Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Osteoporosis International
Erschienen in: Osteoporosis International 1/2019

Open Access 15.10.2018 | Position Paper

European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women

verfasst von: J.A. Kanis, C. Cooper, R. Rizzoli, J.-Y. Reginster, on behalf of the Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis (ESCEO) and the Committees of Scientific Advisors and National Societies of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF)

Erschienen in: Osteoporosis International | Ausgabe 1/2019

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Summary

Guidance is provided in a European setting on the assessment and treatment of postmenopausal women at risk from fractures due to osteoporosis.

Introduction

The International Osteoporosis Foundation and European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis published guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in 2013. This manuscript updates these in a European setting.

Methods

Systematic reviews were updated.

Results

The following areas are reviewed: the role of bone mineral density measurement for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk; general and pharmacological management of osteoporosis; monitoring of treatment; assessment of fracture risk; case-finding strategies; investigation of patients; health economics of treatment. The update includes new information on the evaluation of bone microstructure evaluation in facture risk assessment, the role of FRAX® and Fracture Liaison Services in secondary fracture prevention, long-term effects on fracture risk of dietary intakes, and increased fracture risk on stopping drug treatment.

Conclusions

A platform is provided on which specific guidelines can be developed for national use.
Literatur
1.
Kanis JA, Delmas P, Burckhardt P, Cooper C, Torgerson D (1997) Guidelines for diagnosis and management of osteoporosis. The European Foundation for Osteoporosis and Bone Disease. Osteoporos Int 7:390–406PubMedCrossRef
2.
Kanis JA, Burlet N, Cooper C, Delmas PD, Reginster JY, Borgstrom F, Rizzoli R (2008) European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 19:399–428PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster J-Y, on behalf of the Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) and the Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) (2013) European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 24:23–57CrossRefPubMed
4.
5.
Kanis JA, Svedbom A, Harvey N, McCloskey EV (2014) The osteoporosis treatment gap. J Bone Miner Res 29:1926–1928PubMedCrossRef
6.
Kim SC, Kim DH, Mogun H, Eddings W, Polinski JM, Franklin JM, Solomon DH (2016) Impact of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s safety-related announcements on the use of bisphosphonates after hip fracture. J Bone Miner Res 31:1536–1540PubMedCrossRef
7.
Elliot-Gibson V, Bogoch ER, Jamal SA, Beaton DE (2004) Practice patterns in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis after a fragility fracture: a systematic review. Osteoporos Int 15:767–778PubMedCrossRef
8.
Giangregorio L, Papaioannou A, Cranney A, Zytaruk N, Adachi JD (2006) Fragility fractures and the osteoporosis care gap: an international phenomenon. Semin Arthritis Rheum 35:293–305PubMedCrossRef
9.
Haaland DA, Cohen DR, Kennedy CC, Khalidi NA, Adachi JD, Papaioannou A (2009) Closing the osteoporosis care gap: increased osteoporosis awareness among geriatrics and rehabilitation teams. BMC Geriatr 9:28PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
Consensus Development Conference (1993) Diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 94:646–650CrossRef
11.
World Health Organization (1994) Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 843:1–129
12.
Kanis JA on behalf of the WHO Scientific Group (2008) Assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health-care level. WHO Collaborating Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, Technical Report
13.
Nguyen T, Sambrook P, Kelly P, Jones G, Lord S, Freund J, Eisman J (1993) Prediction of osteoporotic fractures by postural instability and bone density. BMJ 307:1111–1115PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Odén A, Sembo I, Redlund-Johnell I, Dawson A, De Laet C, Jonsson B (2000) Long-term risk of osteoporotic fracture in Malmo. Osteoporos Int 11:669–674PubMedCrossRef
15.
Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, Jacobsen SJ, O’Fallon WM, Melton LJ, 3rd (1993) Population-based study of survival after osteoporotic fractures. Am J Epidemiol 137:1001–1005
16.
Kanis JA, Odén A, Johnell O, De Laet C, Jonsson B, Oglesby AK (2003) The components of excess mortality after hip fracture. Bone 32:468–473PubMedCrossRef
17.
Johnell O, Kanis JA (2006) An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int 17:1726–1733PubMedCrossRef
18.
Blake G, Adams JE, Bishop N (2013) DXA in adults and children. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism, 8th edition. Ed Rosen CJ, Chapter 30, pp 249–263. John Wiley & Sons,
19.
Glüer CC (2013) Quantitative computed tomography in children and adults. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism, 8th edition. Ed Rosen CJ, Chapter 31, pp 264–276. John Wiley & Sons,
20.
Majumdar S (2013) Magnetic resonance imaging of bone. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism, 8th edition. Ed Rosen CJ, Chapter 32, pp 277–282. John Wiley & Sons,
21.
Gary JR, Cook G, Gnanasegaran G, Fogelman I (2013) Radionuclide scintigraphy in metabolic bone disease. In: Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism, 8th edition. Ed Rosen CJ, chapter 33, pp. John Wiley & Sons, pp 283–288
22.
Johannesdottir F, Thrall E, Muller J, Keaveny TM, Kopperdahl DL, Bouxsein ML (2007) Comparison of non-invasive assessments of strength of the proximal femur. Bone 105:93–102CrossRef
23.
Silva BC, Leslie WD, Resch H, Lamy O, Lesnyak O, Binkley N, McCloskey EV, Kanis JA, Bilezikian JP (2014) Trabecular bone score: a non-invasive analytical method based upon the DXA image. J Bone Miner Res 29:518–530PubMedCrossRef
24.
25.
Leslie WD, Lix LM, Majumdar SR, Morin SN, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey EV, Kanis JA (2017) Total hip bone area affects fracture prediction with FRAX in Canadian white women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 102:4242–4249PubMedCrossRef
26.
Bala Y, Zebaze R, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Atkinson EJ, Iuliano S, Peterson JM, Amin S, Bjørnerem Å, Melton LJ 3rd, Johansson H, Kanis JA, Khosla S, Seeman E (2014) Cortical porosity identifies women with osteopenia at increased risk for forearm fractures. J Bone Miner Res 26:1356–1362
27.
Zebaze R, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Mbala A, Seeman E (2013) A new method of segmentation of compact-appearing, transitional and trabecular compartments and quantification of cortical porosity from high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomographic images. Bone 54:8–20PubMedCrossRef
28.
Schousboe JT, Ensrud KE, Nyman JA, Kane RL, Melton LJ, 3rd (2006) Cost-effectiveness of vertebral fracture assessment to detect prevalent vertebral deformity and select postmenopausal women with a femoral neck T-score >−2.5 for alendronate therapy: a modeling study. J Clin Densitom 9:133–143
29.
McCloskey EV, Vasireddy S, Threlkeld J, Eastaugh J, Parry A, Bonnet N, Beneton M, Kanis JA, Charlesworth D (2008) Vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) with a densitometer predicts future fractures in elderly women unselected for osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 23:1561–1568PubMedCrossRef
30.
Lee JH, Lee YK, Oh SH, Ahn J, Lee YE, Pyo JH, Choi YY, Kim D, Bae SC, Sung YK, Kim DY (2016) A systematic review of diagnostic accuracy of vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) in postmenopausal women and elderly men. Osteoporos Int 27:1691–1699PubMedCrossRef
31.
Lewiecki EM (2010) Bone densitometry and vertebral fracture assessment. Curr Osteoporos Rep 8:123–130PubMedCrossRef
32.
Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H (1996) Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ 312:1254–1259PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Gluer CC (1997) Quantitative ultrasound techniques for the assessment of osteoporosis: expert agreement on current status. The International Quantitative Ultrasound Consensus Group. J Bone Miner Res 12:1280–1288PubMedCrossRef
34.
Kanis JA, Melton LJ 3rd, Christiansen C, Johnston CC, Khaltaev N (1994) The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 9:1137–1141PubMedCrossRef
35.
Watts NB (2004) Fundamentals and pitfalls of bone densitometry using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Osteoporos Int 15:847–854PubMedCrossRef
36.
Looker AC, Wahner HW, Dunn WL Calvo MS, Harris TB, Heyse SP, Johnston CC, Jr., Lindsay R (1998) Updated data on proximal femur bone mineral levels of US adults. Osteoporos Int 8: 468–489
37.
Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Odén A, Melton LJ, 3rd, Khaltaev N (2008) A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis. Bone 42: 467–475
38.
Ferrari S, Bianchi ML, Eisman JA, Foldes AJ, Adami S, Wahl DA, Stepan JJ, de Vernejoul MC, Kaufman JM (2012) Osteoporosis in young adults: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Osteoporos Int 23:2735–2748PubMedCrossRef
39.
Kanis JA, Gluer CC (2000) An update on the diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis with densitometry. Committee of Scientific Advisors, International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 11:192–202PubMedCrossRef
40.
De Laet CEDH, Van Hout BA, Burger H, Hofman A, Weel AE, Pols H (1998) Hip fracture prediction in elderly men and women: validation in the Rotterdam study. J Bone Miner Res 13: 1587–1593
41.
Johnell O, Kanis JA, Odén A, Johansson H, De Laet C, Delmas P, Eisman JA, Fujiwara S, Kroger H, Mellstrom D, Meunier PJ, Melton LJ 3rd, O’Neill T, Pols H, Reeve J, Silman A, Tenenhouse A (2005) Predictive value of BMD for hip and other fractures. J Bone Miner Res 20: 1185–1194
42.
Kanis JA, Bianchi G, Bilezikian JP, Kaufman JM, Khosla S, Orwoll E, Seeman E (2011) Towards a diagnostic and therapeutic consensus in male osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 22:2789–2798PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
Lewiecki EM, Watts NB, McClung MR, Petak SM, Bachrach LK, Shepherd JA, Downs RW, Jr. (2004) Official positions of the international society for clinical densitometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3651–3655
44.
Binkley N, Bilezikian JP, Kendler DL, Leib ES, Lewiecki EM, Petak SM (2006) Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and Executive Summary of the 2005 Position Development Conference. J Clin Densitom 9:4–14PubMedCrossRef
45.
Blake GM, Patel R, Knapp KM, Fogelman I (2003) Does the combination of two BMD measurements improve fracture discrimination? J Bone Miner Res 18:1955–1963PubMedCrossRef
46.
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Odén A, Johansson H, Eisman JA, Fujiwara S, Kroger H, Honkanen R, Melton LJ 3rd, O’Neill T, Reeve J, Silman A, Tenenhouse A (2006) The use of multiple sites for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 17: 527–534
47.
Leslie WD, Lix LM, Tsang JF, Caetano PA (2007) Single-site vs multisite bone density measurement for fracture prediction. Arch Intern Med 167:1641–1647PubMedCrossRef
48.
Odén A, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Kanis JA (2013) Assessing the impact of osteoporosis on the burden of hip fractures. Calcif Tissue Int 92:42–49PubMedCrossRef
49.
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Odén A, Dawson A, De Laet C, Jonsson B (2001) Ten-year probabilities of osteoporotic fractures according to BMD and diagnostic thresholds. Osteoporos Int 12:989–995PubMedCrossRef
50.
Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Browner W, Cauley J, Ensrud K, Genant HK, Palermo L, Scott J, Vogt TM (1993) Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Lancet 341:72–75PubMedCrossRef
51.
