nach oben

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology

Erschienen in:

24.02.2020 | Review Article

Dermatomyositis: An Update on Diagnosis and Treatment

verfasst von: Gabriela A. Cobos, Alisa Femia, Ruth Ann Vleugels

Erschienen in: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology | Ausgabe 3/2020

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Dermatomyositis is a rare inflammatory disease with characteristic cutaneous findings and varying amounts of systemic involvement. Patients may present with skin disease alone, have concomitant muscle disease, or have extracutaneous manifestations such as pulmonary disease or an associated malignancy. Given such diverse presentations, dermatomyositis is both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. However, a prompt diagnosis is of utmost importance to institute adequate therapy and screen patients for an associated malignancy. Dermatologists should play a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of patients with dermatomyositis as cutaneous disease tends to be chronic, negatively impact quality of life, and be more recalcitrant to therapy. In this review, we discuss diagnosis, with a focus on myositis-specific antibodies and their associated phenotypes. We also review therapies available for this often refractory skin disease.

Bendewald MJ, Wetter DA, Li X, Davis MD. Incidence of dermatomyositis and clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146(1):26–30. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.328.CrossRefPubMed

Strowd LC, Jorizzo JL. Review of dermatomyositis: establishing the diagnosis and treatment algorithm. J Dermatol Treat. 2013;24(6):418–21. https://doi.org/10.3109/09546634.2012.697540.CrossRef

Iaccarino L, Ghirardello A, Bettio S, Zen M, Gatto M, Punzi L, et al. The clinical features, diagnosis and classification of dermatomyositis. J Autoimmun. 2014;48–49:122–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2013.11.005.CrossRefPubMed

Galimberti F, Li Y, Fernandez AP. Clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis: clinical features, response to medications and malignancy-associated risk factors in a specific tertiary-care-centre cohort. Br J Dermatol. 2016;174(1):158–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14227.CrossRefPubMed

Kao L, Chung L, Fiorentino DF. Pathogenesis of dermatomyositis: role of cytokines and interferon. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2011;13(3):225–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-011-0166-x.CrossRefPubMed

Huard C, Gulla SV, Bennett DV, Coyle AJ, Vleugels RA, Greenberg SA. Correlation of cutaneous disease activity with type 1 interferon gene signature and interferon beta in dermatomyositis. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(5):1224–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15006.CrossRefPubMed

Callen JP. Cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis and their management. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2010;12(3):192–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-010-0100-7.CrossRefPubMed

Sontheimer RD. The management of dermatomyositis: current treatment options. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004;5(5):1083–99. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.5.5.1083.CrossRefPubMed

Sontheimer RD. Dermatomyositis: an overview of recent progress with emphasis on dermatologic aspects. Dermatol Clin. 2002;20(3):387–408.PubMedCrossRef

10.

Sontheimer RD. Would a new name hasten the acceptance of amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis sine myositis) as a distinctive subset within the idiopathic inflammatory dermatomyopathies spectrum of clinical illness? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(4):626–36.PubMedCrossRef

11.

