Introduction
Methods
Results
Author | Country | Study size | Eligible age range (years) | Period of study | Design | Number of centres | Method(s) of case identification | Definition(s) of DKA | Ascertainment (%)a
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abduljabbar et al, 2010 [35] | Saudi Arabia | 438 | 0 to <15 | 1990–2007 | R | 1 medical services organisation for oil company | (1) Hospital paediatric diabetes registry; (2) registry of children admitted with diabetes | pH <7.3 and/or HCO3 <15 mmol/l | 100 |
Abdul-Rasoul et al, 2010 [18] | Kuwait | 677 | 0 to <12 | 2000–2006 | R | Nationwide | Hospital records | pH <7.3 and/or HCO3 <15 mmol/l with ketonuria and glucose > 11 mmol/l | 93.9 |
Al Khawari et al, 1997 [36] | Kuwait | 243 | 0 to <15 | 1992–1995 | P | Nationwide | (1) Kuwait IDDM register; (2) hospital records; (3) diabetic clinic mandatory registry | pH <7.3 and/or HCO3 <18 mmol/l and hyperglycaemia and ketonuria | 92 |
Al Magamsi et al, 2004 [37] | Saudi Arabia | 230 | 0 to <15 | 1992–2001 | R | 1 maternity and children’s hospital | Hospital records | Glucose >14 mmol/l and pH <7.3 or bicarbonate <15 mmol/l in the presence of ketonuria | |
Alvi et al, 2001 [38] | UK | 328 | 0 to 15 | 1987–1996 | R | Regional | (1) Local paediatricians; (2) general practitioners and diabetes nurse specialists | pH ≤7.25 or HCO3 ≤15 mmol/l in the presence of hyperglycaemia and ketonuria | |
Barák et al, 2006 [39] | Slovak Republic | 323 | Not given | 2002–2005 | R | 1 diabetology centre and 1 children's hospital | Hospital and clinic records | pH <7.3, HCO3 <15 mmol/l, glucose >13.9 mmol/l and ketonuria | |
Blanc et al, 2003 [40] | France | 72 | 0 to <18 | Not given | P | 1 endocrinology and diabetes department | Hospital records | pH <7.35 | |
Böber et al, 2001 [41] | Turkey | 62 | 0 to <18 | 1991–1998 | R | 1 paediatric endocrinology department | Hospital records | pH <7.3 and HCO3 <15 mmol/l | |
Bowden et al, 2008 [3] | USA | 152 | 0 to ? | 2004 | R | 1 children’s hospital | Hospital records | HCO3 <15 mmol/l and ketonuria and hyperglycaemia | |
Bui et al, 2010 [42] | Canada | 3,947 | 0 to <18 | 1994–2000 | R | Regional | (1) Health insurance plan; (2) database of health and long-term care; (3) discharge abstract database | ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes 250.1–250.3 | |
Campbell-Stokes et al, 2005 [43] | New Zealand | 298 | 0 to 15 | 1999–2000 | R | Regional | (1) New Zealand Paediatric Surveillance Unit; (2) paediatricians; (3) hospital discharges from New Zealand Health Information Service | pH <7.3 | 95.2 |
Charemska et al, 2003 [44] | Poland | 158 | 0 to <19 | 1998–2002 | R | 1 children’s hospital | Clinic records | pH ≤7.3 and HCO3 ≤18 mmol/l | |
Charron-Prochownik et al, 1995 [45] | USA | 89 | 0 to <14 | 1978–1985 | P | 1 endocrinology unit | Unit records | pH ≤7.3 | 68.7 |
Fernández Castañer et al, 1996 [5] | Spain | 50 | 0 to 18 | 1986–1991 | R | 1 endocrinology unit | Unit records | HCO3 <15 mmol/l | |
Habib, 2005 [46] | Saudi Arabia | 311 | 0 to 15 | 1992–2004 | R | 1 maternity and children’s hospital | Hospital records | Glucose >14 mmol/l and pH <7.3 or HCO3 <15 mmol/l in presence of ketonuria | |