Moayyeri A, Adams JE, Adler RA, Krieg MA, Hans D, Compston J, Lewiecki EM (2012) Quantitative ultrasound of the heel and fracture risk assessment: an updated meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 23:143–153PubMedCrossRef
52.
McCloskey EV, Kanis JA, Odén A, Harvey NC, Bauer D, González-Macias J, Hans D, Kaptoge S, Krieg MA, Kwok T, Marin F, Moayyeri A, Orwoll E, Gluёr C, Johansson H (2015) Predictive ability of heel quantitative ultrasound for incident fractures: an individual-level meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 26:1979–1987PubMedCrossRef
53.
Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, Stone K, Fox KM, Ensrud KE, Cauley J, Black D, Vogt TM (1995) Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med 332:767–773PubMedCrossRef
54.
Ribot C, Pouilles JM, Bonneu M, Tremollieres F (1992) Assessment of the risk of post-menopausal osteoporosis using clinical factors. Clin Endocrinol 36:225–228CrossRef
55.
Poor G, Atkinson EJ, O’Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd (1995) Predictors of hip fractures in elderly men. J Bone Miner Res 10:1900–1907PubMedCrossRef
56.
Kanis JA (2002) Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet 359:1929–1936PubMedCrossRef
57.
58.
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Odén A, Johnell O, De Laet C, Eisman JA, McCloskey EV, Mellstrom D, Melton LJ 3rd, Pols HA, Reeve J, Silman AJ, Tenenhouse A (2004) A family history of fracture and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Bone 35: 1029–1037
59.
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Odén A, Johnell O, de Laet C, Melton LJ III, Tenenhouse A, Reeve J, Silman AJ, Pols HA, Eisman JA, McCloskey EV, Mellstrom D (2004) A meta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res 19:893–899PubMedCrossRef
60.
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Johnell O, Odén A, De Laet C, Eisman JA, Pols H, Tenenhouse A (2005) Alcohol intake as a risk factor for fracture. Osteoporos Int 16:737–742PubMedCrossRef
61.
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Odén A, Johansson H, De Laet C, Eisman J (2005) Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 16:155–162PubMedCrossRef
62.
De Laet C, Kanis JA, Odén A, Johanson H, Johnell O, Delmas P, Eisman JA, Kroger H, Fujiwara S, Garnero P, McCloskey EV, Mellstrom D, Melton LJ 3rd, Meunier PJ, Pols HA, Reeve J, Silman A, Tenenhouse A (2005) Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 16:1330–1338
63.
Klotzbuecher CM, Ross PD, Landsman PD, Abbott TA, Berger M (2000) Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesis. J Bone Miner Res 15:721–739PubMedCrossRef
64.
Kanis JA, Johnell O, De Laet C, Johansson H, Oden A, Delmas P, Eisman J, Fujiwara S, Garnero P, Kroger H, McCloskey EV, Mellstrom D, Melton LJ, Pols H, Reeve J, Silman A, Tenenhouse A (2004) A meta-analysis of previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk. Bone 35:375–382PubMedCrossRef
65.
Kanis JA, McCloskey E, Johansson H, Odén A, Leslie WD (2012) FRAXwith and without bone mineral density. Calcif Tissue Int 90:1–13PubMedCrossRef
66.
Schwartz AV, Vittinghoff E, Bauer DC, Hillier TA, Strotmeyer ES, Ensrud KE, Donaldson MG, Cauley JA, Harris TB, Koster A, Womack CR, Palermo L, Black DM (2011) Association of BMD and FRAX score with risk of fracture in older adults with type 2 diabetes. JAMA 305:2184–2192PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
Giangregorio LM, Leslie WD, Lix LM, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA (2012) FRAX underestimates fracture risk in patients with diabetes. J Bone Miner Res 27:301–308PubMedCrossRef
68.
Leslie WD, Rubin MR, Schwartz AZ, Kanis JA (2012) Perspective: diabetes and bone. J Bone Miner Res 27:2231–2237PubMedCrossRef
69.
Nguyen ND, Frost SA, Center JR, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV (2008) Development of prognostic nomograms for individualizing 5-year and 10-year fracture risks. Osteoporos Int 19:1431–1444PubMedCrossRef
70.
Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (2009) Predicting risk of osteoporotic fracture in men and women in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QFractureScores. BMJ 339:b4229PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
McClung MR, Geusens P, Miller PD, Zippel H, Bensen WG, Roux C, Adami S, Fogelman I, Diamond T, Eastell R, Meunier PJ, Reginster JY (2001) Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group. N Engl J Med 344:333–340PubMedCrossRef
72.
Delmas PD, Eastell R, Garnero P, Seibel MJ, Stepan J (2000) The use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis. Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 11(Suppl 6):S2–17PubMedCrossRef
73.
Vasikaran S, Eastell R, Bruyère O, Foldes AJ, Garnero P, Griesmacher A, McClung M, Morris HA, Silverman S, Trenti T, Wahl DA, Cooper C, Kanis JA (2011) Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards. Osteoporos Int 22:391–420PubMedCrossRef
74.
Johansson H, Odén A, Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Morris HA, Cooper C, Vasikaran S (2014) A meta-analysis of reference markers of bone turnover for prediction of fracture. Calcif Tissue Int 94:560–567PubMedCrossRef
75.
Morris HA, Eastell R, Jorgensen NR, Cavalier E, Vasikaran S, Chubb SAP, Kanis JA, Cooper C, Makris K (2017) Clinical usefulness of bone turnover marker concentrations in osteoporosis. Clin Chim Acta 467:34–41PubMedCrossRef
76.
Harvey NC, Glüer CC, Binkley N, McCloskey EV, Brandi ML, Cooper C, Kendler D, Lamy O, Laslop A, Camargos BM, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R, Kanis JA (2015) Trabecular bone score (TBS) as a new complementary approach for osteoporosis evaluation in clinical practice. A consensus report of a European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) Working Group. Bone 78:216–224PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
McCloskey EV, Odén A, Harvey NC, Leslie WD, Hans D, Johansson H, Barkmann R, Boutroy S, Brown J, Chapurlat R, Elders PJ, Fujita Y, Glüer CC, Goltzman D, Iki M, Karlsson M, Kindmark A, Kotowicz M, Kurumatani N, Kwok T, Lamy O, Leung J, Lippuner K, Ljunggren Ö, Lorentzon M, Mellström D, Merlijn T, Oei L, Ohlsson C, Pasco JA, Rivadeneira F, Rosengren B, Sornay-Rendu E, Szulc P, Tamaki J, Kanis JA (2016) A meta-analysis of trabecular bone score in fracture risk prediction and its relationship to FRAX. J Bone Miner Res 31:940–948PubMedCrossRef
78.
Martineau P, Leslie WD, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey EV, Hans D, Kanis JA (2017) Clinical utility of using lumbar spine trabecular bone score to adjust fracture probability: the Manitoba BMD cohort. J Bone Miner Res 32:1568–1574PubMedCrossRef
79.
Leslie WD, Aubry-Rozier B, Lix LM, Morin SN, Majumdar SR, Hans D (2014) Spine bone texture assessed by trabecular bone score (TBS) predicts osteoporotic fractures in men: the Manitoba Bone Density Program. Bone 67:10–14PubMedCrossRef
80.
McCloskey EV, Odén A, Harvey NC, Leslie WD, Hans D, Johansson H, Kanis JA (2015) Adjusting fracture probability by trabecular bone score. Calcif Tissue Int 96:500–509PubMedCrossRef
81.
Leslie WD, Johansson H, Kanis JA, Lamy O, Odén A, McCloskey EV, Hans D (2014) Lumbar spine texture enhances 10-year fracture probability assessment. Osteoporos Int 25:2271–2277PubMedCrossRef
82.
Fink HA, Milavetz DL, Palermo L, Nevitt MC, Cauley JA, Genant HK (2005) What proportion of incident radiographic vertebral deformities is clinically diagnosed and vice versa? J Bone Miner Res 20:1216–1222PubMedCrossRef
83.
Melton LJ 3rd, Atkinson EJ, Cooper C, O’Fallon WM, Riggs BL (1999) Vertebral fractures predict subsequent fractures. Osteoporos Int 10:214–221
84.
Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey EV, Kanis JA (2014) Mild morphometric vertebral fractures predict vertebral fractures but not non-vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int 25:235–241PubMedCrossRef
85.
Compston J, Cooper A, Cooper C, Gittoes N, Gregson C, Harvey N, Hope S, Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Poole KES, Reid DM, Selby P, Thompson F, Thurston A, Vine N (2017) UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Arch Osteoporos 12:43PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
Kanis JA, Harvey NC, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey EV, Leslie WD (2017) Overview of fracture prediction tools. J Clin Densitom 20:360–367PubMedCrossRef
87.
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Odén A, Johansson H, McCloskey E (2008) FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos Int 19:385–397PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
89.
Kanis JA, Harvey NC, Cooper C, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey EV (2016) A systematic review of intervention thresholds based on FRAX. Arch Osteoporos 11(1):25PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
90.
Kanis JA, Odén A, Johnell O, Johansson H, De Laet C, Brown J, Burckhardt P, Cooper C, Christiansen C, Cummings S, Eisman JA, Fujiwara S, Glüer C, Goltzman D, Hans D, Krieg MA, La Croix A, McCloskey E, Mellstrom D, Melton LJ 3rd, Pols H, Reeve J, Sanders K, Schott AM, Silman A, Torgerson D, van Staa T, Watts NB, Yoshimura N (2007) The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women. Osteoporos Int 18:1033–1046
91.
Kanis JA, Johnell O, De Laet C, Jonsson B, Odén A, Ogelsby AK (2002) International variations in hip fracture probabilities: implications for risk assessment. J Bone Miner Res 17:1237–1244PubMedCrossRef
92.
Kanis JA, Hans D, Cooper C, Baim S, Bilezikian JP, Binkley N, Cauley JA, Compston JE, Dawson-Hughes B, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Johansson H, Leslie WD, Lewiecki EM, Luckey M, Odén A, Papapoulos SE, Poiana C, Rizzoli R, Wahl DA, McCloskey EV (2011) Interpretation and use of FRAX in clinical practice. Osteoporos Int 22:2395–2411PubMedCrossRef
93.
Van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Abenhaim L, Zhang B, Cooper C (2000) Use of oral corticosteroids and risk of fractures. J Bone Miner Res 15:993–1000PubMedCrossRef
94.
Harvey NC, Odén A, Orwoll E, Lapidus J, Kwok T, Karlsson MK, Rosengren BE, Ljunggren Ö, Cooper C, McCloskey E, Kanis JA, Ohlsson C, Mellström D, Johansson H (2018) Falls predict fractures independently of FRAX probability: a meta-analysis of the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study. J Bone Miner Res 33:510–516PubMedCrossRef
95.
Harvey NC, Johansson H, Odén A, Karlsson MK, Rosengren BE, Ljunggren Ö, Cooper C, McCloskey E, Kanis JA, Ohlsson C, Mellström D (2016) FRAX predicts incident falls in elderly men. Findings from MrOs Sweden. Osteoporos Int 27:267–274PubMedCrossRef
96.
Oliver D, Connelly JB, Victor CR, Shaw FE, Whitehead A, Genc Y, Vanoli A, Martin FC, Gosney MA (2007) Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 334:82PubMedCrossRef
97.
Kayan K, Johansson H, Odén A, Vasireddy S, Pande K, Orgee J, Kanis JA, McCloskey EV (2009) Can fall risk be incorporated into fracture risk assessment algorithms: a pilot study of responsiveness to clodronate. Osteoporos Int 20:2055–2061PubMedCrossRef
98.
Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Sherrington C, Gates S, Clemson LM, Lamb SE (2009) Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD007146
99.
Michael YL, Whitlock EP, Lin JS, Fu R, O’Connor EA, Gold R (2010) Primary care-relevant interventions to prevent falling in older adults: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 153:815–825PubMedCrossRef
100.
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey EV (2011) Guidance for the adjustment of FRAX according to the dose of glucocorticoids. Osteoporos Int 22:809–816PubMedCrossRef
101.
Leslie WD, Lix LM, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA (2011) Spine-hip discordance and fracture risk assessment: a physician-friendly FRAX enhancement. Osteoporos Int 22:839–847PubMedCrossRef
102.
Johansson H, Kanis JA, Odén A, Leslie WD, Fujiwara S, Glüer CC, Kroger H, LaCroix AZ, Lau E, Melton LJ 3rd, Eisman JA, O’Neill TW, Goltzman D, Reid DM, McCloskey E (2014) Impact of femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD discordances on FRAX probabilities in women: a meta-analysis of international cohorts. Calcif Tiss Int 95: 428–435
