Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Herz 8/2013

01.12.2013 | Schwerpunkt

Ätiologie, Diagnose, Management und Therapie der Myokarditis

Positionspapier der ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. S. Pankuweit, PhD, B. Maisch

Erschienen in: Herz | Ausgabe 8/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Trotz großer Fortschritte in der Pathophysiologie und Ätiologie der Myokarditis ist auch heute im klinischen Alltag die Diagnose einer Myokarditis schwierig zu stellen. Häufig bleibt es bei einer reinen Verdachtsdiagnose. Unklarheiten bezüglich der anzuwendenden diagnostischen Kriterien und der möglicherweise daraus resultierenden therapeutischen Konsequenzen erschweren eine endgültige Diagnosestellung. Diesem klinischen Problem hat sich die Arbeitsgruppe Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie (ESC) gestellt und eine Arbeitsgruppe aus Experten eingerichtet, die die aktuellen Daten zur klinischen Präsentation, Diagnostik und Behandlung von Patienten mit Myokarditis zusammenstellen sollte, um anschließend im Konsens diagnostische Kriterien sowie einen (Be-)Handlungspfad für Patienten mit klinischem Verdacht auf Myokarditis zu erarbeiten. Ziel war es, die Lücke zwischen klinischer Verdachtsdiagnose auf der einen Seite und immunhistochemischen sowie molekularbiologischen Ergebnissen auf der anderen Seite zu schließen, um für diese Patienten ein europaweit einheitliches Konzept zur essenziellen Diagnostik und Behandlung zu formulieren. Nur dies schafft die Grundlagen für nationale sowie internationale Register und doppelblind randomisierte Therapiestudien zur ätiologisch differenzierten Behandlung der Myokarditis, die aufgrund zahlreicher Untersuchungen in den letzten Jahren Erfolg versprechen könnten. Im vorliegenden Beitrag zweier Mitglieder der Expertenarbeitsgruppe werden die wichtigsten Aspekte aus diesem im Juli 2013 im European Heart Joumal erschienen Positionspapier zu Ätiologie, Diagnose, Management und Therapie der Myokarditis zusammengefasst.
Literatur
1.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Basso C, Calabrese F, Corrado D, Thiene G (2001) Postmortem diagnosis of sudden cardiac death victims. Cardiovasc Res 50:290–300PubMedCrossRef Basso C, Calabrese F, Corrado D, Thiene G (2001) Postmortem diagnosis of sudden cardiac death victims. Cardiovasc Res 50:290–300PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Kindermann I, Barth C, Mahfoud F et al (2012) Update on myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:779–792PubMedCrossRef Kindermann I, Barth C, Mahfoud F et al (2012) Update on myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:779–792PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Felker GM, Hu W, Hare JW et al (1999) The spectrum of dilated cardiomyopathy. The Johns Hopkins experience in 1278 patients. Medicine 78:270–283PubMedCrossRef Felker GM, Hu W, Hare JW et al (1999) The spectrum of dilated cardiomyopathy. The Johns Hopkins experience in 1278 patients. Medicine 78:270–283PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Caforio AL, Calabrese F, Angelini A et al (2007) A prospective study of biopsy-proven myocarditis: prognostic relevance of clinical and aetiopathogenetic features at diagnosis. Eur Heart J 28:1326–1333PubMedCrossRef Caforio AL, Calabrese F, Angelini A et al (2007) A prospective study of biopsy-proven myocarditis: prognostic relevance of clinical and aetiopathogenetic features at diagnosis. Eur Heart J 28:1326–1333PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Japanese Circulation Society (JCS) Joint Working Group (2011) Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis (JCS 2009): digest version. Circ J 75:734–743CrossRef Japanese Circulation Society (JCS) Joint Working Group (2011) Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis (JCS 2009): digest version. Circ J 75:734–743CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M et al (1996) Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation 93:841–842PubMedCrossRef Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M et al (1996) Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation 93:841–842PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Aretz HT, Billingham ME, Edwards WD et al (1985) Myocarditis: a histopathologic definition and classification. Am J Cardiol Pathol 1:1–10 Aretz HT, Billingham ME, Edwards WD et al (1985) Myocarditis: a histopathologic definition and classification. Am J Cardiol Pathol 1:1–10
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Maisch B, Bültmann B, Factor S et al (1999) World Heart Federation consensus conference’s definition of inflammatory cardiomyopathy (myocarditis): report from two expert committees on histology and viral cardiomyopathy. Heartbeat 4:3–4 Maisch B, Bültmann B, Factor S et al (1999) World Heart Federation consensus conference’s definition of inflammatory cardiomyopathy (myocarditis): report from two expert committees on histology and viral cardiomyopathy. Heartbeat 4:3–4