Gerami P, Schope JM, McDonald L, Walling HW, Sontheimer RD. A systematic review of adult-onset clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis sine myositis): a missing link within the spectrum of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(4):597–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.10.041.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Femia AN, Vleugels RA, Callen JP. Cutaneous dermatomyositis: an updated review of treatment options and internal associations. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2013;14(4):291–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-013-0028-6.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Klein RQ, Teal V, Taylor L, Troxel AB, Werth VP. Number, characteristics, and classification of patients with dermatomyositis seen by dermatology and rheumatology departments at a large tertiary medical center. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57(6):937–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2007.08.024.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Leatham H, Schadt C, Chisolm S, Fretwell D, Chung L, Callen JP, et al. Evidence supports blind screening for internal malignancy in dermatomyositis. Medicine. 2018;97(2):e9639. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000009639.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Goreshi R, Chock M, Foering K, Feng R, Okawa J, Rose M, et al. Quality of life in dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(6):1107–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2010.10.016.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Wolstencroft PW, Chung L, Li S, Casciola-Rosen L, Fiorentino DF. Factors associated with clinical remission of skin disease in dermatomyositis. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(1):44–51. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.3758.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Da Silva DM, Patel B, Werth VP. Dermatomyositis: a diagnostic dilemma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79(2):371–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.12.074.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Sigurgeirsson B, Lindelof B, Edhag O, Allander E. Risk of cancer in patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis: a population-based study. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(6):363–7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199202063260602.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Yang Z, Lin F, Qin B, Liang Y, Zhong R. Polymyositis/dermatomyositis and malignancy risk: a metaanalysis study. J Rheumatol. 2015;42(2):282–91. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.140566.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Smith ES, Hallman JR, DeLuca AM, Goldenberg G, Jorizzo JL, Sangueza OP. Dermatomyositis: a clinicopathological study of 40 patients. Am J Dermatopathol. 2009;31(1):61–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/DAD.0b013e31818520e1.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Day J, Patel S, Limaye V. The role of magnetic resonance imaging techniques in evaluation and management of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017;46(5):642–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.11.001.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Betteridge ZE, Gunawardena H, Chinoy H, North J, Ollier WE, Cooper RG, et al. Clinical and human leucocyte antigen class II haplotype associations of autoantibodies to small ubiquitin-like modifier enzyme, a dermatomyositis-specific autoantigen target, in UK Caucasian adult-onset myositis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(10):1621–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2008.097162.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Fiorentino D, Casciola-Rosen L. Autoantibodies to transcription intermediary factor 1 in dermatomyositis shed insight into the cancer-myositis connection. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(2):346–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.33402.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Fiorentino D, Chung L, Zwerner J, Rosen A, Casciola-Rosen L. The mucocutaneous and systemic phenotype of dermatomyositis patients with antibodies to MDA5 (CADM-140): a retrospective study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(1):25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2010.09.016.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Fujimoto M, Matsushita T, Hamaguchi Y, Kaji K, Asano Y, Ogawa F, et al. Autoantibodies to small ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzymes in Japanese patients with dermatomyositis: comparison with a UK Caucasian cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(1):151–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201736.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Fujimoto M, Watanabe R, Ishitsuka Y, Okiyama N. Recent advances in dermatomyositis-specific autoantibodies. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2016;28(6):636–44. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000000329.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Kurtzman DJB, Vleugels RA. Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) dermatomyositis: a concise review with an emphasis on distinctive clinical features. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(4):776–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.12.010.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Doyle TJ, Dellaripa PF. Lung manifestations in the rheumatic diseases. Chest. 2017;152(6):1283–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2017.05.015.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Mecoli CA, Christopher-Stine L. Management of interstitial lung disease in patients with myositis specific autoantibodies. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2018;20(5):27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-018-0731-7.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Morganroth PA, Kreider ME, Okawa J, Taylor L, Werth VP. Interstitial lung disease in classic and skin-predominant dermatomyositis: a retrospective study with screening recommendations. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146(7):729–38. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2010.134.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Wolstencroft PW, Fiorentino DF. Dermatomyositis clinical and pathological phenotypes associated with myositis-specific autoantibodies. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2018;20(5):28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-018-0733-5.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Tartar DM, Chung L, Fiorentino DF. Clinical significance of autoantibodies in dermatomyositis and systemic sclerosis. Clin Dermatol. 2018;36(4):508–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.04.008.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Hamaguchi Y, Kuwana M, Hoshino K, Hasegawa M, Kaji K, Matsushita T, et al. Clinical correlations with dermatomyositis-specific autoantibodies in adult Japanese patients with dermatomyositis: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(4):391–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2011.52.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Srivastava P, Dwivedi S, Misra R. Myositis-specific and myositis-associated autoantibodies in Indian patients with inflammatory myositis. Rheumatol Int. 2016;36(7):935–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-016-3494-3.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Komura K, Fujimoto M, Matsushita T, Kaji K, Kondo M, Hirano T, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of anti-Mi-2 antibodies in Japanese patients with dermatomyositis. J Dermatol Sci. 2005;40(3):215–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.09.004.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Petri MH, Satoh M, Martin-Marquez BT, Vargas-Ramirez R, Jara LJ, Saavedra MA, et al. Implications in the difference of anti-Mi-2 and -p155/140 autoantibody prevalence in two dermatomyositis cohorts from Mexico City and Guadalajara. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15(2):R48. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar4207.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Hengstman GJ, Vree Egberts WT, Seelig HP, Lundberg IE, Moutsopoulos HM, Doria A, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with myositis and autoantibodies to different fragments of the Mi-2 beta antigen. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(2):242–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2005.040717.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Aggarwal R, Loganathan P, Koontz D, Qi Z, Reed AM, Oddis CV. Cutaneous improvement in refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis after treatment with rituximab. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(2):247–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kew396.CrossRef

39.

Bodoki L, Nagy-Vincze M, Griger Z, Betteridge Z, Szollosi L, Danko K. Four dermatomyositis-specific autoantibodies-anti-TIF1gamma, anti-NXP2, anti-SAE and anti-MDA5-in adult and juvenile patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies in a Hungarian cohort. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13(12):1211–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.08.011.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Muro Y, Sugiura K, Akiyama M. Low prevalence of anti-small ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme antibodies in dermatomyositis patients. Autoimmunity. 2013;46(4):279–84. https://doi.org/10.3109/08916934.2012.755958.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Ge Y, Lu X, Shu X, et al. Clinical characteristics of anti-SAE antibodies in Chinese patients with dermatomyositis in comparison with different patient cohorts. Sci Rep. 2017;7:188.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

42.

Tarricone E, Ghirardello A, Rampudda M, Bassi N, Punzi L, Doria A. Anti-SAE antibodies in autoimmune myositis: identification by unlabelled protein immunoprecipitation in an Italian patient cohort. J Immunol Methods. 2012;384(1–2):128–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2012.07.019.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Hamaguchi Y, Fujimoto M, Matsushita T, Kaji K, Komura K, Hasegawa M, et al. Common and distinct clinical features in adult patients with anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies: heterogeneity within the syndrome. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60442. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060442.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Lega JC, Fabien N, Reynaud Q, Durieu I, Durupt S, Dutertre M, et al. The clinical phenotype associated with myositis-specific and associated autoantibodies: a meta-analysis revisiting the so-called antisynthetase syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13(9):883–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.03.004.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Hozumi H, Fujisawa T, Nakashima R, Johkoh T, Sumikawa H, Murakami A, et al. Comprehensive assessment of myositis-specific autoantibodies in polymyositis/dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease. Respir Med. 2016;121:91–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2016.10.019.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Chen Z, Hu W, Wang Y, Guo Z, Sun L, Kuwana M. Distinct profiles of myositis-specific autoantibodies in Chinese and Japanese patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(9):1627–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-015-2935-9.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Li L, Wang Q, Wen X, Liu C, Wu C, Yang F, et al. Assessment of anti-MDA5 antibody as a diagnostic biomarker in patients with dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease or rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease. Oncotarget. 2017;8(44):76129–40. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.19050.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Hall JC, Casciola-Rosen L, Samedy LA, Werner J, Owoyemi K, Danoff SK, et al. Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5-associated dermatomyositis: expanding the clinical spectrum. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65(8):1307–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.21992.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

49.