103.
Leslie WD, Shevroja E, Johansson H, McCloskey EV, Harvey NC, Kanis JA, Hans D (2018) Risk-equivalent T-score adjustment using lumbar spine trabecular bone score (TBS): the Manitoba BMD Registry. Osteoporos Int 29:751–758PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
104.
Leslie WD, Lix LM, Morin SN, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey EV, Kanis JA (2015) Adjusting hip fracture probability in men and women using hip axis length: the Manitoba Bone Density Database. J Clin Densitom 19:326–331PubMedCrossRef
105.
Masud T, Binkley N, Boonen S, Hannan MT. on behalf of the FRAX Position Conference members (2011) Can falls and frailty be used in FRAX? J Clin Densitom 14: 194–204
106.
Johansson H, Odén A, Lorentzon M, McCloskey E, Kanis JA, Harvey NC, Karlsson MK, Mellstrom D (2015) Is the Swedish FRAX model appropriate for immigrants to Sweden? Osteoporos Int 26:2617–2622PubMedCrossRef
107.
Leslie WD, Johansson H, McCloskey EV, Harvey NC, Kanis JA, Hans D (2018) Comparison of methods for improving fracture risk assessment in diabetes: the Manitoba BMD Registry. J Bone Miner Res https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​jbmr.​3538 [Epub ahead of print]
108.
Brennan SL, Leslie WD, Lix LM, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA (2014) FRAX provides robust fracture prediction regardless of socioeconomic status. Osteoporos Int 25:61–69PubMedCrossRef
109.
Leslie WD, Orwoll EW, Nielson CM, Morin SN, Majumdar SR, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey EV, Kanis JA (2014) Estimated lean mass and fat mass differentially affect femoral bone density and strength index but are not FRAX independent risk factors for fracture. J Bone Miner Res 29:2511–2519PubMedCrossRef
110.
Leslie WD, Lix LM, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA (2012) Does osteoporosis therapy invalidate FRAX for fracture prediction? J Bone Miner Res 27:1243–1251PubMedCrossRef
111.
Shepstone L, Lenaghan E, Cooper C, Clarke S, Fong-Soe-Khioe R, Fordham R, Gittoes N, Harvey I, Harvey N, Heawood A, Holland R, Howe A, Kanis J, Marshall T, O’Neill T, Peters T, Redmond N, Torgerson D, Turner D, McCloskey E (2018) A randomized controlled trial of screening in the community to reduce fractures in older women—the SCOOP Study. Lancet 391:741–747PubMedCrossRef
112.
McCloskey E, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Shepstone L, Lenaghan E, Fordham R, Harvey I, Howe A, Cooper C, Clarke S, Gittoes N, Heawood A, Holland R, Marshall T, O’Neill TW, Peters TJ, Redmond N, Torgerson D, Kanis JA (2018) Management of patients with high baseline hip fracture risk by FRAX reduces hip fractures—a post hoc analysis from the SCOOP Study. J Bone Miner Res 33:1020–1026PubMedCrossRef
113.
Ismail AA, Cooper C, Felsenberg D, Varlow J, Kanis JA, Silman AJ, O’Neill TW (1999) Number and type of vertebral deformities: epidemiological characteristics and relation to back pain and height loss. European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study Group. Osteoporos Int 9:206–213PubMedCrossRef
114.
Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Strom O, Borgstrom F, Odén A (2008) Case finding for the management of osteoporosis with FRAX—assessment and intervention thresholds for the UK. Osteoporos Int 19:1395–1408PubMedCrossRef
115.
Papaioannou A, Morin S, Cheung AM, Atkinson S, Brown JP, Feldman S, Hanley DA, Hodsman A, Jamal SA, Kaiser SM, Kvern B, Siminoski K, Leslie WD; Scientific Advisory Council of Osteoporosis Canada (2010) 2010 Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada: summary. CMAJ 182: 1864–1873
116.
Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, Lewiecki EM, Tanner B, Randall S, Lindsay R (2014) Clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 25:2359–2381PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
117.
Kanis JA, Johnell O (2005) Requirements for DXA for the management of osteoporosis in Europe. Osteoporos Int 16:229–238PubMedCrossRef
118.
Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Harvey NC, Johansson H, Leslie WD (2015) Intervention thresholds and the diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 30:1747–1753PubMedCrossRef
119.
Grigorie D, Sucaliuc A, Johansson H, Kanis JA, McCloskey E (2013) Incidence of hip fracture in Romania and the development of a Romanian FRAX model. Calcif Tissue Int 92:429–436PubMedCrossRef
120.
Johansson H, Azizieh F, Al Ali N, Alessa T, Harvey NC, McCloskey E, Kanis JA (2017) FRAX- vs. T-score-based intervention thresholds for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 28:3099–3105PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
121.
Compston J, Cooper A, Cooper C, Francis R, Kanis JA, Marsh D, McCloskey EV, Reid DM, Selby P, Wilkins M (2009) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men from the age of 50 years in the UK. Maturitas 62:105–108PubMedCrossRef
122.
Tarantino U, Iolascon G, Cianferotti L, Masi L, Marcucci G, Giusti F, Marini F, Parri S, Feola M, Rao C, Piccirilli E, Zanetti EB, Cittadini N, Alvaro R, Moretti A, Calafiore D, Toro G, Gimigliano F, Resmini G, Brandi ML (2017) Clinical guidelines for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: summary statements and recommendations from the Italian Society for Orthopaedics and Traumatology. J Orthop Traumatol 18(Suppl 1):3–36PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
123.
Lekamwasam S, Adachi JD, Agnusdei D, Bilezikian J, Boonen S, Borgström F, Cooper C, Diez Perez A, Eastell R, Hofbauer LC, Kanis JA, Langdahl BL, Lesnyak O, Lorenc R, McCloskey E, Messina OD, Napoli N, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Ralston SH, Sambrook PN, Silverman S, Sosa M, Stepan J, Suppan G, Wahl DA, Compston JE (2012) A framework for the development of guidelines for the management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 23:2257–2276PubMedCrossRef
124.
Kanis JA, Stevenson M, McCloskey EV, Davis S, Lloyd-Jones M (2007) Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a systematic review and cost-utility analysis. Health Technol Assess 11:1–256CrossRef
125.
Johansson H, Odén A, Johnell O, Jonsson B, de Laet C, Oglesby A, McCloskey EV, Kayan K, Jalava T, Kanis JA (2004) Optimization of BMD measurements to identify high risk groups for treatment—a test analysis. J Bone Miner Res 19:906–913PubMedCrossRef
126.
Johansson H, Kanis JA, Odén A, Johnell O, McCloskey E (2009) BMD, clinical risk factors and their combination for hip fracture prevention. Osteoporos Int 20:1675–1682PubMedCrossRef
127.
Kanis JA, Adams J, Borgstrom F, Cooper C, Jönsson B, Preedy D, Selby P, Compston J (2008) The cost-effectiveness of alendronate in the management of osteoporosis. Bone 42:4–15PubMedCrossRef
128.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2017) TA 464: bisphosphonates for treating osteoporosis. Technology appraisal guidance 464. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London. nice.​org.​uk/​guidance/​ta464
129.
Shiroiwa T, Sung YK, Fukuda T, Lang HC, Bae SC, Tsutani K (2010) International survey on willingness-to-pay (WTP) for one additional QALY gained: what is the threshold of cost effectiveness? Health Econ 19:422–437PubMedCrossRef
130.
Tosteson AN, Melton LJ, 3rd, Dawson-Hughes B, Baim S, Favus MJ, Khosla S, Lindsay RL (2008) Cost-effective osteoporosis treatment thresholds: the United States perspective. Osteoporos Int 19:437–447
131.
Leslie WD, Morin S, Lix LM, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA (2012) Fracture risk assessment without bone density measurement in routine clinical practice. Osteoporos Int 23:75–85PubMedCrossRef
132.
Leslie WD, Majumdar SR, Lix LM, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA (2012) High fracture probability with FRAX usually indicates densitometric osteoporosis: implications for clinical practice. Osteoporos Int 23:391–397PubMedCrossRef
133.
McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Compston J, Kanis JA (2017) Access to fracture risk assessment by FRAX® and linked National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG) guidance in the UK—an analysis of anonymous website activity. Osteoporos Int 28:71–76PubMedCrossRef
134.
McCloskey E, Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey N, Odén A, Cooper A, Cooper C, Francis RM, Reid DM, Marsh D, Selby P, Thompson F, Hewitt S, Compston J (2015) FRAX-based assessment and intervention thresholds—an exploration of thresholds in women aged 50 years and older in the UK. Osteoporos Int 26:2091–2099PubMedCrossRef
135.
136.
Harvey NC, McCloskey E, Kanis JA, Compston J, Cooper C (2018) Cost-effective but clinically inappropriate: new NICE intervention thresholds in osteoporosis (Technology Appraisal 464). Osteoporos Int 29:1511–1513PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
137.
Kanis JA, Odén A, Johansson H, McCloskey E (2012) Pitfalls in the external validation of FRAX. Osteoporos Int 23:423–431PubMedCrossRef
138.
Turner DA, Khioe RFS, Shepstone L, Lenaghan E, Cooper C, Gittoes N, Harvey NC, Holland R, Howe A, McCloskey E, O’Neill TW, Torgerson D, Fordham R (2018) The cost-effectiveness of screening in the community to reduce osteoporotic fractures in older women in the UK: economic evaluation of the SCOOP study. J Bone Miner Res 33:845–851PubMedCrossRef
139.
Howe TE, Shea B, Dawson LJ, Downie F, Murray A, Ross C, Harbour RT, Caldwell LM, Creed G (2011) Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000333
140.
Sañudo B, de Hoyo M, Del Pozo-Cruz J, Carrasco L, Del Pozo-Cruz B, Tejero S, Firth E (2017) Systematic review of the exercise effect on bone health: the importance of assessing mechanical loading in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Menopause 24: 1208–1216,
141.
142.
Howe TE, Rochester L, Neil F, Skelton DA, Ballinger C (2011) Exercise for improving balance in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11:CD004963
143.
Sherrington C, Michaleff ZA, Fairhall N, Paul SS, Tiedemann A, Whitney J, Cumming RG, Herbert RD, Close JCT, Lord SR (2017) Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 51:1750–1758PubMedCrossRef
144.
Tricco AC, Thomas SM, Veroniki AA, Hamid JS, Cogo E, Strifler L, Khan PA, Robson R, Sibley KM, MacDonald H, Riva JJ, Thavorn K, Wilson C, Holroyd-Leduc J, Kerr GD, Feldman F, Majumdar SR, Jaglal SB, Hui W, Straus SE (2017) Comparisons of interventions for preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 318:1687–1699PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
145.
El-Khoury F, Cassou B, Charles MA, Dargent-Molina P (2013) The effect of fall prevention exercise programmes on fall induced injuries in community dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 347:f6234PubMedPubMedCentral
146.
Jepsen DB, Thomsen K, Hansen S, Jørgensen NR, Masud T, Ryg J (2017) Effect of whole-body vibration exercise in preventing falls and fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 7(12):e018342PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
147.
Sawka AM, Boulos P, Beattie K, Thabane L, Papaioannou A, Gafni A, Cranney A, Zytaruk N, Hanley DA, Adachi JD (2005) Do hip protectors decrease the risk of hip fracture in institutional and community-dwelling elderly? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Osteoporos Int 16:1461–1474PubMedCrossRef
148.
Parker MJ, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD (2006) Effectiveness of hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in elderly people: systematic review. BMJ 332:571–574PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
149.
Kiel DP, Magaziner J, Zimmerman S, Ball L, Barton BA, Brown KM, Stone JP, Dewkett D, Birge SJ (2007) Efficacy of a HIP protector to prevent HIP fracture in nursing home residents: the HIP PRO randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298:413–422PubMedCrossRef
150.
Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD, Parker MJ (2010) Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD001255
151.
Rizzoli R (2014) Nutritional aspect of bone health. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 28:795–808PubMedCrossRef
152.
