Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Typ-2-Diabetes und Adipositas Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Häufige urologisch-sexualmedizinische Themen in der Praxis sind das Thema des MMW-Webinars am 5. Juni von 17.30 bis 19 Uhr. Konkret geht es um die Frage, wann bei Harnwegsinfektionen auf Antibiotika verzichtet werden kann, und um ein Update zur Therapie von Libido- und Potenzstörungen des Mannes. Der dritte Vortrag behandelt sexuell übertragbare Krankheiten. Stellen Sie Ihre Fragen an die Experten und sammeln Sie 2 CME-Punkte. Jetzt gleich anmelden!
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
PharmacoEconomics
Erschienen in: PharmacoEconomics 4/2014

01.04.2014 | Practical Application

How to Estimate Productivity Costs in Economic Evaluations

verfasst von: Marieke Krol, Werner Brouwer

Erschienen in: PharmacoEconomics | Ausgabe 4/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Productivity costs are frequently omitted from economic evaluations, despite their often strong impact on cost-effectiveness outcomes. This neglect may be partly explained by the lack of standardization regarding the methodology of estimating productivity costs. This paper aims to contribute to standardization of productivity cost methodology by offering practical guidance on how to estimate productivity costs in economic evaluations. The paper discusses the identification, measurement and valuation of productivity losses. It is recommended to include not only productivity losses related to absenteeism from and reduced productivity at paid work, but also those related to unpaid work. Hence, it is recommended to use a measurement instrument including questions about both paid and unpaid productivity, such as the iMTA Productivity Cost Questionnaire (iPCQ) or the Valuation of Lost Productivity (VOLP). We indicate how to apply the friction cost and the human capital approach and give practical guidance on deriving final cost estimates.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Fußnoten
1
Note that the health of the patient can also affect the productivity of informal caregivers. How to value caregivers time loss can be found elsewhere [60].
 
2
In this paper, absenteeism is considered to encompass early retirement, a reduction in routine work hours or losing one’s job.
 
3
For an elaborate description of the concept of presenteeism see Brooks et al. [23]
 
4
A summary of the key recommendations made in this paper is provided in the electronic supplementary material.
 
5
Note that this recommendation refers to economic evaluations from the societal perspective. In the United States, for instance, evaluations are regularly conducted from an employer perspective. In such cases, productivity losses related to unpaid work do not need to be included.
 
6
Although the development of the iPCQ makes the HLQ somewhat outdated, it can still be used to calculate productivity costs for inclusion in economic evaluation.
 
7
The friction costs are therefore limited here to time costs (the time it takes to hire and train a replacement worker. Consequently, other costs made to replace a worker, for instance recruitment costs, are not directly accounted for. If such costs are deemed substantial, they may be added.
 