Fiorentino DF, Kuo K, Chung L, Zaba L, Li S, Casciola-Rosen L. Distinctive cutaneous and systemic features associated with antitranscriptional intermediary factor-1γ antibodies in adults with dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72(3):449–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.12.009.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Fujimoto M, Hamaguchi Y, Kaji K, Matsushita T, Ichimura Y, Kodera M, et al. Myositis-specific anti-155/140 autoantibodies target transcription intermediary factor 1 family proteins. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(2):513–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.33403.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Meisterfeld S, Rober N, Conrad K, Beissert S, Aringer M, Gunther C. A chronic recurrent disease course of dermatomyositis is associated with autoantibodies against transcriptional intermediary factor 1-gamma. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177(2):590–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15468.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Wolstencroft PW, Casciola-Rosen L, Fiorentino DF. Association between autoantibody phenotype and cutaneous adverse reactions to hydroxychloroquine in dermatomyositis. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(10):1199–203. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.2549.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Kaji K, Fujimoto M, Hasegawa M, Kondo M, Saito Y, Komura K, et al. Identification of a novel autoantibody reactive with 155 and 140 kDa nuclear proteins in patients with dermatomyositis: an association with malignancy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(1):25–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kel161.CrossRef

54.

Targoff IN, Mamyrova G, Trieu EP, Perurena O, Koneru B, O’Hanlon TP, et al. A novel autoantibody to a 155-kd protein is associated with dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(11):3682–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22164.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Trallero-Araguas E, Rodrigo-Pendas JA, Selva-O’Callaghan A, Martinez-Gomez X, Bosch X, Labrador-Horrillo M, et al. Usefulness of anti-p155 autoantibody for diagnosing cancer-associated dermatomyositis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(2):523–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.33379.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Bernet LL, Lewis MA, Rieger KE, Casciola-Rosen L, Fiorentino DF. Ovoid palatal patch in dermatomyositis: a novel finding associated with anti-TIF1gamma (p155) antibodies. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(9):1049–51. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.1429.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

Rogers A, Chung L, Li S, Casciola-Rosen L, Fiorentino DF. Cutaneous and systemic findings associated with nuclear matrix protein 2 antibodies in adult dermatomyositis patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017;69(12):1909–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23210.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

58.

Albayda J, Pinal-Fernandez I, Huang W, Parks C, Paik J, Casciola-Rosen L, et al. Antinuclear matrix protein 2 autoantibodies and edema, muscle disease, and malignancy risk in dermatomyositis patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017;69(11):1771–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23188.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Valenzuela A, Chung L, Casciola-Rosen L, Fiorentino D. Identification of clinical features and autoantibodies associated with calcinosis in dermatomyositis. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(7):724–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.10416.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

60.

Ishikawa A, Muro Y, Sugiura K, Akiyama M. Development of an ELISA for detection of autoantibodies to nuclear matrix protein 2. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012;51(7):1181–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kes033.CrossRef

61.

Buchbinder R, Forbes A, Hall S, Dennett X, Giles G. Incidence of malignant disease in biopsy-proven inflammatory myopathy: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(12):1087–95.PubMedCrossRef

62.

Chow WH, Gridley G, Mellemkjaer L, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH, Fraumeni JF Jr. Cancer risk following polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Cancer Causes Control. 1995;6(1):9–13.PubMedCrossRef

63.

Hill CL, Zhang Y, Sigurgeirsson B, Pukkala E, Mellemkjaer L, Airio A, et al. Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a population-based study. Lancet. 2001;357(9250):96–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03540-6.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Stockton D, Doherty VR, Brewster DH. Risk of cancer in patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis, and follow-up implications: a Scottish population-based cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2001;85(1):41–5. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2001.1699.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

65.

Chen YJ, Wu CY, Huang YL, Wang CB, Shen JL, Chang YT. Cancer risks of dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a nationwide cohort study in Taiwan. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(2):R70. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar2987.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Lu X, Yang H, Shu X, Chen F, Zhang Y, Zhang S, et al. Factors predicting malignancy in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyostis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e94128. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094128.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

67.

Fiorentino DF, Chung LS, Christopher-Stine L, Zaba L, Li S, Mammen AL, et al. Most patients with cancer-associated dermatomyositis have antibodies to nuclear matrix protein NXP-2 or transcription intermediary factor 1gamma. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(11):2954–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.38093.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

68.