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (2001) Human vitamin and mineral requirements. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation. Bangkok, Thailand. Washington, DC
153.
Harvey NC, Biver E, Kaufman JM, Bauer J, Branco J, Brandi ML, Bruyère O, Coxam V, Cruz-Jentoft A, Czerwinski E, Dimai H, Fardellone P, Landi F, Reginster JY, Dawson-Hughes B, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R, Cooper C (2017) The role of calcium supplementation in healthy musculoskeletal ageing: an expert consensus meeting of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) and the International Foundation for Osteoporosis (IOF). Osteoporos Int 28:447–462PubMedCrossRef
154.
Tang BM, Eslick GD, Nowson C, Smith C, Bensoussan A (2007) Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. Lancet 370:657–666PubMedCrossRef
155.
Weaver CM, Alexander DD, Boushey CJ, Dawson-Hughes B, Lappe JM, LeBoff MS, Liu S, Looker AC, Wallace TC, Wang DD (2016) Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 27:367–376PubMedCrossRef
156.
Zhao JG, Zeng XT, Wang J, Liu L (2017) Association between calcium or vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 318:2466–2482PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
157.
Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Gamble GD, Reid IR (2011) Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women’s Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ 342:d2040PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
158.
Nordin BE, Lewis JR, Daly RM, Horowitz J, Metcalfe A, Lange K, Prince RL (2011) The calcium scare—what would Austin Bradford Hill have thought? Osteoporos Int 22:3073–3077PubMedCrossRef
159.
Bolland MJ, Grey A, Reid IR (2011) Re: The calcium scare: what would Austin Bradford Hill have thought? Osteoporos Int 22:3079–3080 author reply 3081-3073PubMedCrossRef
160.
Bolland MJ, Grey A, Reid IR (2012) Misclassification does not explain increased cardiovascular risks of calcium supplements. J Bone Miner Res 27:959 author reply 960-951PubMedCrossRef
161.
Lewis JR, Calver J, Zhu K, Flicker L, Prince RL (2011) Calcium supplementation and the risks of atherosclerotic vascular disease in older women: results of a 5-year RCT and a 4.5-year follow-up. J Bone Miner Res 26:35–41PubMedCrossRef
162.
Lewis JR, Zhu K, Prince RL (2012) Adverse events from calcium supplementation: relationship to errors in myocardial infarction self-reporting in randomized controlled trials of calcium supplementation. J Bone Miner Res 27:719–722PubMedCrossRef
163.
Lewis JR, Zhu K, Prince RL (2012) Response to: Misclassification does not explain increased cardiovascular risks of calcium supplements. J Bone Miner Res 27:960–961CrossRef
164.
Hiligsmann M, Ben Sedrine W, Bruyère O, Evers SM, Rabenda V, Reginster JY (2015) Cost-effectiveness of vitamin D and calcium supplementation in the treatment of elderly women and men with osteoporosis. Europ J Public Health 25:20–25CrossRef
165.
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, Orav JE, Stuck AE, Theiler R, Wong JB, Egli A, Kiel DP, Henschkowski J (2009) Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 339:b3692PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
166.
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Orav EJ, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Lyons RA, Flicker L, Wark J, Jackson RD, Cauley JA, Meyer HE, Pfeifer M, Sanders KM, Stähelin HB, Theiler R, Dawson-Hughes B (2012) Pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. N Engl J Med 367:40–49PubMedCrossRef
167.
Smith H, Anderson F, Raphael H, Maslin P, Crozier S, Cooper C (2007) Effect of annual intramuscular vitamin D on fracture risk in elderly men and women—a population-based, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatol (Oxford) 46:1852–1857CrossRef
168.
Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Williamson EJ, Simpson JA, Kotowicz MA, Young D, Nicholson GC (2010) Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303:1815–1822CrossRefPubMed
169.
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Orav EJ, Staehelin HB, Meyer OW, Theiler R, Dick W, Willett WC, Egli A (2016) Monthly high-dose vitamin D treatment for the prevention of functional decline: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 176:175–183PubMedCrossRef
170.
Smith LM, Gallagher JC, Suiter C (2017) Medium doses of daily vitamin D decrease falls and higher doses of daily vitamin D3 increase falls: a randomized clinical trial. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 173:317–322PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
171.
Rizzoli R, Biver E, Bonjour J-P, Coxam V, Goltzman D, Kanis JA, Lappe J, Rejnmark L, Sahni S, Weaver C, Weiler H, Reginster JY (2018) Benefits and safety of dietary protein for bone health. A position paper from the International Osteoporosis Foundation and from the European Society for Clinical and Economical Aspects of Osteopororosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeltal Diseases. Osteoporos Int May 8. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00198-018-4534-5. [Epub ahead of print]
172.
Rizzoli R (2014) Dairy products, yogurts, and bone health. Am J Clin Nutr 99(5 Suppl):1256S–1262SPubMedCrossRef
173.
Rozenberg S, Body JJ, Bruyère O, Bergmann P, Brandi ML, Cooper C, Devogelaer JP, Gielen E, Goemaere S, Kaufman JM, Rizzoli R, Reginster JY (2016) Effects of dairy products consumption on health: benefits and beliefs—a commentary from the Belgian Bone Club and the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases. Calcif Tissue Int 98:1–17PubMedCrossRef
174.
Durosier-Izart C, Biver E, Merminod F, van Rietbergen B, Chevalley T, Herrmann FR, Ferrari SL, Rizzoli R (2017) Peripheral skeleton bone strength is positively correlated with total and dairy protein intakes in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 105:513–525PubMedCrossRef
175.
Langsetmo L, Shikany JM, Burghardt AJ, Cawthon PM, Orwoll ES, Cauley JA, Taylor BC, Schousboe JT, Bauer DC, Vo TN, Ensrud KE, Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Research Group (2018) High dairy protein intake is associated with greater bone strength parameters at the distal radius and tibia in older men: a cross-sectional study. Osteoporos Int 29:69–77PubMedCrossRef
176.
Feskanich D, Meyer HE, Fung TT, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC (2018) Milk and other dairy foods and risk of hip fracture in men and women. Osteoporos Int 29:385–396PubMedCrossRef
177.
Laird E, Molloy AM, McNulty H, Ward M, McCarroll K, Hoey L, Hughes CF, Cunningham C, Strain JJ, Casey MC (2017) Greater yogurt consumption is associated with increased bone mineral density and physical function in older adults. Osteoporos Int 28:2409–2419PubMedCrossRef
178.
Rizzoli R, Biver E (2018) Effects of fermented milk products on bone. Calcif Tissue Int 102:489–500PubMedCrossRef
179.
Biver E, Durosier-Izart C, Merminod F, Chevalley T, van Rietbergen B, Ferrari SL, Rizzoli R (2018) Fermented dairy products consumption is associated with attenuated cortical bone loss independently of total calcium, protein, and energy intakes in healthy postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 29:1771–1782PubMedCrossRef
180.
Chen GC, Wang Y, Tong X, Szeto IMY, Smit G, Li ZN, Qin LQ (2017) Cheese consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Nutr 56:2565–2575PubMedCrossRef
181.
Ethgen O, Hiligsmann M, Burlet N, Reginster JY (2015) Public health impact and cost-effectiveness of dairy products supplemented with vitamin D in prevention of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Public Health 2015(14):73–48
182.
Ethgen O, Hiligsmann M, Burlet N, Reginster JY (2016) Cost-effectiveness of personalized supplementation with vitamin D-rich dairy products. Osteoporos Int 27:301–308PubMedCrossRef
183.
184.
Hiligsmann M, Reginster JY (2017) The projected public health and economic impact of vitamin D fortified dairy products for fracture prevention in France. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 7:1–5
185.
Saito T, Sterbenz JM, Malay S, Zhong L, MacEachern MP, Chung KC (2017) Effectiveness of anti-osteoporotic drugs to prevent secondary fragility fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 28:3289–3300PubMedCrossRef
186.
Kanis JA, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Abrahamsen B, Al-Daghri NM, Brandi ML, Cannata-Andia J, Cortet B, Dimai HP, Ferrari S, Hadji P, Harvey NC, Kraenzlin M, Kurth A, McCloskey E, Minisola S, Thomas T, Reginster JY (2017) Identification and management of patients at increased risk of osteoporotic fracture: outcomes of an ESCEO expert consensus meeting. Osteoporos Int 28:2023–2034PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
187.
Love RR, Mazess RB, Barden HS, Epstein S, Newcomb PA, Jordan VC, Carbone PP, DeMets DL (1992) Effects of tamoxifen on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. N Engl J Med 326:852–856PubMedCrossRef
188.
Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, Knickerbocker RK, Nickelsen T, Genant HK, Christiansen C, Delmas PD, Zanchetta JR, Stakkestad J, Glüer CC, Krueger K, Cohen FJ, Eckert S, Ensrud KE, Avioli LV, Lips P, Cummings SR (1999) Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA 282:637–645PubMedCrossRef
189.
Delmas PD, Genant HK, Crans GG, Stock JL, Wong M, Siris E, Adachi JD (2003) Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: results from the MORE trial. Bone 33:522–532PubMedCrossRef
190.
Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA, Grady D, Powles TJ, Cauley JA, Norton L, Nickelsen T, Bjarnason NH, Morrow M, Lippman ME, Black D, Glusman JE, Costa A, Jordan VC (1999) The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation. JAMA 281:2189–2197PubMedCrossRef
191.
Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, Cronin WM, Cecchini RS, Atkins JN, Bevers TB, Fehrenbacher L, Pajon ER Jr, Wade JL 3rd, Robidoux A, Margolese RG, James J, Lippman SM, Runowicz CD, Ganz PA, Reis SE, McCaskill-Stevens W, Ford LG, Jordan VC, Wolmark N (2006) Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: the NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial. JAMA 295:2727–2741PubMedCrossRef
192.
Mosca L, Barrett-Connor E, Wenger NK, Collins P, Grady D, Kornitzer M, Moscarelli E, Paul S, Wright TJ, Helterbrand JD, Anderson PW (2001) Design and methods of the Raloxifene Use for The Heart (RUTH) study. Am J Cardiol 88:392–395PubMedCrossRef
193.
Barrett-Connor E, Mosca L, Collins P, Geiger MJ, Grady D, Kornitzer M, McNabb MA, Wenger NK (2006) Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 355:125–137PubMedCrossRef
194.
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Black DM, Downs RW Jr, Sarkar S, Fuerst T, Secrest RJ, Pavo I (2003) Effect of raloxifene on the risk of new vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis: a reanalysis of the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation trial. Bone 33:293–300PubMedCrossRef
195.
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey EV (2010) A meta-analysis of the efficacy of raloxifene on all clinical and vertebral fractures and its dependency on FRAX. Bone 47:729–735PubMedCrossRef
196.
Silverman SL, Christiansen C, Genant HK, Vukicevic S, Zanchetta JR, de Villiers TJ, Constantine GD, Chines AA (2008) Efficacy of bazedoxifene in reducing new vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from a 3-year, randomized, placebo-, and active-controlled clinical trial. J Bone Miner Res 23:1923–1934PubMedCrossRef
197.
Silverman SL, Chines AA, Kendler DL, Kung AW, Teglbjaerg CS, Felsenberg D, Mairon N, Constantine GD, Adachi JD (2012) Sustained efficacy and safety of bazedoxifene in preventing fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results of a 5-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Osteoporos Int 23:351–363PubMedCrossRef
198.
Palacios S, Silverman SL, de Villiers TJ, Levine AB, Goemaere S, Brown JP, De Cicco Nardone F, Williams R, Hines TL, Mirkin S, Chines AA, Bazedoxifene Study Group (2015) A 7-year randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the long-term efficacy and safety of bazedoxifene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: effects on bone density and fracture. Menopause 22:806–813PubMedCrossRef