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Maisch B, Portig I, Ristic A et al (2000) Definition of inflammatory cardiomyopathy (myocarditis): on the way to consensus. Herz 25:200–209PubMedCrossRef Maisch B, Portig I, Ristic A et al (2000) Definition of inflammatory cardiomyopathy (myocarditis): on the way to consensus. Herz 25:200–209PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E et al (2007) Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 29:270–276PubMedCrossRef Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E et al (2007) Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 29:270–276PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E et al (2013) Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 34(33):2636–2648PubMedCrossRef Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E et al (2013) Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 34(33):2636–2648PubMedCrossRef
15.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Kindermann I, Kindermann M, Kandolf R et al (2008) Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis. Circulation 118:639–648PubMedCrossRef Kindermann I, Kindermann M, Kandolf R et al (2008) Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis. Circulation 118:639–648PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G et al (2006) Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 113:1807–1816PubMedCrossRef Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G et al (2006) Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 113:1807–1816PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Bock CT, Klingel K, Kandolf R (2010) Human parvovirus B19-associated myocarditis. N Engl J Med 362:1248–1249PubMedCrossRef Bock CT, Klingel K, Kandolf R (2010) Human parvovirus B19-associated myocarditis. N Engl J Med 362:1248–1249PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu P, Martino T, Opavsky MA, Penninger J (1996) Viral myocarditis: balance between viral infection and immune response. Can J Cardiol 12:935–943PubMed Liu P, Martino T, Opavsky MA, Penninger J (1996) Viral myocarditis: balance between viral infection and immune response. Can J Cardiol 12:935–943PubMed
20.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Pankuweit S, Klingel K (2013) Viral myocarditis: from experimental models to molecular diagnosis in patients. Heart Fail Rev 18(3):329–336PubMedCrossRef Pankuweit S, Klingel K (2013) Viral myocarditis: from experimental models to molecular diagnosis in patients. Heart Fail Rev 18(3):329–336PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Taneja V, Behrens M, Cooper LT et al (2007) Spontaneous myocarditis mimicking human disease occurs in the presence of an appropriate MHC and non-MHC background in transgenic mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 42:1054–1064PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Taneja V, Behrens M, Cooper LT et al (2007) Spontaneous myocarditis mimicking human disease occurs in the presence of an appropriate MHC and non-MHC background in transgenic mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 42:1054–1064PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Elliott JF, Liu J, Yuan ZN et al (2003) Autoimmune cardiomyopathy and heart block develop spontaneously in HLA-DQ8 transgenic IAbeta knockout NOD mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:13447–13452PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Elliott JF, Liu J, Yuan ZN et al (2003) Autoimmune cardiomyopathy and heart block develop spontaneously in HLA-DQ8 transgenic IAbeta knockout NOD mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:13447–13452PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Satoh M, Shimoda Y, Maesawa C et al (2006) MyD88 signaling controls autoimmune myocarditis induction. Circulation 113:258–265CrossRef Satoh M, Shimoda Y, Maesawa C et al (2006) MyD88 signaling controls autoimmune myocarditis induction. Circulation 113:258–265CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Guler ML, Ligons DL, Wang Y et al (2005) Two autoimmune diabetes loci influencing T cell apoptosis control susceptibility to experimental autoimmune myocarditis. J Immunol 174:2167–2173PubMed Guler ML, Ligons DL, Wang Y et al (2005) Two autoimmune diabetes loci influencing T cell apoptosis control susceptibility to experimental autoimmune myocarditis. J Immunol 174:2167–2173PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu PP, Mason JW (2001) Advances in the understanding of myocarditis. Circulation 104:1076–1082PubMedCrossRef Liu PP, Mason JW (2001) Advances in the understanding of myocarditis. Circulation 104:1076–1082PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Linde A, Mosier D, Blecha F, Melgarejo T (2007) Innate immunity and inflammation – new frontiers in comparative cardiovascular pathology. Cardiovasc Res 73:26–36PubMedCrossRef Linde A, Mosier D, Blecha F, Melgarejo T (2007) Innate immunity and inflammation – new frontiers in comparative cardiovascular pathology. Cardiovasc Res 73:26–36PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Maekawa Y, Ouzounian M, Opavsky MA, Liu PP (2007) Connecting the missing link between dilated cardiomyopathy and viral myocarditis: virus, cytosceleton, and innate immunity. Circulation 115:5–8PubMedCrossRef Maekawa Y, Ouzounian M, Opavsky MA, Liu PP (2007) Connecting the missing link between dilated cardiomyopathy and viral myocarditis: virus, cytosceleton, and innate immunity. Circulation 