Hanas et al, 2007 [47] | Sweden | 149 | 0 to <18 | 2000–2004 | P | Nationwide | National Paediatric Diabetes Registry | pH <7.3 | |
Hekkala et al, 2007 [48] | Finland | 585 | 0 to <15 | 1982–2001 | R | 1 paediatric department | Hospital and clinic register | pH <7.3 and/or HCO3 <15 mmol/l | |
Hekkala et al, 2010 [49] | Finland | 1616 | 0 to <15 | 2002–2005 | R | 27 centres | (1) Paediatric diabetes register; (2) hospital records | pH <7.3 | 97.6 |
Hodgson et al, 2006 [50] | Chile | 97 | 0 to <17 | 1988–2003 | R | 1 hospital | Hospital records | pH <7.3, HCO3 <15 mmol/l and ketonaemia | |
Jackson et al, 2001 [51] | New Zealand | 70 | 0 to 15 | 1995–1996 | R | 1 children’s hospital | (1) Hospital records; (2) regional diabetes database; (3) laboratory staff | pH <7.35 | |
Kapellen et al, 2001 [52] | Germany | 104 | 0 to <18 | 1995–1999 | R | 1 children’s hospital | Hospital records | pH <7.3, glucose >250 mg/dl (> 13.9 mmol/l) and HCO3 <15 mmol/l | |
Karjalainen et al, 1989 [53] | Finland | 82 | 0 to <19 | 1983–1986 | R | 1 hospital | Hospital records | pH <7.35 | 90.1 |
Kulaylat et al, 2001 [54] | Saudi Arabia | 46 | 0 to 15 | 1986–1997 | R | 1 hospital | Hospital records | pH <7.35 or tCO2 <21 mmol/l | |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (E1)b [11] | Iceland | 10 | 0 to <15 | 1989–1994 | P | Nationwide | Incidence surveillance cohort | pH <7.3 | 100 |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (H1)b [11] | The Netherlands | 49 | 0 to <15 | 1989–1994 | P | 5 regions | Incidence surveillance cohort | pH <7.3 | 80.3 |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (K1)b [11] | Lithuania | 58 | 0 to <15 | 1989–1994 | P | Nationwide | Incidence surveillance cohort | pH <7.3 | 93.5 |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (M1)b [11] | Germany | 43 | 0 to <15 | 1989–1994 | P | Regional | Incidence surveillance cohort | pH <7.3 | 91.5 |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (R1)b [11] | Romania | 21 | 0 to <15 | 1989–1994 | P | Regional | Incidence surveillance cohort | pH <7.3 | 95.5 |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (W1)b [11] | Poland | 59 | 0 to <15 | 1989–1994 | P | 8 regions | Incidence surveillance cohort | pH <7.3 | 62.8 |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (Y1)b [11] | Slovenia | 21 | 0 to <15 | 1989–1994 | P | Nationwide | Incidence surveillance cohort | pH <7.3 | 100 |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (Z1)b [11] | Slovak Republic | 104 | 0 to <15 | 1989–1994 | P | Nationwide | Incidence surveillance cohort | pH <7.3 | 86.7 |
Mallare et al, 2003 [55] | USA | 139 | 0 to <19 | 1995–1998 | R | 1 children’s hospital | Hospital records | pH <7.3 | 81.3 |
Maniatis et al, 2005 [56] | USA | 359 | 0 to <18 | 2002–2003 | R | 1 diabetes centre | Diabetes centre records | pH <7.3 and HCO3 <15 mmol/l | 93.7 |
Mayer-Davies et al, 2009 [57] | USA | 436 | 0 to <20 | 2002–2005 | P | 6 clinical centres | (1) Reporting network of clinics and healthcare providers; (2) hospital discharge, billing and paediatric endocrinology case lists; (3) mailed survey to providers likely to see children not included in above | pH <7.25 (venous) or <7.3 (arterial/capillary) or HCO3 < 15 mmol/l or ICD-9 code 250.1 at discharge or diagnosis of DKA in medical notes | |