Literatur
1.
Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW, O’Brien BJ, Stoddart GL. Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
2.
Gold M, Siegel J, Russell L, Weinstein M. Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1996.
3.
Brouwer WB, Koopmanschap MA, Rutten FF. Productivity costs in cost-effectiveness analysis: numerator or denominator: a further discussion. Health Econ. 1997;6:511–4.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Tranmer JE, Guerriere DN, Ungar WJ, Coyte PC. Valuing patient and caregiver time: a review of the literature. Pharmacoeconomics. 2005;23:449–59.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Koopmanschap MA, Rutten FF. The impact of indirect costs on outcomes of health care programs. Health Econ. 1994;3:385–93.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Stone PW, Chapman RH, Sandberg EA, Liljas B, Neumann PJ. Measuring costs in cost-utility analyses. Variations in the literature. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2000;16:111–24.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Krol M, Papenburg J, Koopmanschap M, Brouwer W. Do productivity costs matter? The impact of including productivity costs on the incremental costs of interventions targeted at depressive disorders. Pharmacoeconomics. 2011;29:601–19.PubMed
8.
Krol M, Papenburg J, Tan S, Brouwer W, Hakkaart L. A Noticeable Difference? Productivity costs related to paid and unpaid work in economic evaluations on expensive drugs. Submitted paper.
9.
Pritchard C, Sculpher M. Productivity costs: principles and practice in economic evaluation. London:Office of Health Economics; 2000.
10.
11.
Olsen J, Richardson J. Production gains from health care: what should be included in cost-effectiveness analysis. Soc Sci Med. 1999;49:17–26.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Brouwer WB, Meerding WJ, Lamers LM, Severens JL. The relationship between productivity and health-related QOL: an exploration. Pharmacoeconomics. 2005;23:209–18.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Burton WN, Chen CY, Conti DJ, Schultz AB, Pransky G, Edington DW. The association of health risks with on-the-job productivity. J Occup Environ Med. 2005;47:769–77.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Krol M, Brouwer W, Rutten F. Productivity costs in economic evaluations: past, present, future. Pharmacoeconomics. 2013;31:537–49.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Reid M. Economics of household production. New York: Wiley; 1934.
16.
Nicholson S, Pauly MV, Polsky D, Sharda C, Szrek H, Berger ML. Measuring the effects of work loss on productivity with team production. Health Econ. 2006;15:111–23.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Severens JL, Laheij RJ, Jansen JB, Van der Lisdonk EH, Verbeek AL. Estimating the cost of lost productivity in dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998;12:919–23.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Jacob-Tacken KH, Koopmanschap MA, Meerding WJ, Severens JL. Correcting for compensating mechanisms related to productivity costs in economic evaluations of health care programmes. Health Econ. 2005;14:435–43.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Krol M, Brouwer WB, Severens JL, Kaper J, Evers SM. Productivity cost calculations in health economic evaluations: Correcting for compensation mechanisms and multiplier effects. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75:1981–8.
20.
Lofland JH, Pizzi L, Frick KD. A review of health-related workplace productivity loss instruments. Pharmacoeconomics. 2004;22:165–84.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Prasad M, Wahlqvist P, Shikiar R, Shih YC. A review of self-report instruments measuring health-related work productivity: a patient-reported outcomes perspective. Pharmacoeconomics. 2004;22:225–44.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Mattke S, Balakrishnan A, Bergamo G, Newberry SJ. A review of methods to measure health-related productivity loss. Am J Manag Care. 2007;13:211–7.PubMed
23.
Zhang W, Bansback N, Anis AH. Measuring and valuing productivity loss due to poor health: A critical review. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(2):185–92.
24.
Zhang W, Bansback N, Kopec J, Anis AH. Measuring time input loss among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: validity and reliability of the Valuation of Lost Productivity questionnaire. J Occup Environ Med. 2011;53:530–6.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zhang W, Bansback N, Boonen A, Severens JL, Anis AH. Development of a composite questionnaire, the valuation of lost productivity, to value productivity losses: application in rheumatoid arthritis. Value Health. 2012;15:46–54.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Bouwmans CA, Hakkaart-van Roijen L, Koopmanschap MA, Krol M, Severens JL. Manual—iMTA Productivity Costs Questionnaire. 2013.
27.
van Roijen L, Essink-Bot ML, Koopmanschap MA, Bonsel G, Rutten FF. Labor and health status in economic evaluation of health care. The Health and Labor Questionnaire. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1996;12:405–15.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Koopmanschap MA. PRODISQ: a modular questionnaire on productivity and disease for economic evaluation studies. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2005;5:23–8.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Language Policy Unit S. Common European framework of reference for languages: learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
30.
Lerner D, Chang H, Rogers WH, Benson C, Schein J, Allaire S. A method for imputing the impact of health problems on at-work performance and productivity from available health data. J Occup Environ Med. 2009;51:515–24.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Lerner D, Chang H, Rogers WH, Benson C, Chow W, Kim MS, et al. Imputing at-work productivity loss using results of a randomized controlled trial comparing tapentadol extended release and oxycodone controlled release for osteoarthritis pain. J Occup Environ Med. 2012;54:933–8.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Cangelosi MJ, Bliss S, Chang H, Dubois RW, Lerner D, Neumann PJ, et al. Imputing productivity gains from clinical trials. J Occup Environ Med. 2012;54:826–33.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Krol M, Stolk E, Brouwer W. Predicting productivity based on EQ-5D: an explorative study. Eur J Health Econ. 2013. [Epub ahead of print].