Quain RD, Werth VP. Management of cutaneous dermatomyositis: current therapeutic options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2006;7(6):341–51. https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200607060-00002.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Hundley JL, Carroll CL, Lang W, Snively B, Yosipovitch G, Feldman SR, et al. Cutaneous symptoms of dermatomyositis significantly impact patients’ quality of life. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(2):217–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.12.015.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Anyanwu CO, Fiorentino DF, Chung L, Dzuong C, Wang Y, Okawa J, et al. Validation of the Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area and Severity Index: characterizing disease severity and assessing responsiveness to clinical change. Br J Dermatol. 2015;173(4):969–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13915.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Chansky PB, Olazagasti JM, Feng R, Werth VP. Cutaneous dermatomyositis disease course followed over time using the Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area and Severity Index. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79(3):464–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.10.022(e2).CrossRefPubMed

72.

Yassaee M, Fiorentino D, Okawa J, Taylor L, Coley C, Troxel AB, et al. Modification of the cutaneous dermatomyositis disease area and severity index, an outcome instrument. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162(3):669–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09521.x.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Cheong WK, Hughes GR, Norris PG, Hawk JL. Cutaneous photosensitivity in dermatomyositis. Br J Dermatol. 1994;131(2):205–8.PubMedCrossRef

74.

Lam C, Vleugels RA. Management of cutaneous dermatomyositis. Dermatol Ther. 2012;25(2):112–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2012.01491.x.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Callen JP, Wortmann RL. Dermatomyositis. Clin Dermatol. 2006;24(5):363–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.07.001.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Shirani Z, Kucenic MJ, Carroll CL, Fleischer AB Jr, Feldman SR, Yosipovitch G, et al. Pruritus in adult dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004;29(3):273–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01510.x.CrossRefPubMed

77.

Kim HJ, Zeidi M, Bonciani D, Pena SM, Tiao J, Sahu S, et al. Itch in dermatomyositis: the role of increased skin interleukin-31. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(3):669–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16498.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

78.

Werth VP, Hejazi E, Pena SM, Haber JS, Okawa J, Feng R, et al. FRI0470—a phase 2 study of safety and efficacy of lenabasum (JBT-101), a cannabinoid receptor type 2 agonist, in refractory skin-predominant dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(Suppl. 2):763–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.3531.CrossRef

79.

Werth VP, Patel B, Concha JS, Okawa J, Pearson D, Hejazi E, et al. SAT0512—safety and efficacy of lenabasum in refractory skin-predominant dermatomyositis subjects treated in an open label extension of trial jbt101-dm-001. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(Suppl. 2):1111–2. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.5629.CrossRef

80.

Yoshimasu T, Ohtani T, Sakamoto T, Oshima A, Furukawa F. Topical FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy for facial erythematous lesions of cutaneous lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis. Eur J Dermatol. 2002;12(1):50–2.PubMed

81.

Ueda M, Makinodan R, Matsumura M, Ichihashi M. Successful treatment of amyopathic dermatomyositis with topical tacrolimus. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148(3):595–6.PubMedCrossRef

82.

Lampropoulos CE, D’Cruz DP. Topical tacrolimus treatment in a patient with dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(9):1376–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2004.032714.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

83.

Hollar CB, Jorizzo JL. Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment for refractory skin disease in dermatomyositis: a pilot study. J Dermatol Treat. 2004;15(1):35–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440042000269.CrossRef

84.

Kim JE, Jeong MG, Lee HE, Ko JY, Ro YS. Successful treatment of cutaneous lesions of dermatomyositis with topical pimecrolimus. Ann Dermatol. 2011;23(3):348–51. https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2011.23.3.348.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

85.

Garcia-Doval I, Cruces M. Topical tacrolimus in cutaneous lesions of dermatomyositis: lack of effect in side-by-side comparison in five patients. Dermatology. 2004;209(3):247–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000079903.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Ring J, Mohrenschlager M, Henkel V. The US FDA ‘black box’ warning for topical calcineurin inhibitors: an ongoing controversy. Drug Saf. 2008;31(3):185–98. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200831030-00001.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Soter NA, Fleischer AB Jr, Webster GF, Monroe E, Lawrence I. Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: part II, safety. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44(1 Suppl.):S39–46.PubMedCrossRef

88.

Ochsendorf FR. Use of antimalarials in dermatology. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 2010;8(10):829–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07490.x(quiz 45).CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

89.

Woo TY, Callen JP, Voorhees JJ, Bickers DR, Hanno R, Hawkins C. Cutaneous lesions of dermatomyositis are improved by hydroxychloroquine. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;10(4):592–600.PubMedCrossRef

90.

James WD, Dawson N, Rodman OG. The treatment of dermatomyositis with hydroxchloroquine. J Rheumatol. 1985;12(6):1214–6.PubMed

91.

Cosnes A, Amaudric F, Gherardi R, Verroust J, Wechsler J, Revuz J, et al. Dermatomyositis without muscle weakness: long-term follow-up of 12 patients without systemic corticosteroids. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131(12):1381–5.PubMedCrossRef

92.

Cox NH. Amyopathic dermatomyositis, photosensitivity and hydroxychloroquine. Br J Dermatol. 1995;132(6):1016–7.PubMed

93.

Dawkins MA, Jorizzo JL, Walker FO, Albertson D, Sinal SH, Hinds A. Dermatomyositis: a dermatology-based case series. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38(3):397–404.PubMedCrossRef

94.

Pinard J, Femia AN, Roman M, Alsarheed A, Joyce C, Lin J, et al. Systemic treatment for clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis at 4 tertiary care centers. JAMA Dermatol. 2019;155(4):494–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.5215.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

95.

Pelle MT, Callen JP. Adverse cutaneous reactions to hydroxychloroquine are more common in patients with dermatomyositis than in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138(9):1231–3 (discussion 3).PubMedCrossRef

96.