Mylnarski et al, 2003 [58] | Poland | 106 | 0 to <19 | 1997–2001 | P | 1 diabetes centre | Hospital records | pH <7.35 | |
Neu et al, 2003 [59] | Germany | 2,121 | 0 to <15 | 1987–1997 | R | 31 paediatric departments and 1 diabetes centre | (1) Hospital records ; (2) questionnaire to members of Diabetic Patients Association | Glucose > 250 mg/dl (>13.9 mmol/l), pH <7.3 or HCO3 <15 mmol/l and ketonuria | 97.2 |
Newfield et al, 2009 [60] | USA | 136 | 0 to <18 | 1998–2001 | R | 1 children’s hospital | Hospital database | pH <7.3 or HCO3 <15 mmol/l | |
Olak-Białoń et al, 2007 [61] | Poland | 186 | 0 to <18 | 2004–2005 | R | 1 children’s endocrinology and diabetes centre | Clinic records | pH <7.3, HCO3 <18 mmol/l, ketonuria and glucose >250 mg/dl (> 13.9 mmol/l) | |
Pawlowicz et al, 2009 [62] | Poland | 474 | 0 to <17 | 1999–2005 | R | 1 paediatric endocrinology department | (1) Hospital records; (2) regional diabetic outpatient clinics | pH <7.3 and HCO3 <15 mmol/l | 99.73 |
Pinero-Martinez et al, 1995 [63] | Spain | 74 | 0 to <15 | 1983–1992 | R | 1 hospital | Hospital records | pH <7.3 | |
Pinkney et al, 1994 [64] | UK | 95 | 0 to <21 | 1990 | P | Regional | Hospital register | pH ≤7.35 or HCO3 ≤21.0 mmol/l | |
Pocecco and Nassimbeni 1993 [65] | Italy | 73 | 0 to <17 | 1987–1990 | R | 14 paediatric departments and 14 diabetologic services | (1) Departmental records; (2) central register for all patients receiving drug reimbursement | pH <7.36 | 98 |
Prisco et al, 2006 [66] | Italy | 118 | 0 to <19 | 2003 | P | 7 territorial reference hospitals | Hospital records | pH <7.3 and glucose >250 mg/dl (> 13.9 mmol/l) and capillary ketone bodies >3 mmol/l | 98 |
Pronina et al, 2008 [67] | Russia | 2,031 | 0 to <15 | 1996–2005 | P | 4 largest children’s hospitals in Moscow | (1) Departmental and hospital records; (2) registration for exemption from payment for medication | Bicarbonate <10 mmol/l and pH <7.3 | 94 |
Punnose et al, 2002 [68] | United Arab Emirates | 35 | 0 to 18 | 1990–1998 | R | 1 hospital | Hospital records | Glucose >205 mg/dl (> 11.4 mmol/l) and HCO3 <15 mmol/l with ketonuria ++ or more | |
Quinn et al, 2006 [69] | USA | 247 | 0 to <6 | 1990–1999 | R | 1 children’s hospital | Hospital records | Glucose >300 mg/dl (> 16.7 mmol/l), pH <7.3 and/or HCO3 or tCO2 <15 mmol/l | |
Rewers et al, 2008 [70] | USA and Hawaii | 1,656 | 0 to 20 | 2002–2004 | R | Regional | Rapid reporting network of clinics and healthcare providers | pH <7.25 (venous) or <7.3 (arterial/capillary) or HCO3 <15 mmol/l or ICD-9 code 250.1 at discharge or diagnosis of DKA in chart | 77 |
Roche et al, 2005 [71] | Ireland | 197 | 0 to <15 | 1997–1998 | P | Nationwide | (1) Irish paediatric surveillance unit; (2) national survey of adult physicians and endocrinologists | Glucose >15 mmol/l, urinary ketones +2, pH <7.2, HCO3 <15 mmol/l and clinical symptoms | 90.7 |