199.
Ellis AG, Reginster JY, Luo X, Bushmakin AG, Williams R, Sutradhar S, Mirkin S, Jansen JP (2014) Indirect comparison of bazedoxifene vs oral bisphosphonates for the prevention of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Curr Med Res Opin 30:1617–1626PubMedCrossRef
200.
Ellis AG, Reginster JY, Luo X, Cappelleri JC, Chines A, Sutradhar S, Jansen JP (2014) Bazedoxifene versus oral bisphosphonates for the prevention of nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at higher risk of fracture: a network meta-analysis. Value Health 17:424–432PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
201.
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey EV (2009) Bazedoxifene reduces vertebral and clinical fractures in postmenopausal women at high risk assessed with FRAX. Bone 44:1049–1054PubMedCrossRef
202.
de Villiers TJ, Chines AA, Palacios S, Lips P, Sawicki AZ, Levine AB, Codreanu C, Kelepouris N, Brown JP (2011) Safety and tolerability of bazedoxifene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results of a 5-year, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Osteoporos Int 22:567–576PubMedCrossRef
203.
Umland EM, Karel L, Santoro N (2016) Bazedoxifene and conjugated equine estrogen: a combination product for the management of vasomotor symptoms and osteoporosis prevention associated with menopause. Pharmacotherapy 36:548–561PubMedCrossRef
204.
Hadji P, Ryan KA, Yu CR, Mirkin S, Komm BS (2016) CE/BZA effects on bone and quality of life in European postmenopausal women: a pooled analysis. Climacteric 19:482–487PubMedCrossRef
205.
Rizzoli R (2011) Bisphosphonates for post-menopausal osteoporosis: are they all the same? Quart J Med 104:281–300CrossRef
206.
Khan SA, Kanis JA, Vasikaran S, Kline WF, Matuszewski BK, McCloskey EV, Beneton MN, Gertz BJ, Sciberras DG, Holland SD, Orgee J, Coombes GM, Rogers SR, Porras AG (1997) Elimination and biochemical responses to intravenous alendronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 12:1700–1707PubMedCrossRef
207.
Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Cauley JA, Thompson DE, Nevitt MC, Bauer DC, Genant HK, Haskell WL, Marcus R, Ott SM, Torner JC, Quandt SA, Reiss TF, Ensrud KE (1996) Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Lancet 348:1535–1541PubMedCrossRef
208.
Cranney A, Guyatt G, Griffith L, Wells G, Tugwell P, Rosen C (2002) Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. IX: summary of meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 23:570–578PubMedCrossRef
209.
Stevenson M, Jones ML, De Nigris E, Brewer N, Davis S, Oakley J (2005) A systematic review and economic evaluation of alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene and teriparatide for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Health Technol Assess 9:1–160PubMedCrossRef
210.
Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE, Applegate WB, Barrett-Connor E, Musliner TA, Palermo L, Prineas R, Rubin SM, Scott JC, Vogt T, Wallace R, Yates AJ, LaCroix AZ (1998) Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA 280:2077–2082PubMedCrossRef
211.
Axelsson KF, Wallander M, Johansson H, Lundh D, Lorentzon M (2017) Hip fracture risk and safety with alendronate treatment in the oldest-old. J Intern Med 282:546–559PubMedCrossRef
212.
Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK, McKeever CD, Hangartner T, Keller M, Chesnut CH 3rd, Brown J, Eriksen EF, Hoseyni MS, Axelrod DW, Miller PD (1999) Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. JAMA 282:1344–1352PubMedCrossRef
213.
Reginster J, Minne HW, Sorensen OH, Hooper M, Roux C, Brandi ML, Lund B, Ethgen D, Pack S, Roumagnac I, Eastell R (2000) Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. Osteoporos Int 11:83–91PubMedCrossRef
214.
McClung MR, Balske A, Burgio DE, Wenderoth D, Recker RR (2013) Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with delayed-release risedronate 35 mg weekly for 2 years. Osteoporos Int 24:301–310PubMedCrossRef
215.
Chesnut IC, Skag A, Christiansen C, Recker R, Stakkestad JA, Hoiseth A, Felsenberg D, Huss H, Gilbride J, Schimmer RC, Delmas PD (2004) Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 19:1241–1249PubMedCrossRef
216.
Delmas PD, Recker RR, Chesnut CH, 3rd, Skag A, Stakkestad JA, Emkey R, Gilbride J, Schimmer RC, Christiansen C (2004) Daily and intermittent oral ibandronate normalize bone turnover and provide significant reduction in vertebral fracture risk: results from the BONE study. Osteoporos Int 15: 792–798
217.
Harris ST, Blumentals WA, Miller PD (2008) Ibandronate and the risk of non-vertebral and clinical fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: results of a meta-analysis of phase III studies. Curr Med Res Opin 24:237–245PubMedCrossRef
218.
Reginster JY, Adami S, Lakatos P, Greenwald M, Stepan JJ, Silverman SL, Christiansen C, Rowell L, Mairon N, Bonvoisin B, Drezner MK, Emkey R, Felsenberg D, Cooper C, Delmas PD, Miller PD (2006) Efficacy and tolerability of once-monthly oral ibandronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 2 year results from the MOBILE study. Ann Rheum Dis 65:654–661PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
219.
Miller PD, Recker RR, Reginster JY, Riis BJ, Czerwinski E, Masanauskaite D, Kenwright A, Lorenc R, Stakkestad JA, Lakatos P (2012) Efficacy of monthly oral ibandronate is sustained over 5 years: the MOBILE long-term extension study. Osteoporos Int 23:1747–1756PubMedCrossRef
220.
Delmas PD, Adami S, Strugala C, Stakkestad JA, Reginster JY, Felsenberg D, Christiansen C, Civitelli R, Drezner MK, Recker RR, Bolognese M, Hughes C, Masanauskaite D, Ward P, Sambrook P, Reid DM (2006) Intravenous ibandronate injections in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: one-year results from the dosing intravenous administration study. Arthritis Rheum 54:1838–1846PubMedCrossRef
221.
Bianchi G, Czerwinski E, Kenwright A, Burdeska A, Recker RR, Felsenberg D (2012) Long-term administration of quarterly IV ibandronate is effective and well tolerated in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 5-year data from the DIVA study long-term extension. Osteoporos Int 23:1769–1778PubMedCrossRef
222.
Miller PD, Recker RR, Harris S, Silverman S, Felsenberg D, Reginster J, Day BM, Barr C, Masanauskaite D (2014) Long-term fracture rates seen with continued ibandronate treatment: pooled analysis of DIVA and MOBILE long-term extension studies. Osteoporos Int 25:349–357PubMedCrossRef
223.
Reid IR, Brown JP, Burckhardt P, Horowitz Z, Richardson P, Trechsel U, Widmer A, Devogelaer JP, Kaufman JM, Jaeger P, Body JJ, Brandi ML, Broell J, Di Micco R, Genazzani AR, Felsenberg D, Happ J, Hooper MJ, Ittner J, Leb G, Mallmin H, Murray T, Ortolani S, Rubinacci A, Saaf M, Samsioe G, Verbruggen L, Meunier PJ (2002) Intravenous zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N Engl J Med 346:653–661PubMedCrossRef
224.
Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, Reid IR, Boonen S, Cauley JA, Cosman F, Lakatos P, Leung PC, Man Z, Mautalen C, Mesenbrink P, Hu H, Caminis J, Tong K, Rosario-Jansen T, Krasnow J, Hue TF, Sellmeyer D, Eriksen EF, Cummings SR (2007) Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 356:1809–1822PubMedCrossRef
225.
Lyles KW, Colon-Emeric CS, Magaziner JS, Adachi JD, Pieper CF, Mautalen C, Hyldstrup L, Recknor C, Nordsletten L, Moore KA, Lavecchia C, Zhang J, Mesenbrink P, Hodgson PK, Abrams K, Orloff JJ, Horowitz Z, Eriksen EF, Boonen S (2007) Zoledronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture. New Engl J Med 357:1–11CrossRef
226.
Black DM, Reid IR, Boonen S, Bucci-Rechtweg C, Cauley JA, Cosman F, Cummings SR, Hue TF, Lippuner K, Lakatos P, Leung PC, Man Z, Martinez RL, Tan M, Ruzycky ME, Su G, Eastell R (2012) The effect of 3 versus 6 years of zoledronic acid treatment of osteoporosis: a randomized extension to the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res 27:243–254 Erratum in: J Bone Miner Res. 2012 Dec;27(12):2612PubMedCrossRef
227.
Black DM, Reid IR, Cauley JA, Cosman F, Leung PC, Lakatos P, Lippuner K, Cummings SR, Hue TF, Mukhopadhyay A, Tan M, Aftring RP, Eastell R (2015) The effect of 6 versus 9 years of zoledronic acid treatment in osteoporosis: a randomized second extension to the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res 30:934–944PubMedCrossRef
228.
229.
Greenspan SL, Perera S, Ferchak MA, Nace DA, Resnick NM (2015) Efficacy and safety of single-dose zoledronic acid for osteoporosis in frail elderly women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 175:913–921PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
230.
Tadrous M, Wong L, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN, Krahn MD, Levesque LE, Cadarette SM (2014) Comparative gastrointestinal safety of bisphosphonates in primary osteoporosis: a network meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 25:1225–1235PubMedCrossRef
231.
Rizzoli R, Reginster JY, Boonen S, Breart G, Diez-Perez A, Felsenberg D, Kaufman JM, Kanis JA, Cooper C (2011) Adverse reactions and drug-drug interactions in the management of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 89:91–104PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
232.
Adler RA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Bauer DC, Camacho PM, Clarke BL, Clines GA, Compston JE, Drake MT, Edwards BJ, Favus MJ, Greenspan SL, McKinney R Jr, Pignolo RJ, Sellmeyer DE (2016) Managing osteoporosis in patients on long-term bisphosphonate treatment: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res 31: 16–35
233.
Khan AA, Morrison A, Kendler DL, Rizzoli R, Hanley DA, Felsenberg D, McCauley LK, O’Ryan F, Reid IR, Ruggiero SL, Taguchi A, Tetradis S, Watts NB, Brandi ML, Peters E, Guise T, Eastell R, Cheung AM, Morin SN, Masri B, Cooper C, Morgan SL, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Langdahl BL, Dabagh RA, Davison KS, Sándor GK, Josse RG, Bhandari M, El Rabbany M, Pierroz DD, Sulimani R, Saunders DP, Brown JP, Compston J (2017) Case-based review of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) and application of the international recommendations for management from the international task force on ONJ. J Clin Densitom 20:8–24PubMedCrossRef
234.
Fung P, Bedogni G, Bedogni A Petrie A, Porter S, Campisi G, Bagan J, Fusco V, Saia G, Acham S, Musto P, Petrucci MT, Diz P, Colella G, Mignogna MD, Pentenero M, Arduino P, Lodi G, Maiorana C, Manfredi M, Hallberg P, Wadelius M, Takaoka K, Leung YY, Bonacina R, Schiødt M, Lakatos P, Taylor T, De Riu G, Favini G, Rogers SN, Pirmohamed M, Nicoletti P; GENVABO Consortium, Fedele S (2017) Time to onset of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a multicentre retrospective cohort study. Oral Dis 23: 477–483
235.
Meier C, Uebelhart B, Aubry-Rozier B, Birkhäuser M, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Frey D, Kressig RW, Lamy O, Lippuner K, Stute P, Suhm N, Ferrari S (2017) Osteoporosis drug treatment: duration and management after discontinuation. A position statement from the SVGO/ASCO. Swiss Med Wkly 147:w14484PubMed
236.
Rizzoli R, Burlet N, Cahall D, Delmas PD, Eriksen EF, Felsenberg D, Grbic J, Jontell M, Landesberg R, Laslop A, Wollenhaupt M, Papapoulos S, Sezer O, Sprafka M, Reginster JY (2008) Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis. Bone 42:841–847PubMedCrossRef
237.
Anagnostis P, Paschou SA, Mintziori G, Ceausu I, Depypere H, Lambrinoudaki I, Mueck A, Pérez-López FR, Rees M, Senturk LM, Simoncini T, Stevenson JC, Stute P, Trémollieres FA, Goulis DG (2017) Drug holidays from bisphosphonates and denosumab in postmenopausal osteoporosis: EMAS position statement. Maturitas 101:23–30PubMedCrossRef
238.
Pazianas M, Compston J, Huang CL (2010) Atrial fibrillation and bisphosphonate therapy. J Bone Miner Res 25:2–10PubMedCrossRef
239.
240.
Green J, Czanner G, Reeves G, Watson J, Wise L, Beral V (2010) Oral bisphosphonates and risk of cancer of oesophagus, stomach, and colorectum: case-control analysis within a UK primary care cohort. BMJ 341:c4444PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
