The most reported cardiac events with immune checkpoint inhibitors were myocarditis, cardiac failure, atrial fibrillation, pericardial effusion, and myocardial infarction |
Cardiac adverse drug reactions were serious (99.4%) and had a fatal outcome (30.1%) |
Nivolumab was reported with a small increased reporting frequency of individual case safety reports with cardiac adverse drug reactions compared to all other immune checkpoint inhibitors |
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Data Source
2.2 ICSR Selection with Line Listing
2.3 Descriptive Analyses
2.4 ROR
3 Results
3.1 Characteristics of ICSRs
Variable | Level | All ICSRs (n = 2478) | ICSRs with nivolumab (n = 1071) | ICSRs with pembrolizumab (n = 805) | ICSRs with ipilimumab (n = 143) | ICSRs with durvalumab (n = 78) | ICSRs with atezolizumab (n = 105) | ICSRs with avelumab (n = 23) | ICSRs with cemiplimab (n = 4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Median (IQR) | 69 (60.25–75) | 69 (61–75) | 70 (62–76) | 67 (56–75) | 71 (65–78.5) | 65 (57–72.25) | 71 (69–76) | 70.5 (67.7–73.2) |
Sex | Female (%) | 732 (29.5) | 314 (29.3) | 236 (29.3) | 42 (29.4) | 20 (25.6) | 36 (34.3) | 5 (21.7) | 1 (25.0) |
Male (%) | 1652 (66.7) | 727 (67.9) | 537 (66.7) | 97 (67.8) | 51 (65.4) | 62 (59.0) | 17 (73.9) | 1 (25.0) | |
Missing (%) | 94 (3.8) | 30 (2.8) | 32 (4.0) | 4 (2.8) | 7 (9.0) | 7 (6.7) | 1 (4.3) | 2 (50.0) | |
Seriousness of ICSR | Serious (%) | 2464 (99.4) | 1062 (99.2) | 804 (99.9) | 143 (100.0) | 77 (98.7) | 103 (98.1) | 22 (95.7) | 4 (100.0) |
Not serious (%) | 14 (0.6) | 9 (0.8) | 1 (0.1) | – | 1 (1.3) | 2 (1.9) | 1 (4.3) | – | |
Outcome of cardiac event | Recovered/resolved | 354 (14.3) | 163 (15.2) | 121 (15.0) | 17 (11.9) | 12 (15.4) | 12 (11.4) | 6 (26.1) | – |
Recovering/resolving | 271 (10.9) | 110 (10.3) | 98 (12.2) | 13 (9.1) | 7 (9.0) | 13 (12.4) | 2 (8.7) | – | |
Recovered with sequelae | 25 (1.0) | 12 (1.1) | 10 (1.2) | 1 (0.7) | – | 1 (0.9) | – | – | |
Not recovered/not resolved | 177 (7.1) | 67 (6.3) | 71 (8.8) | 7 (4.9) | 2 (2.6) | 10 (9.5) | 3 (13.0) | 2 (50.0) | |
Fatal | 745 (30.1) | 297 (27.7) | 262 (32.5) | 51 (35.7) | 25 (32.1) | 26 (24.8) | 8 (34.8) | – | |
Unknown | 906 (36.6) | 422 (39.4) | 243 (30.2) | 54 (37.8) | 32 (41.0) | 43 (41.0) | 4 (17.4) | 2 (50.0) | |
Primary source | Healthcare professional | 2317 (93.5) | 975 (91.0) | 780 (96.9) | 124 (86.7) | 77 (98.7) | 103 (98.1) | 23 (100.0) | 4 (100.0) |
Non-healthcare professional | 161 (6.5) | 96 (9.0) | 25 (3.1) | 19 (13.3) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (1.9) | – | – | |
Primary source country for regulatory purposes | European economic area | 934 (37.7) | 481 (44.9) | 256 (31.8) | 53 (37.1) | 18 (23.1) | 41 (39.0) | 14 (60.9) | 1 (25.0) |
Non-European economic area | 1,544 (62.3) | 590 (55.1) | 549 (68.2) | 90 (62.9) | 60 (76.9) | 64 (61.0) | 9 (39.1) | 3 (75.0) | |
Suspected drug(s) other than ICIs | 0 | 2,179 (87.9) | 958 (89.4) | 699 (86.8) | 134 (93.7) | 65 (83.3) | 78 (74.3) | 12 (52.2) | 4 (100.0) |
1 | 163 (6.6) | 78 (7.3) | 42 (5.2) | 6 (4.2) | 5 (6.4) | 15 (14.3) | 4 (17.4) | – | |
2 | 93 (3.7) | 23 (2.1) | 51 (6.3) | 2 (1.4) | 6 (7.7) | 5 (4.8) | 3 (13.0) | – | |