Rosenbauer et al, 2002 [72] | Germany | 262 | 0 to <15 | 1993–1995 | R | 41 paediatric and diabetes departments | (1) Active clinic-based surveillance system; (2) yearly surveillance among paediatric, general and internal medicine practices | pH ≤7.35 | 92.5 |
Sadaskaite-Kuehne et al, 2002 [17] | Sweden | 401 | 0 to <16 | 1995–1999 | P | 12 hospitals | Hospital records | pH ≤7.2 plus hyperglycaemia and ketonuria | 83.4 South-east Sweden, 49.5 Skane region |
Sadaskaite-Kuehne et al, 2002 [17] | Lithuania | 286 | 0 to <16 | 1996–2000 | P | Nationwide | Hospital records | pH ≤7.2 plus hyperglycaemia and ketonuria | 100 |
Salman 1991 [73] | Saudi Arabia | 110 | 0 to <13 | 1985–1989 | R | 1 children’s hospital | Hospital records | HCO3 <15 mmol/l and glucose >15 mmol/l and ketonuria and clinical features | |
Samuelsson et al, 2005 [28] | Sweden | 1,903 | 0 to <16 | 1977–2001 | R | 7 paediatric clinics | (1) Medical records; (2) Swedish Diabetes Register | pH ≤7.3 | 78.5 |
Savova et al, 1996 [74] | Bulgaria | 1,248 | 0 to <18 | 1974–1996 | R | 1 children’s hospital | (1) Hospital records; (2) national centralised system of insulin delivery | pH <7.34 or acidotic breathing | |
Schober et al, 2010 [75] | Austria | 3,331 | 0 to 15 | 1989–2008 | P | Nationwide | Network covering all paediatric hospitals, wards and diabetologists | pH <7.3 | >93 |
Sebastiani Annicchiarico and Guglielmi, 1992 [76] | Italy | 117 | 0 to <15 | 1989–1990 | P | 51 local health units and 71 hospitals | Basic incidence surveillance cohort | pH <7.3 | |
Smith et al, 1998 [77] | UK | 79 | 0 to <16 | 1990–1996 | R | 1 children’s hospital | Clinic records | pH <7.3 or HCO3 <18 mmol/l | 90 |
Soliman et al, 1997 [78] | Oman | 60 | 0 to <15 | 1990–1993 | P | Regional (10 hospitals) | Diabetologists and paediatricians in the regions | pH <7.35 | |
Soltész et al, 1997 [79] | Hungary | 168 | 0 to 15 | 1994 | P | Nationwide | Incidence surveillance cohort | pH <7.20 | 91 |
Sundaram et al, 2009 [80] | UK | 99 | 0 to <16 | 2004–2007 | R | 1 children’s hospital | Hospital database | pH <7.3 or HCO3 <15 mmol/l and blood glucose >11 mmol/l and ketonaemia ± ketonuria | |
Tahirovic et al, 2007 [81] | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 100 | 0 to ≤14 | 1990–2005 | R | 1 children’s hospital | (1) Hospital diabetes register; (2) hospital records | pH <7.3 and HCO3 <15 mmol/l | 91.7 |
Ting et al, 2007 [82] | Taiwan | 304 | 0 to <18 | 1979–2006 | R | 1 paediatric department | Hospital records | Glucose >200 mg/dl (>11.1 mmol/l) and pH <7.3 and/or HCO3 <15 mmol/l and ketonuria | |
Vehik et al, 2009 [83] | USA | 712 | 2 to <18 | 2002–2004 | R | Regional | Rapid reporting network of clinics and healthcare providers | pH <7.3 or HCO3 <18 mmol/l or physician-diagnosed DKA episode at diagnosis | 75–76 |
Veijola et al, 1996 [84] | Finland | 801 | 0 to <15 | 1986–1989 | P | Nationwide | (1) Diabetes nurses; (2) national central drug registry | pH <7.3 | |
Xin et al, 2010 [85] | China | 203 | 0 to <15 | 2004–2008 | R | 1 hospital | Hospital records | pH <7.3 or HCO3 <15 mmol/l and glucose >14 mmol/l in the presence of ketonuria |
Author | Country | DKA (%) | Latitudea
| GDP (PPP) per capita (US$)b
| Expenditure on healthcare (% of GDP)c