Anyanwu CO, Chansky PB, Feng R, Carr K, Okawa J, Werth VP. The systemic management of cutaneous dermatomyositis: results of a stepwise strategy. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2017;3(4):189–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.05.001.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

97.

Ang GC, Werth VP. Combination antimalarials in the treatment of cutaneous dermatomyositis: a retrospective study. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141(7):855–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.141.7.855.CrossRefPubMed

98.

Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TY, Melles RB, Mieler WF, American Academy of Ophthalmology. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 revision). Ophthalmology. 2016;123(6):1386–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.058.CrossRefPubMed

99.

Estes ML, Ewing-Wilson D, Chou SM, Mitsumoto H, Hanson M, Shirey E, et al. Chloroquine neuromyotoxicity: clinical and pathologic perspective. Am J Med. 1987;82(3):447–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(87)90444-x.CrossRefPubMed

100.

Cronstein BN, Naime D, Ostad E. The antiinflammatory effects of methotrexate are mediated by adenosine. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1994;370:411–6.PubMedCrossRef

101.

Dalakas MC. Inflammatory myopathies: management of steroid resistance. Curr Opin Neurol. 2011;24(5):457–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0b013e32834a9589.CrossRefPubMed

102.

Malaviya AN, Many A, Schwartz RS. Treatment of dermatomyositis with methotrexate. Lancet. 1968;2(7566):485–8.PubMedCrossRef

103.

Newman ED, Scott DW. The use of low-dose oral methotrexate in the treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Clin Rheumatol. 1995;1(2):99–102.PubMedCrossRef

104.

Zieglschmid-Adams ME, Pandya AG, Cohen SB, Sontheimer RD. Treatment of dermatomyositis with methotrexate. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32(5 Pt 1):754–7.PubMedCrossRef

105.

Kasteler JS, Callen JP. Low-dose methotrexate administered weekly is an effective corticosteroid-sparing agent for the treatment of the cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36(1):67–71.PubMedCrossRef

106.

Zieglschmid-Adams ME, Pandya A, Cohen SB, Sontheimer RD. The value of methotrexate in dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38(1):130–2.PubMed

107.

Hornung T, Ko A, Tuting T, Bieber T, Wenzel J. Efficacy of low-dose methotrexate in the treatment of dermatomyositis skin lesions. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2012;37(2):139–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04188.x.CrossRefPubMed

108.

Cannon GW. Methotrexate pulmonary toxicity. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 1997;23(4):917–37.CrossRef

109.

Hoekstra M, Haagsma C, Neef C, Proost J, Knuif A, van de Laar M. Bioavailability of higher dose methotrexate comparing oral and subcutaneous administration in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(4):645–8.PubMed

110.

Dalakas MC. Immunotherapy of inflammatory myopathies: practical approach and future prospects. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2011;13(3):311–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-011-0119-8.CrossRefPubMed

111.

Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER, Goltz RW, Graham GF, Hordinsky MK, et al. Guidelines of care for dermatomyositis. American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34(5 Pt 1):824–9.PubMed

112.

Vleugels RA, Callen JP. Dermatomyositis: current and future treatments. Expert Rev Dermatol. 2009;4:581–94.CrossRef

113.

Orvis AK, Wesson SK, Breza TS Jr, Church AA, Mitchell CL, Watkins SW. Mycophenolate mofetil in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60(2):183–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2008.08.049(quiz 200–2).CrossRefPubMed

114.

Allison AC, Eugui EM. Mycophenolate mofetil and its mechanisms of action. Immunopharmacology. 2000;47(2–3):85–118.PubMedCrossRef

115.

Gelber AC, Nousari HC, Wigley FM. Mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of severe skin manifestations of dermatomyositis: a series of 4 cases. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(6):1542–5.PubMed

116.

Majithia V, Harisdangkul V. Mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept): an alternative therapy for autoimmune inflammatory myopathy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(3):386–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keh499.CrossRef

117.

Edge JC, Outland JD, Dempsey JR, Callen JP. Mycophenolate mofetil as an effective corticosteroid-sparing therapy for recalcitrant dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(1):65–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.142.1.65.CrossRefPubMed

118.

Rowin J, Amato AA, Deisher N, Cursio J, Meriggioli MN. Mycophenolate mofetil in dermatomyositis: is it safe? Neurology. 2006;66(8):1245–7. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000208416.32471.c0.CrossRefPubMed

119.

Morganroth PA, Kreider ME, Werth VP. Mycophenolate mofetil for interstitial lung disease in dermatomyositis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62(10):1496–501. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.20212.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

120.

Tsuchiya H, Tsuno H, Inoue M, Takahashi Y, Yamashita H, Kaneko H, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil therapy for rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease in a patient with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis. Mod Rheumatol. 2014;24(4):694–6. https://doi.org/10.3109/14397595.2013.874762.CrossRefPubMed

121.

Hisanaga J, Kotani T, Fujiki Y, Yoshida S, Takeuchi T, Makino S. Successful multi-target therapy including rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil in anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody-positive rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2017;20(12):2182–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.13136.CrossRefPubMed

122.

Koyama RVL, Braga TKK, da Silva Dias GA, Fujihara S, Fuzii HT, Yoshikawa GT. Hypomyopathic dermatomyositis associated with interstitial lung disease and good response to mycophenolate mofetil: case-based review. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(8):1919–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-017-3671-0.CrossRefPubMed

123.

