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Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 10/2005

01.10.2005 | Leitthema

Das akute Koronarsyndrom in der Prähospitalphase

verfasst von: Dr. med. J.-H. Schiff, H. R. Arntz, B. W. Böttiger

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 10/2005

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Zusammenfassung

In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland verstarben im Jahr 2002 knapp 70.000 Menschen aufgrund eines akuten Myokardinfarkts (AMI), etwa 37% verstarben noch vor Erreichen der Klinik. Dies unterstreicht die besondere Relevanz einer adäquaten prähospitalen Versorgung. Anlass für die Einführung des gemeinsamen Oberbegriffes akutes Koronarsyndrom (ACS) ist der gemeinsame Pathomechanismus der verschiedenen ACS-Formen. Die Definition reicht von der instabilen Angina pectoris (iAP) über den Nicht-ST-Streckenhebungsinfarkt (NSTEMI) und den ST-Streckenhebungsinfarkt (STEMI) bis zum plötzlichen Herztod (PHT). Charakteristisch sind retrosternale Schmerzen, ggf. eine vegetative Symptomatik und Ausstrahlung des Schmerzes. Weiter differenziert wird das ACS nur durch das 12-Kanal EKG; herzspezifische Enzyme haben prähospital therapeutisch zurzeit keinen Stellenwert. Anamnese und Untersuchung sollten kurz und gezielt erfolgen, die Vitalparameter des Patienten engmaschig überwacht werden. Die Basistherapie besteht aus inhalativer Sauerstoffgabe, sublingualer Gabe von Glyceroltrinitrat, Morphin, Acetylsalicylsäure (ASS) und ggf. β-Blockern über einen peripher-venösen Zugang. Lässt sich die Diagnose STEMI durch 12-Kanal EKG und Anamnese eindeutig stellen, sollte bei allen Patienten ohne Kontraindikationen mit einer Fibrinolyse begonnen werden, sofern zu erwarten ist, dass die Verzögerung bis zu einer perkutanen koronaren (Katheter-)Intervention (PCI) >90 min und die Symptomdauer weniger als 12 h beträgt. Besonders günstig ist eine Symptomdauer <3 h. Patienten mit STEMI erhalten Heparin in Abhängigkeit von dem verwendeten Fibrinolytikum, eine Routinegabe von Heparin erhöht bei diesen Patienten die Blutungsrate, während Heparin bei Patienten mit iAP oder NSTEMI insgesamt das weitere Risiko senkt. Alle ACS-Patienten müssen vom Notarzt ins Krankenhaus begleitet werden. Patienten mit Komplikationen bzw. Kontraindikationen für eine Fibrinolyse sollten nach Möglichkeit in ein Zentrum mit akut verfügbarer Interventionsmöglichkeit (PCI) gebracht werden. Patienten mit unkompliziertem ACS können in jede Klinik mit einer geeigneten Intensivstation gebracht werden. Die Behandlung von Begleitkomplikationen richtet sich nach der Art und dem klinischem Schweregrad der Störung.
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Metadaten
Titel
Das akute Koronarsyndrom in der Prähospitalphase
verfasst von
Dr. med. J.-H. Schiff
H. R. Arntz
B. W. Böttiger
Publikationsdatum
01.10.2005
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 10/2005
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-005-0897-z

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