3 | 21 (0.8) | 8 (0.7) | 4 (0.5) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (1.3) | 4 (3.8) | 2 (8.7) | – | |
4 | 12 (0.5) | 2 (0.2) | 5 (0.6) | – | 1 (1.3) | 2 (1.9) | 1 (4.3) | – | |
≥5 | 10 (0.4) | 2 (0.2) | 4 (0.5) | – | – | 1 (0.9) | 1 (4.3) | – | |
Concomitant drug(s) | 0 | 1,650 (66.6) | 699 (65.3) | 522 (64.8) | 88 (61.5) | 56 (71.8) | 82 (78.1) | 14 (60.9) | 3 (75.0) |
1 | 145 (5.8) | 73 (6.8) | 37 (4.6) | 12 (8.4) | 4 (5.1) | 6 (5.7) | – | 1 (25.0) | |
2 | 129 (5.2) | 53 (4.9) | 53 (6.6) | 5 (3.5) | 1 (1.3) | 9 (8.6) | 1 (4.3) | – | |
3 | 79 (3.2) | 42 (3.9) | 26 (3.2) | 4 (2.8) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (0.9) | – | – | |
4 | 80 (3.2) | 38 (3.5) | 24 (3.0) | 8 (5.6) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (8.7) | – | |
≥ 5 | 395 (15.9) | 166 (15.5) | 143 (17.8) | 26 (18.2) | 15 (19.2) | 6 (5.7) | 6 (26.1) | – |
Variable | Level | ICSRs with nivolumab and ipilimumab (n = 234) | ICSRs with nivolumab and pembrolizumab (n = 4) | ICSRs with nivolumab and atezolizumab (n = 3) | ICSRs with nivolumab, ipilimumab, and pembrolizumab (n = 2) | ICSRs with ipilimumab and pembrolizumab (n = 3) | ICSRs with atezolizumab and pembrolizumab (n = 3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Median (IQR) | 66 (55–71) | 69 (58.5–73.5) | 64 (65.5–62.5) | – | 34.5 (32.2–36.7) | 49 (49–49) |
Sex | Female (%) | 73 (31.2) | 2 (50.0) | 2 (66.7) | – | – | – |
Male (%) | 150 (64.1) | 2 (50.0) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | |
Missing (%) | 11 (4.7) | – | – | – | – | – | |
Seriousness | Serious (%) | 234 (100.0) | 4 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | 2 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) |
Not serious (%) | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
Outcome | Recovered/resolved | 20 (8.5) | – | 1 (33.3) | 2 (100.0) | – | – |
Recovering/resolving | 26 (11.1) | 1 (25.0) | – | – | – | 1 (33.3) | |
Recovered with sequelae | – | – | – | – | 1 (33.3) | – | |
Not recovered/not resolved | 15 (6.4) | – | – | – | – | – | |
Fatal | 71 (30.3) | 2 (50.0) | 2 (66.7) | – | 1 (33.3) | – | |
Unknown | 102 (43.6) | 1 (25.0) | – | – | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | |
Primary source | Healthcare professional | 216 (92.3) | 4 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | 2 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) |
Non-healthcare professional | 18 (7.7) | – | – | – | – | – | |
Primary source country for regulatory purposes | European economic area | 67 (28.6) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (33.3) | – | 1 (33.3) | – |
Non-European economic area | 167 (71.4) | 3 (75.0) | 2 (66.7) | 2 (100.0) | 2 (66.7) | 3 (100.0) | |
Suspected drug(s) other than ICIs | 0 | 215 (91.9) | 3 (75.0) | 3 (100.0) | 2 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) |
1 | 13 (5.6) | – | – | – | – | – | |
2 | 3 (1.3) | – | – | – | – | – | |
3 | 1 (0.4) | – | – | – | – | – | |
4 | 1 (0.4) | – | – | – | – | – | |
≥5 | 1 (0.4) | 1 (25.0) | – | – | – | – | |
Concomitant drug(s) | 0 | 178 (76.1) | – | 2 (66.7) | – | 3 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) |
1 | 12 (5.1) | – | – | – | – | – | |