241.
Shane E, Burr D, Ebeling PR, Abrahamsen B, Adler RA, Brown TD, Cheung AM, Cosman F, Curtis JR, Dell R, Dempster D, Einhorn TA, Genant HK, Geusens P, Klaushofer K, Koval K, Lane JM, McKiernan F, McKinney R, Ng A, Nieves J, O’Keefe R, Papapoulos S, Sen HT, van der Meulen MC, Weinstein RS, Whyte M, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (2010) Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res 25:2267–2294PubMedCrossRef
242.
Rizzoli R, Akesson K, Bouxsein M, Kanis JA, Napoli N, Papapoulos S, Reginster JY, Cooper C (2011) Subtrochanteric fractures after long-term treatment with bisphosphonates: a European Society on Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis, and International Osteoporosis Foundation Working Group Report. Osteoporos Int 22:373–390PubMedCrossRef
243.
Meier RP, Perneger TV, Stern R, Rizzoli R, Peter RE (2012) Increasing occurrence of atypical femoral fractures associated with bisphosphonate use. Arch Intern Med 172:930–936PubMed
244.
Chlebowski RT, Chen Z, Cauley JA, Anderson G, Rodabough RJ, McTiernan A, Lane DS, Manson JE, Snetselaar L, Yasmeen S, O’Sullivan MJ, Safford M, Hendrix SL, Wallace RB (2010) Oral bisphosphonate use and breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women. J Clin Oncol 28:3582–3590PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
245.
Pazianas M, Abrahamsen B, Eiken PA, Eastell R, Russell RG (2012) Reduced colon cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women treated with an oral bisphosphonate-Danish National Register Based Cohort Study. Osteoporos Int 23:2693–2701PubMedCrossRef
246.
Hartle JE, Tang X, Kirchner HL, Bucaloiu ID, Sartorius JA, Pogrebnaya ZV, Akers GA, Carnero GE, Perkins RM (2012) Bisphosphonate therapy, death, and cardiovascular events among female patients with CKD: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis 59:636–644PubMedCrossRef
247.
Bondo L, Eiken P, Abrahamsen B (2013) Analysis of the association between bisphosphonate treatment survival in Danish hip fracture patients-a nationwide register-based open cohort study. Osteoporos Int 24:245–252PubMedCrossRef
248.
Curtis JR, Westfall AO, Cheng H, Delzell E, Saag KG (2008) Risk of hip fracture after bisphosphonate discontinuation: implications for a drug holiday. Osteoporos Int 19:1613–1620PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
249.
Mignot MA, Taisne N, Legroux I, Cortet B, Paccou J (2017) Bisphosphonate drug holidays in postmenopausal osteoporosis: effect on clinical fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 28:3431–3438PubMedCrossRef
250.
Ensrud KE, Barrett-Connor EL, Schwartz A, Santora AC, Bauer DC, Suryawanshi S, Feldstein A, Haskell WL, Hochberg MC, Torner JC, Lombardi A, Black DM (2004) Randomized trial of effect of alendronate continuation versus discontinuation in women with low BMD: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial long-term extension. J Bone Miner Res 19:1259–1269PubMedCrossRef
251.
Kanis JA, Reginster JY, Kaufman JM, Ringe JD, Adachi JD, Hiligsmann M, Rizzoli R, Cooper C (2012) A reappraisal of generic bisphosphonates in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 23:213–221PubMedCrossRef
252.
Kraenzlin ME, Meier C (2011) Parathyroid hormone analogues in the treatment of osteoporosis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 7:647–656PubMedCrossRef
253.
Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, Prince R, Gaich GA, Reginster JY, Hodsman AB, Eriksen EF, Ish-Shalom S, Genant HK, Wang O, Mitlak BH (2001) Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 344:1434–1441PubMedCrossRef
254.
Prince R, Sipos A, Hossain A, Syversen U, Ish-Shalom S, Marcinowska E, Halse J, Lindsay R, Dalsky GP, Mitlak BH (2005) Sustained nonvertebral fragility fracture risk reduction after discontinuation of teriparatide treatment. J Bone Miner Res 20:1507–1513PubMedCrossRef
255.
Vahle JL, Sato M, Long GG, Young JK, Francis PC, Engelhardt JA, Westmore MS, Linda Y, Nold JB (2002) Skeletal changes in rats given daily subcutaneous injections of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34) for 2 years and relevance to human safety. Toxicol Pathol 30:312–321PubMedCrossRef
256.
Jolette J, Wilker CE, Smith SY, Doyle N, Hardisty JF, Metcalfe AJ, Marriott TB, Fox J, Wells DS (2006) Defining a noncarcinogenic dose of recombinant human parathyroid hormone 1-84 in a 2-year study in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Pathol 34:929–940PubMedCrossRef
257.
Lecart MP, Reginster JY (2011) Current options for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 12:2533–2552PubMedCrossRef
258.
Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, Siris ES, Eastell R, Reid IR, Delmas P, Zoog HB, Austin M, Wang A, Kutilek S, Adami S, Zanchetta J, Libanati C, Siddhanti S, Christiansen C (2009) Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 361:756–765CrossRefPubMed
259.
Bone HG, Wagman RB, Brandi ML, Brown JP, Chapurlat R, Cummings SR, Czerwiński E, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Kendler DL, Lippuner K, Reginster JY, Roux C, Malouf J, Bradley MN, Daizadeh NS, Wang A, Dakin P, Pannacciulli N, Dempster DW, Papapoulos S (2017) 10 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the phase 3 randomised FREEDOM trial and open-label extension. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 5:513–523CrossRefPubMed
260.
Ferrari S, Adachi JD, Lippuner K, Zapalowski C, Miller PD, Reginster JY, Törring O, Kendler DL, Daizadeh NS, Wang A, O’Malley CD, Wagman RB, Libanati C, Lewiecki EM (2015) Further reductions in nonvertebral fracture rate with long-term denosumab treatment in the FREEDOM open-label extension and influence of hip bone mineral density after 3 years. Osteoporos Int 26:2763–2771PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
261.
Bone HG, Bolognese MA, Yuen CK, Kendler DL, Miller PD, Yang YC, Grazette L, San Martin J, Gallagher JC (2011) Effects of denosumab treatment and discontinuation on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:972–980PubMedCrossRef
262.
Cummings SR, Ferrari S, Eastell R, Gilchrist N, Jensen JB, McClung M, Roux C, Törring O, Valter I, Wang AT, Brown JP (2018) Vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab: a post hoc analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled FREEDOM Trial and its extension. J Bone Miner Res 33:190–198PubMedCrossRef
263.
Tsourdi E, Langdahl B, Cohen-Solal M, Aubry-Rozier B, Eriksen EF, Guanabens N, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Ralston SH, Eastell R, Zillikens MC (2017) Discontinuation of denosumab therapy for osteoporosis: a systematic review and position statement by ECTS. Bone 105:11–17PubMedCrossRef
264.
Miller PD, Pannacciulli N, Brown JP, Czerwinski E, Nedergaard BS, Bolognese MA, Malouf J, Bone HG, Reginster JY, Singer A, Wang C, Wagman RB, Cummings SR (2016) Denosumab or zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis previously treated with oral bisphosphonates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101:3163–3170PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
265.
von Keyserlingk C, Hopkins R, Anastasilakis A, Toulis K, Goeree R, Tarride JE, Xie F (2011) Clinical efficacy and safety of denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density and osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 41:178–186CrossRef
266.
Black DM, Greenspan SL, Ensrud KE, Palermo L, McGowan JA, Lang TF, Garnero P, Bouxsein ML, Bilezikian JP, Rosen CJ (2003) The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 349:1207–1215PubMedCrossRef
267.
Leder BZ, Tsai JN, Neer RM, Uihlein AV, Wallace PM, Burnett-Bowie SA (2016) Response to therapy with teriparatide, denosumab, or both in postmenopausal women in the DATA (Denosumab and Teriparatide Administration) study randomized controlled trial. J Clin Densitom 19:346–351PubMedCrossRef
268.
Cosman F, Nieves JW, Zion M, Garrett P, Neubort S, Dempster D, Lindsay R (2015) Daily or cyclical teriparatide treatment in women with osteoporosis on no prior therapy and women on alendronate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:2769–2776PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
269.
Cosman F, Nieves JW, Dempster DW (2017) Treatment sequence matters: anabolic and antiresorptive therapy for osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 32:198–202PubMedCrossRef
270.
Kanis JA, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster J-Y (2018) Review of the guideline of the American College of Physicians on the treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 29:1505–1510PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
271.
Black DM, Bilezikian JP, Ensrud KE, Greenspan SL, Palermo L, Hue T, Lang TF, McGowan JA, Rosen CJ (2005) One year of alendronate after one year of parathyroid hormone (1-84) for osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 353:555–565PubMedCrossRef
272.
Torgerson DJ, Bell-Syer SE (2001) Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 285:2891–2897PubMedCrossRef
273.
Cauley JA, Robbins J, Chen Z, Cummings SR, Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, LeBoff M, Lewis CE, McGowan J, Neuner J, Pettinger M, Stefanick ML, Wactawski-Wende J, Watts NB (2003) Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 290:1729–1738PubMedCrossRef
274.
Sornay-Rendu E, Garnero P, Munoz F, Duboeuf F, Delmas PD (2003) Effect of withdrawal of hormone replacement therapy on bone mass and bone turnover: the OFELY study. Bone 33:159–166PubMedCrossRef
275.
Bagger YZ, Tanko LB, Alexandersen P, Hansen HB, Mollgaard A, Ravn P, Qvist P, Kanis JA, Christiansen C (2004) Two to three years of hormone replacement treatment in healthy women have long-term preventive effects on bone mass and osteoporotic fractures: the PERF study. Bone 34:728–735PubMedCrossRef
276.
Roussow JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix A, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:321–333CrossRef
277.
Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M, Heiss G, Kooperberg C, Baird A, Kotchen T, Curb JD, Black H, Rossouw JE, Aragaki A, Safford M, Stein E, Laowattana S, Mysiw WJ (2003) Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative: a randomized trial. JAMA 289:2673–2684PubMedCrossRef
278.
Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD, Stefanick ML, Gass M, Lane D, Rodabough RJ, Gilligan MA, Cyr MG, Thomson CA, Khandekar J, Petrovitch H, McTiernan A (2003) Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trial. JAMA 289:3243–3253PubMedCrossRef
279.
Shumaker SA, Legault C, Rapp SR, Thal L, Wallace RB, Ockene JK, Hendrix SL, Jones BN 3rd, Assaf AR, Jackson RD, Kotchen JM, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Wactawski-Wende J (2003) Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 289: 2651–2662
280.
Hays J, Ockene JK, Brunner RL, Kotchen JM, Manson JE, Patterson RE, Aragaki AK, Shumaker SA, Brzyski RG, LaCroix AZ, Granek IA, Valanis BG (2003) Effects of estrogen plus progestin on health-related quality of life. N Engl J Med 348:1839–1854PubMedCrossRef
281.
Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black H, Bonds D, Brunner R, Brzyski R, Caan B, Chlebowski R, Curb D, Gass M, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix S, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell A, Jackson R, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen JM, Kuller L, LaCroix AZ, Lane D, Langer RD, Lasser N, Lewis CE, Manson J, Margolis K, Ockene J, O’Sullivan MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Ritenbaugh C, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto G, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wactawski-Wende J, Wallace R, Wassertheil-Smoller S (2004) Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291: 1701–1712
282.
Fenton A, Panay N (2012) The Women’s Health Initiative—a decade of progress. Climacteric 15:205PubMedCrossRef
283.
Langer RD, Manson JE, Allison MA (2012) Have we come full circle—or moved forward? The Women’s Health Initiative 10 years on. Climacteric 15:206–212PubMedCrossRef