| Annual incidence of T1DM (cases/100,000) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abduljabbar et al, 2010 [35] | Saudi Arabia | 40 | 26.17 | 16,784.47 | 3.34 | 27.52 [35] |
Abdul-Rasoul et al, 2010 [18] | Kuwait | 37.7 | 29.3375 | 35,631.59 | 3.23 | 22.3 [86] |
Al Khawari et al, 1997 [36] | Kuwait | 49 | 29.3375 | 36,723.92 | 3.76 | 15.4 [87] |
Al Magamsi et al, 2004 [37] | Saudi Arabia | 55.2 | 24.27 | 16,227.01 | 2.96 | 18.05 [35] |
Alvi et al, 2001 [38] | UK | 27 | 52.29 | 17,082.07 | 6.3 | 17.7 [9] |
Barák et al, 2006 [39] | Slovak Republic | 15 | 48.8 | 13,566.39 | 5.82 | 13.6 [88] |
Blanc et al, 2003 [40] | France | 54 | 48.51 | Data not available | Data not available | 8.5 [10] |
Böber et al, 2001 [41] | Turkey | 29 | 38.25 | 6,226.56 | 2.7 | 3.2 [89] |
Bowden et al, 2008 [3] | USA | 32.9 | 40.25 | 40,450.62 | 15.71 | 23.9 [90] |
Bui et al, 2010 [42] | Canada | 18.6 | 51.15 | 24,534.2 | 8.79 | 29.7 [42] |
Campbell-Stokes et al, 2005 [43] | New Zealand | 29 | 41 | 18,636.32 | 7.53 | 17.9 [43] |
Charemska et al, 2003 [44] | Poland | 38 | 53.46 | 10,305.36 | 5.52 | 13 [86] |
Charron-Prochownik et al, 1995 [45] | USA | 30 | 40.26 | 13,599.99 | 9.37 | 14.6 [91] |
Fernández Castañer et al, 1996 [5] | Spain | 44 | 41.23 | 12,121.95 | 6 | 10.6 [92] |
Habib, 2005 [46] | Saudi Arabia | 55.3 | 24.27 | 16,784.47 | 3.34 | 18.05 [35] |
Hanas et al, 2007 [47] | Sweden | 16 | 62 | 28,443.74 | 9.23 | 44.2 [93] |
Hekkala et al, 2007 [48] | Finland | 22.4 | 65 | 16,283.62 | 8.8 | 36.5 [48] |
Hekkala et al, 2010 [49] | Finland | 19.4 | 64 | 27,358.8 | 8.15 | 54 [94] |
Hodgson et al, 2006 [50] | Chile | 37 | 33.28 | 7,594.38 | 6.71 | 4.02 [95] |
Jackson et al, 2001 [51] | New Zealand | 41.7 | 36.5 | 16,494.09 | 7.07 | 13.7 [9] |
Kapellen et al, 2001 [52] | Germany | 29.8 | 51.2 | 23,454.27 | 10.27 | 15.4 [9] |
Karjalainen et al, 1989 [53] | Finland | 24.4 | 65 | 11,673.04 | 6.7 | 34.1 [96] |
Kulaylat et al, 2001 [54] | Saudi Arabia | 77 | 22.17 | 15,587.46 | 2.96 | 12.3 [97] |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (E1)d [11] | Iceland | 30 | 65 | 19,234.79 | 8 | 13.9 [11] |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (H1)d [11] | The Netherlands | 28.6 | 52.3 | 20,073.13 | 8.2 | 12.5 [11] |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (K1)d [11] | Lithuania | 41.4 | 56 | 7,125.21 | 5.37 | 7.6 [11] |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (M1)d [11] | Germany | 25.6 | 51.13 | 19,501.64 | 9.9 | 13.2 [11] |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (R1)d [11] | Romania | 67 | 44.26 | 5,034.02 | 3.49 | 4.8 [11] |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (W1)d [11] | Poland | 54.2 | 52 | 5,609.77 | 6 | 7 [11] |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (Y1)d [11] | Slovenia | 28.6 | 46.07 | 10,757.33 | 7.45 | 8.5 [11] |
Lévy-Marchal et al, 2001 (Z1)d [11] | Slovak Republic | 35.6 | 48.6667 | 7,448.81 | 6.06 | 9.2 [11] |
Mallare et al, 2003 [55] | USA | 38 | 40.42 | 29,076.55 | 13.5 | 16.1 [86] |
Maniatis et al, 2005 [56] | USA | 28.4 | 39.44 | 36,949.99 | 14.82 | 23.9 [90] |
Mayer-Davies et al, 2009 [57] | USA | 25.2 | 38 | 38,324.38 | 15.67 | 18.3 [98] |