Morisset J, Johnson C, Rich E, Collard HR, Lee JS. Management of myositis-related interstitial lung disease. Chest. 2016;150(5):1118–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.04.007.CrossRefPubMed

124.

Dalakas MC. Mechanistic effects of IVIg in neuroinflammatory diseases: conclusions based on clinicopathologic correlations. J Clin Immunol. 2014;34(Suppl. 1):S120–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-014-0024-5.CrossRefPubMed

125.

Dalakas MC, Illa I, Dambrosia JM, Soueidan SA, Stein DP, Otero C, et al. A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(27):1993–2000. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199312303292704.CrossRefPubMed

126.

Femia AN, Eastham AB, Lam C, Merola JF, Qureshi AA, Vleugels RA. Intravenous immunoglobulin for refractory cutaneous dermatomyositis: a retrospective analysis from an academic medical center. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(4):654–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.007.CrossRefPubMed

127.

Bounfour T, Bouaziz JD, Bezier M, Cordoliani F, Saussine A, Petit A, et al. Clinical efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of dermatomyositis skin lesions without muscle disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28(9):1150–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12223.CrossRefPubMed

128.

Oddis CV, Reed AM, Aggarwal R, Rider LG, Ascherman DP, Levesque MC, et al. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis: a randomized, placebo-phase trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(2):314–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.37754.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

129.

Tokunaga K, Hagino N. Dermatomyositis with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease treated with rituximab: a report of 3 cases in Japan. Intern Med. 2017;56(11):1399–403. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7956.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

130.

Ogawa Y, Kishida D, Shimojima Y, Hayashi K, Sekijima Y. Effective administration of rituximab in anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease and refractory cutaneous involvement: a case report and literature review. Case Rep Rheumatol. 2017;2017:5386797. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5386797.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

131.

Levine TD. Rituximab in the treatment of dermatomyositis: an open-label pilot study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(2):601–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20849.CrossRefPubMed

132.

Chung L, Genovese MC, Fiorentino DF. A pilot trial of rituximab in the treatment of patients with dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(6):763–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.143.6.763.CrossRefPubMed

133.

Shreberk-Hassidim R, Ramot Y, Zlotogorski A. Janus kinase inhibitors in dermatology: a systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(4):745–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.12.004(e19).CrossRefPubMed

134.

Damsky W, King BA. JAK inhibitors in dermatology: the promise of a new drug class. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(4):736–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.12.005.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

135.

Hornung T, Janzen V, Heidgen FJ, Wolf D, Bieber T, Wenzel J. Remission of recalcitrant dermatomyositis treated with ruxolitinib. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(26):2537–8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1412997.CrossRefPubMed

136.

Kurtzman DJ, Wright NA, Lin J, Femia AN, Merola JF, Patel M, et al. Tofacitinib citrate for refractory cutaneous dermatomyositis: an alternative treatment. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(8):944–5. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.0866.CrossRefPubMed

137.

Safety study of tofacitinib versus tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02092467. Accessed 13 Jan 2020.

138.

Kaposztas Z, Etheridge WB, Kahan BD. Case report: successful treatment of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder and quiescence of dermatomyositis with rituximab and sirolimus. Transplant Proc. 2008;40(5):1744–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.11.072.CrossRefPubMed

139.

Kim HJ, Hong YK, Yoo WH. Dermatomyositis, complicated with pneumomediastinum, successfully treated with cyclosporine A: a case report and review of literature. Rheumatol Int. 2009;29(9):1101–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-008-0822-2.CrossRefPubMed

140.

Marie I, Hachulla E, Hatron PY, Hellot MF, Levesque H, Devulder B, et al. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis: short term and longterm outcome, and predictive factors of prognosis. J Rheumatol. 2001;28(10):2230–7.PubMed

141.

Meyer O, Hayem G, Palazzo E, Crestani B, Debray MP, Ballard M. Interstitial lung disease due to polymyositis or dermatomyositis: effect of a 6-month course of i.v. pulse cyclophosphamide. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005;23(5):724.PubMed

142.

Mitsui T, Kuroda Y, Kunishige M, Matsumoto T. Successful treatment with tacrolimus in a case of refractory dermatomyositis. Intern Med. 2005;44(11):1197–9.PubMedCrossRef

143.

Nadiminti U, Arbiser JL. Rapamycin (sirolimus) as a steroid-sparing agent in dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(2 Suppl. 1):17–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.05.044.CrossRefPubMed

144.

Ochi S, Nanki T, Takada K, Suzuki F, Komano Y, Kubota T, et al. Favorable outcomes with tacrolimus in two patients with refractory interstitial lung disease associated with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005;23(5):707–10.PubMed

145.

Ramirez G, Asherson RA, Khamashta MA, Cervera R, D’Cruz D, Hughes GR. Adult-onset polymyositis-dermatomyositis: description of 25 patients with emphasis on treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1990;20(2):114–20.PubMedCrossRef

146.

Sinoway PA, Callen JP. Chlorambucil: an effective corticosteroid-sparing agent for patients with recalcitrant dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36(3):319–24.PubMedCrossRef

147.

Vencovsky J, Jarosova K, Machacek S, Studynkova J, Kafkova J, Bartunkova J, et al. Cyclosporine A versus methotrexate in the treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2000;29(2):95–102.PubMedCrossRef

148.