2 | 6 (2.6) | 1 (25.0) | – | – | – | – | |
3 | 5 (2.1) | – | – | – | – | – | |
4 | 3 (1.3) | 2 (50.0) | 1 (33.3) | – | – | – | |
≥5 | 30 (12.8) | 1 (25.0) | – | 2 (100.0) | – | – |
3.2 Cardiac Adverse Events
Cardiac adverse event | Nivolumab | Pembrolizumab | Ipilimumab | Atezolizumab | Durvalumab | Avelumab | Cemiplimab | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
Myocarditis | 215 | 16.4 | 171 | 16.3 | 15 | 9.3 | 23 | 18.1 | 17 | 17.7 | 2 | 7.7 | 3 | 60 | ||
Cardiac failure | 110 | 8.4 | 76 | 7.3 | 11 | 6.8 | 8 | 6.3 | 3 | 3.1 | 2 | 7.7 | 1 | 20 | ||
Atrial fibrillation | 95 | 7.3 | 71 | 6.8 | 21 | 13.0 | 5 | 3.9 | 8 | 8.3 | 4 | 15.4 | 0 | 0 | ||
Pericardial effusion | 81 | 6.2 | 87 | 8.3 | 13 | 8.0 | 10 | 7.9 | 3 | 3.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Myocardial infarction | 73 | 5.6 | 51 | 4.9 | 13 | 8.0 | 12 | 9.4 | 5 | 5.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Tachycardia | 58 | 4.4 | 35 | 3.3 | 10 | 6.2 | 11 | 8.7 | 6 | 6.3 | 2 | 7.7 | 0 | 0 | ||
Pericarditis | 54 | 4.1 | 29 | 2.8 | 5 | 3.1 | 2 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cardiac arrest | 43 | 3.3 | 28 | 2.7 | 13 | 8.0 | 5 | 3.9 | 3 | 3.1 | 4 | 15.4 | 0 | 0 | ||
Arrhythmia | 39 | 3.0 | 25 | 2.4 | 2 | 1.2 | 3 | 2.4 | 2 | 2.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cardiomyopathy | 32 | 2.4 | 20 | 1.9 | 2 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.8 | 2 | 2.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Acute myocardial infarction | 32 | 2.4 | 18 | 1.7 | 8 | 4.9 | 5 | 3.9 | 2 | 2.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cardiac disorder | 25 | 1.9 | 22 | 2.1 | 6 | 3.7 | 2 | 1.6 | 2 | 2.1 | 1 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | ||
Autoimmune myocarditis | 21 | 1.6 | 21 | 2.0 | 2 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Atrioventricular block complete | 20 | 1.5 | 19 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Palpitations | 27 | 2.1 | 18 | 1.7 | 3 | 1.9 | 3 | 2.4 | 1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cardiac tamponade | 25 | 1.9 | 45 | 4.3 | 2 | 1.2 | 2 | 1.6 | 1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cardiogenic shock | 17 | 1.3 | 9 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cardio-respiratory arrest | 21 | 1.6 | 22 | 2.1 | 3 | 1.9 | 2 | 1.6 | 4 | 4.2 | 1 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | ||
Ventricular tachycardia | 17 | 1.3 | 15 | 1.4 | 2 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Bradycardia | 18 | 1.4 | 19 | 1.8 | 1 | 0.6 | 4 | 3.1 | 1 | 1.0 | 3 | 11.5 | 0 | 0 | ||
Other cardiac events | 287 | 21.9 | 245 | 23.4 | 30 | 18.5 | 27 | 21.3 | 34 | 35.4 | 7 | 26.9 | 1 | 20.0 | ||
Total | 1310 | 100.0 | 1046 | 100.0 | 162 | 100.0 | 127 | 100.0 | 96 | 100.0 | 26 | 100.0 | 5 | 100 |
Cardiac adverse event | Nivolumab and ipilimumab | Nivolumab and pembrolizumab | Ipilimumab and pembrolizumab | Nivolumab and atezolizumab | Atezolizumab and pembrolizumab | Nivolumab, ipilimumab, and pembrolizumab | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Myocarditis | 91 | 31.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 66.7 | 3 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 50.0 |
Cardiac failure | 23 | 8.0 | 1 | 25.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Atrial fibrillation | 17 | 5.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Pericardial effusion | 8 | 2.8 | 1 | 25.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 40.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Myocardial infarction | 12 | 4.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Tachycardia | 13 | 4.5 | 1 | 25.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Pericarditis | 3 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Cardiac arrest | 11 | 3.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Arrhythmia | 9 | 3.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Cardiomyopathy | 6 | 2.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 33.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Acute myocardial infarction | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Cardiac disorder | 6 | 2.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Autoimmune myocarditis | 7 | 2.4 | 1 | 25.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Atrioventricular block complete | 5 | 1.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 50.0 |
Palpitations | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Cardiac tamponade | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Cardiogenic shock | 9 | 3.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Cardio-respiratory arrest | 5 | 1.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Ventricular tachycardia | 5 | 1.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Bradycardia | 2 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Other cardiac events | 53 | 18.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 60.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 287 | 100.0 | 4 | 100.0 | 3 | 100.0 | 3 | 100.0 | 5 | 100.0 | 4 | 100.0 |
3.3 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Agents Identified in the ICSRs
Other suspected drugs | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Calcium channel blockers | 10 | 12.8 |
New oral anticoagulants | 10 | 12.8 |
Statins | 9 | 11.5 |
Beta-blockers | 9 | 11.5 |
Loop diuretics | 7 | 9.0 |
Class III anti-arrhythmic agents | 5 | 6.4 |
Injectable anticoagulants | 5 | 6.4 |
Antiplatelets | 5 | 6.4 |
Angiotensin receptor blockers | 4 | 5.1 |
Potassium-sparing diuretics | 3 | 3.8 |
Biguanide | 2 | 2.6 |
Class Ic anti-arrhythmic agents | 1 | 1.3 |
ACE inhibitors | 1 | 1.3 |
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors | 1 | 1.3 |
Fibrates | 1 | 1.3 |
Insulins | 1 | 1.3 |
Thiazide diuretics/angiotensin receptor blockers | 1 | 1.3 |
Thiazide diuretics/beta-blockers | 1 | 1.3 |
Thiazide diuretics/ACE inhibitors | 1 | 1.3 |
Beta-blockers/antiplatelets | 1 | 1.3 |
Total | 78 | 100.0 |
Concomitant drugs | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Beta-blockers | 172 | 12.9 |
Calcium channel blockers | 145 | 10.9 |
Antiplatelet agents | 142 | 10.7 |
Statins | 139 | 10.5 |
Angiotensin receptor blockers | 92 | 6.9 |
Loop diuretics | 89 | 6.7 |
ACE inhibitors | 81 | 6.1 |
Insulins | 62 | 4.7 |
New oral anticoagulants | 60 | 4.5 |
Other agents | 348 | 26.2 |
Total | 1330 | 100.0 |