Mylnarski et al, 2003 [58] | Poland | 54.7 | 51.45 | 9,623.8 | 5.73 | 13 [86] |
Neu et al, 2003 [59] | Germany | 26.3 | 48.39 | 20,282.77 | 9.6 | 12.5 [59] |
Newfield et al, 2009 [60] | USA | 27.2 | 32.42 | 33,501.68 | 13.35 | 16.1 [86] |
Olak-Białoń et al, 2007 [61] | Poland | 33 | 50.15 | 12,700.47 | 6.2 | 17.7 [99] |
Pawlowicz et al, 2009 [62] | Poland | 32.9 | 54.17 | 11,058.57 | 6.34 | 13.09 [100] |
Pinero-Martinez et al, 1995 [63] | Spain | 61.81 | 40.25 | 11,154.8 | 5.4 | 11.3 [101] |
Pinkney et al, 1994 [64] | UK | 26 | 51.45 | 16,789.25 | 5.9 | 17.7 [9] |
Pocecco and Nassimbeni 1993 [65] | Italy | 41.1 | 46.13 | 15,100.95 | 7.3 | 9.8 [65] |
Prisco et al, 2006 [66] | Italy | 32.2 | 42.8333 | 26,419.73 | 8.31 | 14.78 [102] |
Pronina et al, 2008 [67] | Russia | 30 | 55.44 | 7,737.08 | 5.42 | 12.9 [67] |
Punnose et al, 2002 [68] | United Arab Emirates | 80 | 24.12 | 24,076.5 | 2.64 | 2.62 [103] |
Quinn et al, 2006 [69] | USA | 43.7 | 42.21 | 26,906.53 | 13.6 | 16.1 [86] |
Rewers et al, 2008 [70] | USA and Hawaii | 30 | 38 | 38,324.38 | 15.67 | 18.3 [98] |
Roche et al, 2005 [71] | Ireland | 25 | 53 | 21,675.15 | 6.26 | 16.3 [104] |
Rosenbauer et al, 2002 [72] | Germany | 53.8 | 51.25 | 21,320.48 | 9.8 | 14.3 [72] |
Sadaskaite-Kuehne et al, 2002 [17] | Sweden | 14.5 | 55.59 | 22,282.05 | 8.03 | 31.7 [105] |
Sadaskaite-Kuehne et al, 2002 [17] | Lithuania | 34.6 | 56 | 7,887.59 | 6.08 | 8 [105] |
Salman, 1991 [73] | Saudi Arabia | 67.3 | 24.42 | 12,826.07 | Data not available | 3.8 [97] |
Samuelsson et al, 2005 [28] | Sweden | 12.8 | 55.59 | 17,498.73 | 8.2 | 28.9 [105] |
Savova et al, 1996 [74] | Bulgaria | 35.3 | 42.41 | 5,675.1 | 5.23 | 6.99 [106] |
Schober et al, 2010 [75] | Austria | 37.2 | 47.333 | 25,958.99 | 9.93 | 10.3 [107] |
Sebastiani Annicchiarico and Guglielmi, 1992 [76] | Italy | 35.65 | 41.39 | 16,190.78 | 7.3 | 6.97 [76] |
Smith et al, 1998 [77] | UK | 27 | 53.28 | 18,210.23 | 6.8 | 17.7 [9] |
Soliman et al, 1997 [78] | Oman | 41.7 | 21.3 | 12,177.94 | 3.64 | 2.45 [78] |
Soltész et al, 1997 [79] | Hungary | 23 | 47 | 8,578.35 | 8.1 | 9.1 [10] |
Sundaram et al, 2009 [80] | UK | 27.2 | 52.29 | 32,083.71 | 8.24 | 26.3 [108] |
Tahirovic et al, 2007 [81] | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 48 | 44.31 | 2,817.00 | 7.9 | 7.1 [109] |
Ting et al, 2007 [82] | Taiwan | 65 | 25.5 | 11,886.09 | 3.54 | 3.75 [110] |
Vehik et al, 2009 [83] | USA | 27 | 39.33 | 38,324.38 | 15.67 | 23.9 [90] |
Veijola et al, 1996 [84] | Finland | 21.7 | 64 | 13,753.51 | 7.3 | 35.3 [111] |
Xin et al, 2010 [85] | China | 41.9 | 41.48 | 4,748.66 | 4.55 | Data not available |
Variable | Coefficient | 95% CI |
p value |
---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 4.5 | 4.4, 4.5 | |
Study size | −0.000080 | −0.0011, 0.00094 | 0.13 |
Period of study | −0.0023 | −0.016, 0.012 | 0.75 |
Design | 0.10 | −0.073, 0.27 | 0.26 |
Method of case identification | 0.050 | −0.12, 0.22 | 0.58 |
Expenditure on healthcare as a percentage of GDP | −0.022 | −0.045, 0.00030 | 0.058 |
Latitude | −0.013 | −0.020, (−0.0050) | 0.0020 |
Background incidence of T1DM | −0.014 | −0.022, (−0.0052) | 0.0028 |