Yamasaki Y, Yamada H, Yamasaki M, Ohkubo M, Azuma K, Matsuoka S, et al. Intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy for progressive interstitial pneumonia in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(1):124–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kel112.CrossRef

149.

Shimojima Y, Ishii W, Kato T, Hoshi K, Matsuda M, Hashimoto T, et al. Intractable skin necrosis and interstitial pneumonia in amyopathic dermatomyositis, successfully treated with cyclosporin A. Intern Med. 2003;42(12):1253–8. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.42.1253.CrossRefPubMed

150.

Yamada A, Ohshima Y, Omata N, Yasutomi M, Mayumi M. Steroid-sparing effect of tacrolimus in a patient with juvenile dermatomyositis presenting poor bioavailability of cyclosporine A. Eur J Pediatr. 2004;163(9):561–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-004-1497-7.CrossRefPubMed

151.

Martin Nalda A, Modesto Caballero C, Arnal Guimeral C, Boronat Rom M, Barcelo Garcia P. Efficacy of tacrolimus (FK-506) in the treatment of recalcitrant juvenile dermatomyositis: study of 6 cases. Med Clin (Barc). 2006;127(18):697–701.PubMedCrossRef

152.

Hassan J, van der Net JJ, van Royen-Kerkhof A. Treatment of refractory juvenile dermatomyositis with tacrolimus. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27(11):1469–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-008-0973-2.CrossRefPubMed

153.

Tsujimura S, Saito K, Tanaka Y. Complete resolution of dermatomyositis with refractory cutaneous vasculitis by intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy. Intern Med. 2008;47(21):1935–40.PubMedCrossRef

154.

Boswell JS, Costner MI. Leflunomide as adjuvant treatment of dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(3):403–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2007.08.014.CrossRefPubMed

155.

Callander J, Robson Y, Ingram J, Piguet V. Treatment of clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis in adults: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(6):1248–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14726.CrossRefPubMed

156.

Cohen JB. Cutaneous involvement of dermatomyositis can respond to dapsone therapy. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41(3):182–4.PubMedCrossRef

157.

Konohana A, Kawashima J. Successful treatment of dermatomyositis with dapsone. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1994;19(4):367.PubMedCrossRef

158.

Sangle VS, Sangle SR, D’Cruz DP. Leflunomide as a remission-maintaining therapy in difficult-to-treat dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(5):723. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2007.073221.CrossRefPubMed

159.

Sebastiani M, Puccini R, Manfredi A, Manni E, Colaci M, Mattei P, et al. Staphylococcus protein A-based extracorporeal immunoadsorption and thalidomide in the treatment of skin manifestation of dermatomyositis: a case report. Ther Apher Dial. 2009;13(3):225–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00689.x.CrossRefPubMed

160.

Zuber M, John S, Pfreundschuh M, Gause A. A young woman with a photosensitive pruritic rash on her face and upper trunk. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39(8):1419–22.PubMedCrossRef

161.

Nahmias Z, Nambudiri VE, Vleugels RA. Thalidomide and lenalidomide for the treatment of refractory dermatologic conditions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;75(1):210–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.03.022.CrossRefPubMed

162.

Stirling DI. Thalidomide and its impact in dermatology. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1998;17(4):231–42.PubMedCrossRef

163.

Norman R, Greenberg RG, Jackson JM. Case reports of etanercept in inflammatory dermatoses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(3 Suppl. 2):S139–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1090.CrossRefPubMed

164.

Chen D, Wang XB, Zhou Y, Zhu XC. Efficacy of infliximab in the treatment for dermatomyositis with acute interstitial pneumonia: a study of fourteen cases and literature review. Rheumatol Int. 2013;33(10):2455–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-012-2653-4.CrossRefPubMed

165.

Dold S, Justiniano ME, Marquez J, Espinoza LR. Treatment of early and refractory dermatomyositis with infliximab: a report of two cases. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26(7):1186–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-006-0325-z.CrossRefPubMed

166.

Rouster-Stevens KA, Ferguson L, Morgan G, Huang CC, Pachman LM. Pilot study of etanercept in patients with refractory juvenile dermatomyositis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66(5):783–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22198.CrossRefPubMed

167.

Muscle Study G. A randomized, pilot trial of etanercept in dermatomyositis. Ann Neurol. 2011;70(3):427–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22477.CrossRef

168.

Brunasso AM, Scocco GL, Massone C. Dermatomyositis during adalimumab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(7):1549–50. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.091413.CrossRefPubMed

169.

Dastmalchi M, Grundtman C, Alexanderson H, Mavragani CP, Einarsdottir H, Helmers SB, et al. A high incidence of disease flares in an open pilot study of infliximab in patients with refractory inflammatory myopathies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(12):1670–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2007.077974.CrossRefPubMed

170.

Flendrie M, Vissers WH, Creemers MC, de Jong EM, van de Kerkhof PC, van Riel PL. Dermatological conditions during TNF-alpha-blocking therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(3):R666–76. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar1724.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

171.

Hall HA, Zimmermann B. Evolution of dermatomyositis during therapy with a tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;55(6):982–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22358.CrossRefPubMed

172.

Hengstman GJ, De Bleecker JL, Feist E, Vissing J, Denton CP, Manoussakis MN, et al. Open-label trial of anti-TNF-alpha in dermato- and polymyositis treated concomitantly with methotrexate. Eur Neurol. 2008;59(3–4):159–63. https://doi.org/10.1159/000114036.CrossRefPubMed

173.

Iannone F, Scioscia C, Falappone PC, Covelli M, Lapadula G. Use of etanercept in the treatment of dermatomyositis: a case series. J Rheumatol. 2006;33(9):1802–4.PubMed

174.

Ishiguro T, Takayanagi N, Miyahara Y, Yanagisawa T, Sugita Y. Antisynthetase (anti PL-7 antibody) syndrome presenting as a skin rash and exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia during treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi. 2010;48(3):240–6.PubMed

175.

Ishikawa Y, Yukawa N, Kawabata D, Ohmura K, Fujii T, Usui T, et al. A case of antisynthetase syndrome in a rheumatoid arthritis patient with anti-PL-12 antibody following treatment with etanercept. Clin Rheumatol. 2011;30(3):429–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-010-1666-1.CrossRefPubMed

176.

Ishikawa Y, Yukawa N, Ohmura K, Hosono Y, Imura Y, Kawabata D, et al. Etanercept-induced anti-Jo-1-antibody-positive polymyositis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol. 2010;29(5):563–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-009-1370-1.CrossRefPubMed

177.

Klein R, Rosenbach M, Kim EJ, Kim B, Werth VP, Dunham J. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor-associated dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146(7):780–4. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2010.142.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

178.

Liozon E, Ouattara B, Loustaud-Ratti V, Vidal E. Severe polymyositis and flare in autoimmunity following treatment with adalimumab in a patient with overlapping features of polyarthritis and scleroderma. Scand J Rheumatol. 2007;36(6):484–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/03009740701281293.CrossRefPubMed

179.

Liu SW, Velez NF, Lam C, Femia A, Granter SR, Townsend HB, et al. Dermatomyositis induced by anti-tumor necrosis factor in a patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(10):1204–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.5220.CrossRefPubMed

180.

Musial J, Undas A, Celinska-Lowenhoff M. Polymyositis associated with infliximab treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003;42(12):1566–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keg388.CrossRef

181.

Riolo G, Towheed TE. Anti-tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy-induced dermatomyositis and fasciitis. J Rheumatol. 2012;39(1):192–4.PubMed

182.

Urata Y, Wakai Y, Kowatari K, Nitobe T, Mizushima Y. Polymyositis associated with infliximab treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol. 2006;16(6):410–1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10165-006-0523-1.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Dermatomyositis: An Update on Diagnosis and Treatment
verfasst von: Gabriela A. Cobos
Alisa Femia
Ruth Ann Vleugels
Publikationsdatum: 24.02.2020
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology / Ausgabe 3/2020
Print ISSN: 1175-0561
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-1888
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-020-00502-6

Leitlinien kompakt für die Dermatologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Dermatologie

Studienlage spricht für Isotretinoin zur Rosazea-Therapie

23.05.2024 Rosazea Nachrichten

Isotretinoin wird off-label zur Behandlung von Rosazea eingesetzt. Wie solide die Evidenz dafür ist, wurde jetzt in einem systematischen Review überprüft.

So sicher sind Tattoos: Neue Daten zur Risikobewertung

22.05.2024 Melanom Nachrichten

Das größte medizinische Problem bei Tattoos bleiben allergische Reaktionen. Melanome werden dadurch offensichtlich nicht gefördert, die Farbpigmente könnten aber andere Tumoren begünstigen.

„Übersichtlicher Wegweiser“: Lauterbachs umstrittener Klinik-Atlas ist online

17.05.2024 Klinik aktuell Nachrichten

Sie sei „ethisch geboten“, meint Gesundheitsminister Karl Lauterbach: mehr Transparenz über die Qualität von Klinikbehandlungen. Um sie abzubilden, lässt er gegen den Widerstand vieler Länder einen virtuellen Klinik-Atlas freischalten.

Riesenzellarteriitis: 15% der Patienten sind von okkulter Form betroffen

16.05.2024 Riesenzellarteriitis Nachrichten

In einer retrospektiven Untersuchung haben Forschende aus Belgien und den Niederlanden die okkulte Form der Riesenzellarteriitis genauer unter die Lupe genommen. In puncto Therapie und Rezidivraten stellten sie keinen sehr großen Unterschied zu Erkrankten mit kranialen Symptomen fest.

Update Dermatologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Bildnachweise

Die Leitlinien für Ärztinnen und Ärzte, Nahaufnahme Rosazea auf der Wange/© Alessandro Grandini / stock.adobe.com (Symbolbild mit Fotomodell), Eine Tätowierung wird mit roter Farbe ausgefüllt/© nagaets / stock.adobe.com (Symbolbild mit Fotomodell), Operation/© Peakstock / Stock.adobe.com (Symbolbild mit Fotomodellen), Rechte Aa. carotis interna mit Wandverdickung bei Riesenzellarteriitis/© Kisyova H et al. | all rights reserved Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH

Die Highlights vom Kongress des American College of Cardiology 2024

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2020

Non-Classic Signs of Sézary Syndrome: A Review

Palmoplantar Pustulosis: Recent Advances in Etiopathogenesis and Emerging Treatments

Malignancy Rates in Brodalumab Clinical Studies for Psoriasis

Risk for Suicidal Behavior Among Psoriasis Patients: A Nationwide Cohort Study

Sensitive Skin Syndrome: An Update