115:5–8PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Mason JW (2003) Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link. Cardiovasc Res 60:5–10PubMedCrossRef Mason JW (2003) Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link. Cardiovasc Res 60:5–10PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper LT, Baughman KL, Feldman AM et al (2007) The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology. Circulation 116:2216–2233PubMedCrossRef Cooper LT, Baughman KL, Feldman AM et al (2007) The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology. Circulation 116:2216–2233PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J et al (2009) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC white paper. J Am Coll Cardiol 53:1475–1487PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J et al (2009) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC white paper. J Am Coll Cardiol 53:1475–1487PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Yilmaz A, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Sechtem U (2009) Imaging in inflammatory heart disease: from the past to current clinical practice. Hellenic J Cardiol 50:449–460PubMed Yilmaz A, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Sechtem U (2009) Imaging in inflammatory heart disease: from the past to current clinical practice. Hellenic J Cardiol 50:449–460PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Connell JB, Henkin RE, Robinson JA et al (1984) Gallium-67 imaging in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and biopsy-proven myocarditis. Circulation 70:58–62CrossRef O’Connell JB, Henkin RE, Robinson JA et al (1984) Gallium-67 imaging in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and biopsy-proven myocarditis. Circulation 70:58–62CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Dec GW, Palacios I, Yasuda T et al (1990) Antimyosin antibody cardiac imaging: its role in the diagnosis of myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 16:97–104PubMedCrossRef Dec GW, Palacios I, Yasuda T et al (1990) Antimyosin antibody cardiac imaging: its role in the diagnosis of myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 16:97–104PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahfoud F, Gärtner B, Kindermann M et al (2011) Virus serology in patients with suspected myocarditis: utility or futility? Eur Heart J 32:897–903PubMedCrossRef Mahfoud F, Gärtner B, Kindermann M et al (2011) Virus serology in patients with suspected myocarditis: utility or futility? Eur Heart J 32:897–903PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Maisch B, Hufnagel G, Kölsch S et al (2004) Treatment of inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis with immunosuppression and i.v. immunoglobulins. Herz 29:624–636PubMedCrossRef Maisch B, Hufnagel G, Kölsch S et al (2004) Treatment of inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis with immunosuppression and i.v. immunoglobulins. Herz 29:624–636PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Maisch B, Pankuweit S (2012) Current treatment options in (peri)myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Herz 37:644–656PubMedCrossRef Maisch B, Pankuweit S (2012) Current treatment options in (peri)myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Herz 37:644–656PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat McCarthy RE 3rd, Boehmer JP, Hruban RH et al (2000) Long-term outcome of fulminant myocarditis as compared with acute (nonfulminant) myocarditis. N Engl J Med 342:690–695PubMedCrossRef McCarthy RE 3rd, Boehmer JP, Hruban RH et al (2000) Long-term outcome of fulminant myocarditis as compared with acute (nonfulminant) myocarditis. N Engl J Med 342:690–695PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G et al (2008) ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Eur J Heart Fail 10:933–989PubMedCrossRef Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G et al (2008) ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Eur J Heart Fail 10:933–989PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Mirabel M, Luyt CE, Leprince P et al (2011) Outcomes, long-term quality of life, and psychologic assessment of fulminant myocarditis patients rescued by mechanical circulatory support. Crit Care Med 39:1029–1035PubMedCrossRef Mirabel M, Luyt CE, Leprince P et al (2011) Outcomes, long-term quality of life, and psychologic assessment of fulminant myocarditis patients rescued by mechanical circulatory support. Crit Care Med 39:1029–1035PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Dickstein K, Vardas PE, Auricchio A et al (2010) 2010 Focused Update of ESC Guidelines on device therapy in heart failure: an update of the 2008 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure and the 2007 ESC guidelines for cardiac and resynchronization therapy. Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association and the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J 31:2677–2687PubMedCrossRef Dickstein K, Vardas PE, Auricchio A et al (2010) 2010 Focused Update of ESC Guidelines on device therapy in heart failure: an update of the 2008 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure and the 2007 ESC guidelines for cardiac and resynchronization therapy. Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association and the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J 31:2677–2687PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS et al (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 123:e269–e367PubMedCrossRef Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS et al (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 123:e269–e367PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat European Heart Rhythm Association, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Camm AJ et al (2010) Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 31:2369–2429CrossRef European Heart Rhythm Association, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Camm AJ et al (2010) Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 31:2369–2429CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Prochnau D, Surber R, Kuehnert H et al (2010) Successful use of a wearable cardioverter-defibrillator in myocarditis with normal ejection fraction. Clin Res Cardiol 99:129–131PubMedCrossRef Prochnau D, Surber R, Kuehnert H et al (2010) Successful use of a wearable cardioverter-defibrillator in myocarditis with normal ejection fraction. Clin Res Cardiol 99:129–131PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Basso C, Carturan E, Corrado D, Thiene G (2007) Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy in athletes: diagnosis, management and recommendations for sport activity. Cardiol Clin 25:423–429PubMedCrossRef Basso C, Carturan E, Corrado D, Thiene G (2007) Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy in athletes: diagnosis, management and recommendations for sport activity. Cardiol Clin 25:423–429PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelliccia A, Fagard R, Bjørnstad HH et al (2005) Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease: a consensus document from the Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 26:1422–1445PubMedCrossRef Pelliccia A, Fagard R, Bjørnstad HH et al (2005) Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease: a consensus document from the Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 26:1422–1445PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Mason JW, O’Connell JB, Herskowitz A et al (1995) A clinical trial of immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis. The Myocarditis Treatment Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 333:269–275PubMedCrossRef Mason JW, O’Connell JB, Herskowitz A et al (1995) A clinical trial of immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis. The Myocarditis Treatment Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 333:269–275PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Maisch B, Camerini F, Schultheiss H-P (1955) Immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis (letter). N Engl J Med 333:1713 Maisch B, Camerini F, Schultheiss H-P (1955) Immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis (letter). N Engl J Med 333:1713
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Calabrese F et al (2003) Immunosuppressive therapy for active lymphocytic myocarditis: virological and immunologic profile of responders versus nonresponders. Circulation 107:857–863PubMedCrossRef Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Calabrese F et al (2003) Immunosuppressive therapy for active lymphocytic myocarditis: virological and immunologic profile of responders versus nonresponders. Circulation 107:857–863PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Wojnicz R, Nowalany-Kozielska E, Wojciechowska C et al (2001) Randomized, placebo controlled study for immunosuppressive treatment of inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy. Two-year follow-up results. Circulation 104:39–45PubMedCrossRef Wojnicz R, Nowalany-Kozielska E, Wojciechowska C et al (2001) Randomized, placebo controlled study for immunosuppressive treatment of inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy. Two-year follow-up results. Circulation 104:39–45PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Frustaci A, Russo MA, Chimenti C (2009) Randomized study on the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with virus-negative inflammatory cardiomyopathy: the TIMIC study. Eur Heart J 30:1995–2002PubMedCrossRef Frustaci A, Russo MA, Chimenti C (2009) Randomized study on the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with virus-negative inflammatory cardiomyopathy: the TIMIC study. Eur Heart J 30:1995–2002PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Ätiologie, Diagnose, Management und Therapie der Myokarditis
Positionspapier der ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. S. Pankuweit, PhD
B. Maisch
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2013
Verlag
Urban & Vogel
Erschienen in
Herz / Ausgabe 8/2013
Print ISSN: 0340-9937
Elektronische ISSN: 1615-6692
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-013-3988-7

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2013

Herz 8/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Aktuelle Kardiologie

Aktuelle Kardiologie

e-Herz: Case study

Left atrial diverticulum

Update Kardiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.