - internally hypoattenuating, non-enhancing Adjacent fat inflammatory changes | Chronic infection Urinary tuberculosis Congenital cysts Metastases, rare primary tumours |
Acute urethritis | Thickened penile urethra and surrounding tissues - increased T2 MRI signal intensity - corresponding increased contrast enhancement | |
Periurethral abscess | Periurethral collection - internally fluid or purulent - peripheral enhancement - typical site: ventral, communicating with penile urethra Thickened, oedematous corpus spongiosum Possible further inferior extension to perineum and scrotum Possible development of necrotizing fasciitis (Fournier’s gangrene) | Urethral diverticulum |
Funiculitis, epididymitis | Unilateral spermatic cord thickening - with engorged enhancing vessels Variable epididymal enlargement - increased T2 MRI signal intensity - hyperenhancing epididymis | Tuberculosis Varicocele Inguino-crural hernia Spermatocele/sperm granuloma Rare epididymal tumours, e.g. neurofibroma, metastasis |
Orchitis, scrotal abscess | Unilateral testicular enlargement - decreased T1, increased T2 MRI signal intensity - increased vascularity (diffuse or “tiger skin” appearance) - loss of contrast enhancement when necrosis occurs Funiculitis and epididymitis commonly associated Abscess/pyocele: - fluid-like collections - enhancing periphery - surrounded by hypervascularised testicular parenchyma | Testicular torsion Testicular tumours, e.g. lymphoma, seminoma, germ cell tumours Necrotizing fasciitis (Fournier’s gangrene) from non-urinary source Hidradenitis suppurativa |