284.
Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Chlebowski RT, Howard BV, Thomson CA, Margolis KL, Lewis CE, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Johnson KC, Martin LW, Shumaker SA, Espeland MA, Wactawski-Wende J (2017) Menopausal hormone therapy and long-term all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA 318:927–938PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
285.
Langer RD, Simon JA, Pines A, Lobo RA, Hodis HN, Pickar JH, Archer DF, Sarrel PM, Utian WH (2017) Menopausal hormone therapy for primary prevention: why the USPSTF is wrong. Climacteric 20:402–413PubMedCrossRef
286.
Richy F, Ethgen O, Bruyère O, Reginster JY (2004) Efficacy of alphacalcidol and calcitriol in primary and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of their effects on bone mineral density and fracture rate. Osteoporos Int 15:301–310PubMedCrossRef
287.
Richy F, Schacht E, Bruyère O, Ethgen O, Gourlay M, Reginster JY (2005) Vitamin D analogs versus native vitamin D in preventing bone loss and osteoporosis-related fractures: a comparative meta-analysis. Calcif Tissue Int 76:176–186PubMedCrossRef
288.
Tilyard MW, Spears GF, Thomson J, Dovey S (1992) Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with calcitriol or calcium. N Engl J Med 326:357–362PubMedCrossRef
289.
Gallagher JC, Rapuri PB, Smith LM (2007) An age-related decrease in creatinine clearance is associated with an increase in number of falls in untreated women but not in women receiving calcitriol treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:51–58PubMedCrossRef
290.
Shao HB, Yao YM, Wang ZY, Zhang QF, Wei W (2015) Effects of combined alendronate and alfacalcidol on prevention of fractures in osteoporosis patients: a network meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 8:12935–12941PubMedPubMedCentral
291.
McCloskey E, Selby P, Davies M, Robinson J, Francis RM, Adams J, Kayan K, Beneton M, Jalava T, Pylkkänen L, Kenraali J, Aropuu S, Kanis JA (2004) Clodronate reduces vertebral fracture risk in women with postmenopausal or secondary osteoporosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled 3-year study. J Bone Miner Res 19:728–736PubMedCrossRef
292.
McCloskey EV, Beneton M, Charlesworth D, Kayan K, deTakats D, Dey A, Orgee J, Ashford R, Forster M, Cliffe J, Kersh L, Brazier J, Nichol J, Aropuu S, Jalava T, Kanis JA (2007) Clodronate reduces the incidence of fractures in community-dwelling elderly women unselected for osteoporosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study. J Bone Miner Res 22:135–141PubMedCrossRef
293.
Howe J, Huber B, Favell D, Hill R, Bouxsein M, Engelke K, Genant H (2017) Long-term prospective cohort study of a local osteo-enhancement procedure (LOEP) to treat proximal femurs of post-menopausal osteoporotic women. Osteoporos Int 28(S1):S75
294.
Engelke K, Favell D, Hill R, Fuerst T, Huber B, Howe J, Genant H (2017) QCT demonstrates long-term proximal femur trabecular density increases in osteoporotic women following treatment with a minimally invasive local osteo-enhancement procedure involving injection of a resorbable triphasic calcium based implant material. J Bone Miner Res 32(suppl 1):S11
295.
Keaveny T, Lee D, Favell D, Hill R, Howe J, Huber B, Bouxsein M (2017) FEA-estimated proximal femur strength increases through 5-7 year follow-up in osteoporotic women treated with a local osteo-enhancement procedure involving injection of a resorbable, triphasic calcium-based implant material. J Bone Miner Res 32:S11CrossRef
296.
Boonen S, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L, Cummings SR, Ranstam J, Tillman JB, Eastell R, Talmadge K, Wardlaw D (2011) Balloon kyphoplasty for the treatment of acute vertebral compression fractures: 2-year results from a randomized trial. J Bone Miner Res 26:1627–1637PubMedCrossRef
297.
Wang H, Sribastav SS, Ye F, Yang C, Wang J, Liu H, Zheng Z (2015) Comparison of percutaneous vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty for the treatment of single level vertebral compression fractures: a meta-analysis of the literature. Pain Physician 18:209–222PubMed
298.
Papanastassiou ID, Phillips FM, Van Meirhaeghe J, Berenson JR, Andersson GB, Chung G, Small BJ, Aghayev K, Vrionis FD (2012) Comparing effects of kyphoplasty, vertebroplasty, and nonsurgical management in a systematic review of randomized and non-randomized controlled studies. Eur Spine J 21:1826–1843PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
299.
Firanescu CE, de Vries J, Lodder P, Venmans A, Schoemaker MC, Smeet AJ, Donga E, Juttmann JR, Klazen CAH, Elgersma OEH, Jansen FH, Tielbeek AV, Boukrab I, Schonenberg K, van Rooij WJJ, Hirsch JA, Lohle PNM (2018) Vertebroplasty versus sham procedure for painful acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VERTOS IV): randomised sham controlled clinical trial. BMJ 360:k1551. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1136/​bmj.​k1551
300.
Beall DP, Tutton SM, Murphy K, Olan W, Warner C, Test JB (2017) Analysis of reporting bias in vertebral augmentation. Pain Physician 20:E1081–E1090PubMed
301.
Luthman S, Widén J, Borgström F (2018) Appropriateness criteria for treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Osteoporos Int 29:793–804PubMedCrossRef
302.
Bae JS, Park JH, Kim KJ, Kim HS, Jang IT (2017) Analysis of risk factors for secondary new vertebral compression fracture following percutaneous vertebroplasty in patients with osteoporosis. World Neurosurg 99:387–394PubMedCrossRef
303.
Zhang H, Xu C, Zhang T, Gao Z, Zhang T (2017) Does percutaneous vertebroplasty or balloon kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures increase the incidence of new vertebral fractures? A meta-analysis. Pain Physician 20:E13–E28PubMedCrossRef
304.
Chevalley T, Hoffmeyer P, Bonjour JP, Rizzoli R (2002) An osteoporosis clinical pathway for the medical management of patients with low-trauma fracture. Osteoporos Int 13:450–455PubMedCrossRef
305.
McLellan AR, Gallacher SJ, Fraser M, McQuillian C (2003) The fracture liaison service: success of a program for the evaluation and management of patients with osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int 14:1028–1034PubMedCrossRef
306.
Ganda K, Puech M, Chen JS, Speerin R, Bleasel J, Center JR, Eisman JA, March L, Seibel MJ (2013) Models of care for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 24:393–406CrossRefPubMed
307.
308.
Akesson K, Marsh D, Mitchell PJ, McLellan AR, Stenmark J, Pierroz DD, Kyer C, Cooper C (2013) Capture the fracture: a best practice framework and global campaign to break the fragility fracture cycle. Osteoporos Int 24:2135–2152PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
309.
Javaid MK, Kyer C, Mitchell PJ, Chana J, Moss C, Edwards MH, McLellan AR, Stenmark J, Pierroz DD, Schneider MC, Kanis JA, Akesson K, Cooper C (2015) Effective secondary fracture prevention: implementation of a global benchmarking of clinical quality using the IOF capture the fracture (R) best practice framework tool. Osteoporos Int 26:2573–2578PubMedCrossRef
310.
Marsh D, Akesson K, Beaton DE, Bogoch ER, Boonen S, Brandi ML, McLellan AR, Mitchell PJ, Sale JE, Wahl DA (2011) Coordinator-based systems for secondary prevention in fragility fracture patients. Osteoporos Int 22:2051–2065PubMedCrossRef
311.
Davis JC, Guy P, Ashe MC, Liu-Ambrose T, Khan K (2007) HipWatch: osteoporosis investigation and treatment after a hip fracture: a 6-month randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 62:888–891PubMedCrossRef
312.
Gardner MJ, Flik KR, Mooar P, Lane JM (2002) Improvement in the undertreatment of osteoporosis following hip fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84-A:1342–1348CrossRef
313.
Majumdar SR, Beaupre LA, Harley CH, Hanley DA, Lier DA, Juby AG, Maksymowych WP, Cinats JG, Bell NR, Morrish DW (2007) Use of a case manager to improve osteoporosis treatment after hip fracture: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 167:2110–2115PubMedCrossRef
314.
Dell R (2011) Fracture prevention in Kaiser Permanente Southern California. Osteoporos Int 22(Suppl 3):457–460PubMedCrossRef
315.
Majumdar SR, Lier DA, Rowe BH, Russell AS, McAlister FA, Maksymowych WP, Hanley DA, Morrish DW, Johnson JA (2011) Cost-effectiveness of a multifaceted intervention to improve quality of osteoporosis care after wrist fracture. Osteoporos Int 22:1799–1808PubMedCrossRef
316.
317.
Hawley S, Javaid MK, Prieto-Alhambra D, Lippett J, Sheard S, Arden NK, Cooper C, Judge A (2016) Clinical effectiveness of orthogeriatric and fracture liaison service models of care for hip fracture patients: population-based longitudinal study. Age Ageing 45:236–242PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
318.
Hawley S, Leal J, Delmestri A, Prieto-Alhambra D, Prieto-Alhambra D, Arden NK, Cooper C, Javaid MK, Judge A (2016) Anti-osteoporosis medication prescriptions and incidence of subsequent fracture among primary hip fracture patients in England and Wales: an interrupted time-series analysis. J Bone Miner Res 31:2008–2015PubMedCrossRef
319.
McLellan AR, Wolowacz SE, Zimovetz EA, Beard SM, Lock S, McCrink L, Adekunle F, Roberts D (2011) Fracture liaison services for the evaluation and management of patients with osteoporotic fracture: a cost-effectiveness evaluation based on data collected over 8 years of service provision. Osteoporos Int 22:2083–2098PubMedCrossRef
320.
Cooper MS, Palmer AJ, Seibel MJ (2012) Cost effectiveness of the Concord minimal trauma Fracture Liaison service, a prospective, controlled fracture prevention study. Osteoporos Int 23:97–107PubMedCrossRef
321.
Leal J, Gray AM, Hawley S, Prieto-Alhambra D, Delmestri A, Arden NK, Cooper C, Javaid MK, Judge A (2017) Cost-effectiveness of orthogeriatric and fracture liaison service models of care for hip fracture patients: a population-based study. J Bone Miner Res 32:203–211PubMedCrossRef
322.
de Bruin IJA, Wyers CE, van den Bergh JPW, Geusens PPMM (2017) Fracture liaison services: do they reduce fracture rates? Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 9:157–164PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
323.
Lekkerkerker F, Kanis JA, Alsayed N, Bouvenot G, Burlet N, Cahall D, Chines A, Delmas P, Dreiser RL, Ethgen D, Hughes N, Kaufman JM, Korte S, Kreutz G, Laslop A, Mitlak B, Rabenda V, Rizzoli R, Santora A, Schimmer R, Tsouderos Y, Viethel P, Reginster JY (2007) Adherence to treatment of osteoporosis: a need for study. Osteoporos Int 18:1311–1317PubMedCrossRef
324.
Solomon DH, Avorn J, Katz JN, Finkelstein JS, Arnold M, Polinski JM, Brookhart MA (2005) Compliance with osteoporosis medications. Arch Intern Med 165:2414–2419PubMedCrossRef
325.
Rabenda V, Mertens R, Fabri V, Vanoverloop J, Sumkay F, Vannecke C, Deswaef A, Verpooten GA, Reginster JY (2008) Adherence to bisphosphonates therapy and hip fracture risk in osteoporotic women. Osteoporos Int 19:811–818PubMedCrossRef
326.
Hiligsmann M, Gathon HJ, Bruyère O, Ethgen O, Rabenda V, Reginster JY (2010) Cost-effectiveness of osteoporosis screening followed by treatment: the impact of medication adherence. Value Health 13:394–401PubMedCrossRef
327.
Ross S, Samuels E, Gairy K, Iqbal S, Badamgarav E, Siris E (2011) A meta-analysis of osteoporotic fracture risk with medication nonadherence. Value Health 14:571–581PubMedCrossRef
328.
Strom O, Borgstrom F, Kanis JA, Jonsson B (2009) Incorporating adherence into health economic modelling of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 20:23–34PubMedCrossRef
329.
Kanis JA, Cooper C, Hiligsmann M, Rabenda V, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R (2011) Partial adherence: a new perspective on health economic assessment in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 22:2565–2573PubMedCrossRef
330.
Caro JJ, Ishak KJ, Huybrechts KF, Raggio G, Naujoks C (2004) The impact of compliance with osteoporosis therapy on fracture rates in actual practice. Osteoporos Int 15:1003–1008PubMedCrossRef
331.
Rabenda V, Reginster JY (2010) Overcoming problems with adherence to osteoporosis medication. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 10:677–689PubMedCrossRef