34.
Severens JL, Mulder J, Laheij RJ, Verbeek AL. Precision and accuracy in measuring absence from work as a basis for calculating productivity costs in The Netherlands. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51:243–9.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Reilly MC, Bracco A, Ricci JF, Santoro J, Stevens T. The validity and accuracy of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire—irritable bowel syndrome version (WPAI:IBS). Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;15(20):459–67.CrossRef
36.
Koopmanschap MA, van Ineveld BM. Towards a new approach for estimating indirect costs of disease. Soc Sci Med. 1992;34:1005–10.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Koopmanschap MA, Rutten FF, van Ineveld BM, van Roijen L. The friction cost method for measuring indirect costs of disease. J Health Econ. 1995;14:171–89.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Weinstein MC, Siegel JE, Garber AM, Lipscomb J, Luce BR, Manning WG Jr, Torrance GW. Productivity costs, time costs and health-related quality of life: a response to the Erasmus Group. Health Econ. 1997;6:505–10.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Brouwer WB, Koopmanschap MA, Rutten FF. Productivity costs measurement through quality of life? A response to the recommendation of the Washington Panel. Health Econ. 1997;6:253–9.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Johannesson M, Karlsson G. The friction cost method: a comment. J Health Econ. 1997;16:249–55 (discussion 257–9).
41.
Johannesson M. Avoiding double-counting in pharmacoeconomic studies. Pharmacoeconomics. 1997;11:385–8.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Nyman J. Productivity costs revisited: toward a new US policy. Health Econ. 2012;21:1387–401.CrossRef
43.
Weisbrod BA. The valuation of human capital. J Polit Econ. 1961;69:425–36.CrossRef
44.
Koopmanschap MA, Rutten FF. Indirect costs in economic studies: confronting the confusion. Pharmacoeconomics. 1993;4:446–54.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Erdogan-Ciftci E, Koopmanschap MA. Estimation of productivity costs using the friction cost method: new evidence using national data. Value Health. 2011;14(abstract):A235–6.
46.
Meltzer D, Weckerle C, Chang L. Do people consider financial effects in answering quality of life questions? Med Decis Mak. 1999;19:517.CrossRef
47.
Sendi P, Brouwer WB. Is silence golden? A test of the incorporation of the effects of ill-health on income and leisure in health state valuations. Health Econ. 2005;14:643–7.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Krol M, Brouwer W, Sendi P. Productivity costs in health-state valuations: does explicit instruction matter? Pharmacoeconomics. 2006;24:401–14.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Krol M, Sendi P, Brouwer W. Breaking the silence: exploring the potential effects of explicit instructions on incorporating income and leisure in TTO exercises. Value Health. 2009;12:172–80.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Brouwer WB, Grootenboer S, Sendi P. The incorporation of income and leisure in health state valuations when the measure is silent: an empirical inquiry into the sound of silence. Med Decis Making. 2009;29:503–12.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Myers J, McCabe S, Gohmann S. Quality-of-life assessment when there is a loss of income. Med Decis Mak. 2007;27:27–33.CrossRef
52.
Davidson T, Levin LA. Do individuals consider expected income when valuing health states? Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2008;24:488–94.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Richardson J, Peacock SJ, Iezzi A. Do quality-adjusted life years take account of lost income? Evidence from an Australian survey. Eur J Health Econ. 2009;10:103–9.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Tilling C, Krol M, Tsuchiya A, Brazier J, Exel J, Brouwer W. Does the EQ-5D reflect lost earnings? Pharmacoeconomics. 2012;30:47–61.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Posnett J, Jan S. Indirect cost in economic evaluation: the opportunity cost of unpaid inputs. Health Econ. 1996;5:13–23.PubMedCrossRef
56.
van den Berg B, Brouwer W, van Exel J, Koopmanschap M, van den Bos GA, Rutten F. Economic valuation of informal care: lessons from the application of the opportunity costs and proxy good methods. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62:835–45.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Hakkaart-van Rooijen L, Tan SS, Bouwmans CAM. Dutch costing manual. Rotterdam: institute for Medical Technology Assessment (by order of the Board of Health Insurances); 2010.
58.
Brouwer WB, Koopmanschap MA, Rutten FF. Productivity losses without absence: measurement validation and empirical evidence. Health Policy. 1999;48:13–27.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Lerner D, Amick BC 3rd, Rogers WH, Malspeis S, Bungay K, Cynn D. The Work Limitations Questionnaire. Med Care. 2001;39:72–85.
60.
Hoefman RJ, van Exel J, Brouwer W. How to include informal care in economic evaluations. Pharmacoeconomics. 2013;31:1105–19.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
How to Estimate Productivity Costs in Economic Evaluations
verfasst von
Marieke Krol
Werner Brouwer
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2014
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
PharmacoEconomics / Ausgabe 4/2014
Print ISSN: 1170-7690
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-2027
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-014-0132-3

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2014

PharmacoEconomics 4/2014 Zur Ausgabe

Editorial

Achieving Allocative Efficiency in Healthcare: Nice in Theory, not so NICE in Practice?

Current Opinion

Can the Real Opportunity Cost Stand Up: Displaced Services, the Straw Man Outside the Room

Review Article

Assessing the Value of Healthcare Interventions Using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis: A Review of the Literature

Systematic Review

A Systematic Review of the Quality of Economic Models Comparing Thrombosis Inhibitors in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Systematic Review

Treatment Sequencing After Failure of the First Biologic in Cost-Effectiveness Models of Psoriasis: A Systematic Review of Published Models and Clinical Practice Guidelines

Original Research Article

Differential Time Preferences for Money and Quality of Life