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01.10.2011 | Leitthema

Erworbene Muskelschwäche beim kritisch Kranken

Critical-Illness-Polyneuropathie und Critical-Illness-Myopathie

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 10/2011

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Zusammenfassung

Die erworbene Skelettmuskelschwäche stellt bei kritisch kranken Patienten eine schwerwiegende Komplikation dar, deren Bedeutung in letzter Zeit immer mehr in den Blickpunkt des Interesses rückt. Ursächlich liegen diesem Phänomen klar definierte neuromuskuläre Störungen zugrunde, die sich charakteristischerweise im Verlauf einer schweren Sepsis, eines Multiorganversagens oder eines ARDS („adult respiratory distress syndrome“) entwickeln: die Critical-Illness-Polyneuropathie (CIP), die Critical-Illness-Myopathie (CIM) sowie Mischformen im Sinne einer Critical-Illness-Neuromyopathie (CINM). Sowohl CIP als auch CIM beeinträchtigen die Funktion der Extremitäten- und Atemmuskulatur nachhaltig, was unmittelbar zu einer komplizierten und prolongierten Entwöhnung vom Respirator, einem längeren Intensivaufenthalt sowie einer verzögerten Mobilisation und Rehabilitation führen kann. Die zugrunde liegenden Pathomechanismen sind komplex und bis zum heutigen Tage noch nicht in allen Einzelheiten aufgeklärt. Man geht jedoch davon aus, dass metabolische, inflammatorische und bioenergetische Prozesse in diesem Zusammenhang eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Es wird nach wie vor kontrovers diskutiert, ob CIP und CIM zwei gänzlich verschiedene Krankheitsentitäten sind oder ob sie lediglich unterschiedliche Organmanifestationen mit derselben pathophysiologischen Grundlage darstellen. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die vorliegende Arbeit zum Ziel, pathophysiologische Aspekte der erworbenen Skelettmuskelschwäche bei kritisch Kranken zu diskutieren, diagnostische Methoden darzustellen sowie therapeutische und präventive Maßnahmen aufzuzeigen.

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Titel: Erworbene Muskelschwäche beim kritisch Kranken
Critical-Illness-Polyneuropathie und Critical-Illness-Myopathie
Publikationsdatum: 01.10.2011
Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 10/2011
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-011-1951-7

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