332.
333.
Iglay K, Cao X, Mavros P, Joshi K, Yu S, Tunceli K (2015) Systematic literature review and meta-analysis of medication adherence with once-weekly versus once-daily therapy. Clin Ther 37:1813–1821PubMedCrossRef
334.
Diez-Perez A, Naylor KE, Abrahamsen B, Agnusdei D, Brandi ML, Cooper C, Dennison E, Eriksen EF, Gold DT, Guañabens N, Hadji P, Hiligsmann M, Horne R, Josse R, Kanis JA, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Prieto-Alhambra D, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R, Silverman S, Zillikens MC, Eastell R (2017) International Osteoporosis Foundation and European Calcified Tissue Society Working Group. Recommendations for the screening of adherence to oral bisphosphonates. Osteoporos Int 28:767–774PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
335.
Carr AJ, Thompson PW, Cooper C (2006) Factors associated with adherence and persistence to bisphosphonate therapy in osteoporosis: a cross-sectional survey. Osteoporos Int 17:1638–1644PubMedCrossRef
336.
Rabenda V, Bruyère O, Reginster JY (2011) Relationship between bone mineral density changes and risk of fractures among patients receiving calcium with or without vitamin D supplementation: a meta-regression. Osteoporos Int 22:893–901PubMedCrossRef
337.
Hochberg MC, Greenspan S, Wasnich RD, Miller P, Thompson DE, Ross PD (2002) Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1586–1592PubMedCrossRef
338.
Delmas PD, Li Z, Cooper C (2004) Relationship between changes in bone mineral density and fracture risk reduction with antiresorptive drugs: some issues with meta-analyses. J Bone Miner Res 19:330–337PubMedCrossRef
339.
Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Harris F, Genant HK, Ensrud K, LaCroix AZ, Black DM (2002) Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment with antiresorptive drugs. Am J Med 112:281–289PubMedCrossRef
340.
Watts NB, Geusens P, Barton IP, Felsenberg D (2005) Relationship between changes in BMD and nonvertebral fracture incidence associated with risedronate: reduction in risk of nonvertebral fracture is not related to change in BMD. J Bone Miner Res 20:2097–2104PubMedCrossRef
341.
Sarkar S, Mitlak BH, Wong M, Stock JL, Black DM, Harper KD (2002) Relationships between bone mineral density and incident vertebral fracture risk with raloxifene therapy. J Bone Miner Res 17:1–10PubMedCrossRef
342.
Austin M, Yang YC, Vittinghoff E, Adami S, Boonen S, Bauer DC, Bianchi G, Bolognese MA, Christiansen C, Eastell R, Grauer A, Hawkins F, Kendler DL, Oliveri B, McClung MR, Reid IR, Siris ES, Zanchetta J, Zerbini CA, Libanati C, Cummings SR (2012) Relationship between bone mineral density changes with denosumab treatment and risk reduction for vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. J Bone Miner Res 27:687–693PubMedCrossRef
343.
Chen P, Miller PD, Delmas PD, Misurski DA, Krege JH (2006) Change in lumbar spine BMD and vertebral fracture risk reduction in teriparatide-treated postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 21:1785–1790PubMedCrossRef
344.
Baim S, Wilson CR, Lewiecki EM, Luckey MM, Downs RW Jr, Lentle BC (2005) Precision assessment and radiation safety for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: position paper of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. J Clin Densitom 8: 371–378
345.
Bjarnason NH, Sarkar S, Duong T, Mitlak B, Delmas PD, Christiansen C (2001) Six and twelve month changes in bone turnover are related to reduction in vertebral fracture risk during 3 years of raloxifene treatment in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 12:922–930PubMedCrossRef
346.
Eastell R, Christiansen C, Grauer A, Kutilek S, Libanati C, McClung MR, Reid IR, Resch H, Siris E, Uebelhart D, Wang A, Weryha G, Cummings SR (2011) Effects of denosumab on bone turnover markers in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 26:530–537PubMedCrossRef
347.
Diez-Perez A, Adachi JD, Agnusdei D, Bilezikian JP, Compston JE, Cummings SR, Eastell R, Eriksen EF, Gonzalez-Macias J, Liberman UA, Wahl DA, Seeman E, Kanis JA, Cooper C for the IOF CSA Inadequate Responders Working Group (2012) Treatment failure in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 23:2769–2774PubMedCrossRef
348.
Marseille E, Larson B, Kazi DS, Kahn JG Rosen S (2015) Thresholds for the cost-effectiveness of interventions: alternative approaches. Bull WHO 93:118–124PubMed
349.
350.
Kanis JA, Jonsson B (2002) Economic evaluation of interventions for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 13:765–767PubMedCrossRef
351.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2011) NICE technology appraisal guidance 161 (amended). Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene, strontium ranelate and teriparatide for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women (amended). In: NICE London
352.
353.
Hiligsmann M, Evers SM, Sedrine WB, Kanis JA, Ramaekers B, Reginster JY, Silverman S, Wyers CE, Boonen A (2015) A systematic review of cost-effectiveness analyses of drugs for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Pharmacoeconomics 33:205–224PubMedCrossRef
354.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2011b) NICE technology appraisal guidance 160 (amended). Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene and strontium ranelate for the primary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women (amended). NICE London
355.
Kanis JA, McCloskey E, Jonsson B, Cooper C, Strom B, Borgstrom F (2010) An evaluation of the NICE guidance for the prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. Arch Osteoporos 5:19–48CrossRef
356.
Hiligsmann M, Kanis JA, Compston J, Cooper C, Flamion B, Bergmann P, Body JJ, Boonen S, Bruyère O, Devogelaer JP, Goemaere S, Kaufman JM, Rozenberg S, Reginster JY (2013) Health technology assessment in osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 93:1–14PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
357.
Kanis JA, Hiligsmann M (2014) The application of health technology assessment in osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 28:895–910PubMedCrossRef
358.
Brandão CM, Machado GP, Acurcio F (2012) Pharmacoeconomic analysis of strategies to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis: a systematic review. Rev Bras Reumatol 52:924–937PubMedCrossRef
359.
Strom O, Borgstrom F, Sen SS, Boonen S, Haentjens P, Johnell O, Kanis JA (2007) Cost-effectiveness of alendronate in the treatment of postmenopausal women in 9 European countries--an economic evaluation based on the fracture intervention trial. Osteoporos Int 18:1047–1061PubMedCrossRef
360.
Borgstrom F, Johnell O, Kanis JA, Jonsson B, Rehnberg C (2006) At what hip fracture risk is it cost-effective to treat? International intervention thresholds for the treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 17:1459–1471PubMedCrossRef
361.
Lippuner K, Johansson H, Borgstrom F, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R (2012) Cost-effective intervention thresholds against osteoporotic fractures based on FRAX(R) in Switzerland. Osteoporos Int 23:2579–2589PubMedCrossRef
362.
Makras P, Athanasakis K, Boubouchairopoulou N, Rizou S, Anastasilakis AD, Kyriopoulos J, Lyritis GP (2015) Cost-effective osteoporosis treatment thresholds in Greece. Osteoporos Int 26:1949–1957PubMedCrossRef
363.
Marques A, Lourenço O, Ortsäter G, Borgström F, Kanis JA, da Silva JAP (2016) Cost-effectiveness of osteoporosis treatment intervention thresholds for the treatment of osteoporosis based on FRAX in Portugal. Calcif Tissue Intl 99: 131–141
364.
365.
McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Odén A, Vasireddy S, Kayan K, Pande K, Jalava T, Kanis JA (2009) Ten-year fracture probability identifies women who will benefit from clodronate therapy--additional results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised study. Osteoporos Int 20:811–817PubMedCrossRef
366.
Harvey NC, Kanis JA, Odén A, Burge RT, Mitlak BH, Johansson H, McCloskey EV (2015) FRAX and the effect of teriparatide on vertebral and non-vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 26:2347–2353PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
367.
Harvey NC, Kanis JA, Odén A, Nakamura T, Shiraki M, Sugimoto T, Kuroda T, Johansson H, McCloskey EV (2015b) Efficacy of weekly teriparatide does not vary by baseline fracture probability calculated using FRAX. Osteoporos Int 26:2347–2354PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
368.
McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Odén A, Austin M, Siris E, Wang A, Lewiecki EM, Lorenc R, Libanati C, Kanis JA (2012) Denosumab reduces the risk of all osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women, particularly in those with moderate to high fracture risk as assessed with FRAX®. J Bone Miner Res 27:1480–1486PubMedCrossRef
369.
Donaldson MG, Palermo L, Ensrud KE, Hochberg MC, Schousboe JT, Cummings SR (2012) Effect of alendronate for reducing fracture by FRAX score and femoral neck bone mineral density: the Fracture Intervention Trial. J Bone Miner Res 27:1804–1810PubMedCrossRef
370.
Kim K, Svedbom A, Luo X, Sutradhar S, Kanis JA (2014) Comparative cost-effectiveness of bazedoxifene and raloxifene in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in Europe using the FRAX algorithm. Osteoporos Int 25:325–337PubMedCrossRef
371.
Hiligsmann M, Ben Sedrine W, Reginster JY (2013) Cost-effectiveness of bazedoxifene compared with raloxifene in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic women. J Bone Miner Res 28(4):807–815PubMedCrossRef
372.
Kendler DL, Marin F, Zerbini CAF, Russo LA, Greenspan SL, Zikan V, Bagur A, Malouf-Sierra J, Lakatos P, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Lespessailles E, Minisola S, Body JJ, Geusens P, Möricke R, López-Romero P (2017) Effects of teriparatide and risedronate on new fractures in post-menopausal women with severe osteoporosis (VERO): a multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised controlled trial. Lancet pii: S0140-6736(17)32137–32132. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S0140-6736(17)32137-2
Metadaten
Titel
European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
verfasst von
J.A. Kanis
C. Cooper
R. Rizzoli
J.-Y. Reginster
on behalf of the Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis (ESCEO) and the Committees of Scientific Advisors and National Societies of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF)
Publikationsdatum
15.10.2018
Verlag
Springer London
Erschienen in
Osteoporosis International / Ausgabe 1/2019
Print ISSN: 0937-941X
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-2965
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-018-4704-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2019

Osteoporosis International 1/2019 Zur Ausgabe

Original Article

Proton pump inhibitors and risk of hip fracture: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Original Article

Trabecular microstructure is influenced by race and sex in Black and White young adults

Original Article

Lean mass and lower limb muscle function in relation to hip strength, geometry and fracture risk indices in community-dwelling older women

Original Article

Pregnancy and newborn outcomes after exposure to bisphosphonates: a case-control study

Original Article

Risk of subsequent fracture after prior fracture among older women

Original Article

Osteoporosis prevention: where are the barriers to improvement in a French general population? A qualitative study

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen. 
» Jetzt entdecken

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

25.04.2024 | Hypertonie | Nachrichten

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

23.04.2024 | Leitsymptom Rückenschmerzen | Nachrichten

Ärztliche Empathie hilft gegen Rückenschmerzen

18.04.2024 | Wirbelsäulenmetastase | Nachrichten

Stereotaktische Radiatio schlägt konventionelle Bestrahlung

16.04.2024 | Spondylitis ankylosans | Nachrichten

Vorsicht mit hohen NSAR-Dosen bei ankylosierender Spondylitis!
weitere anzeigen

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise