nach oben

European Journal of Nutrition

Erschienen in:

01.02.2011 | Original Contribution

Impact of substituting added sugar in carbonated soft drinks by intense sweeteners in young adults in the Netherlands: example of a benefit–risk approach

verfasst von: Marieke A. Hendriksen, Mariken J. Tijhuis, Heidi P. Fransen, Hans Verhagen, Jeljer Hoekstra

Erschienen in: European Journal of Nutrition | Ausgabe 1/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

Substituting added sugar in carbonated soft drinks with intense sweeteners may have potential beneficial, but also adverse health effects. This study assessed the benefits and risks associated with substituting added sugar in carbonated soft drinks with intense sweeteners in young adults in the Netherlands.

Methods

A tiered approach was used analogous to the risk assessment paradigm, consisting of benefit and hazard identification, exposure assessment and finally benefit and risk characterization and comparison. Two extreme scenarios were compared in which all carbonated soft drinks were sweetened with either intense sweeteners or added sugar. National food consumption survey data were used, and intake of added sugar and intense sweeteners was calculated using the food composition table or analytical data for sweetener content.

Results

Reduction in dental caries and body weight were identified as benefits of substituting sugar. The mean difference in total energy intake between the scenarios was 542 kJ per day in men and 357 kJ per day in women, under the assumption that no compensation takes place. In the 100% sweetener scenario, the average BMI decreased 1.7 kg/m² in men and 1.3 kg/m² in women when compared to the 100% sugar scenario. Risks are negligible, as the intake of intense sweeteners remains below the ADI in the substitution scenario.

Conclusions

Substitution of added sugar by intense sweeteners in carbonated soft drinks has beneficial effects on BMI and the reduction in dental caries, and does not seem to have adverse health effects in young adults, given the available knowledge and assumptions made.

Anonymous (2006) Guidelines for a healthy diet 2006. Health Council of the Netherlands, The Hague

Arcella D, Le Donne C, Piccinelli R, Leclercq C (2004) Dietary estimated intake of intense sweeteners by Italian teenagers. Present levels and projections derived from the INRAN-RM-2001 food survey. Food Chem Toxicol 42:677–685CrossRef

Bao Y, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Jiao L, Silverman DT, Subar AF, Park Y, Leitzmann MF, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Michaud DS (2008) Added sugar and sugar-sweetened foods and beverages and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the national institutes of health-AARP diet and health study. Am J Clin Nutr 88:431–440

Benton D (2008) Sucrose and behavioral problems. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 48:385–401CrossRef

Bes-Rastrollo M, Sanchez-Villegas A, Gomez-Gracia E, Martinez JA, Pajares RM, Martinez-Gonzalez MA (2006) Predictors of weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra study 1. Am J Clin Nutr 83:362–370 quiz 394–365

European Commission. Food safety. http://ec.europa.eu/food/index_en.htm. Accessed 7 Dec 2009

Creasy DM, Ford GR, Gray TJ (1990) The morphogenesis of cyclohexylamine-induced testicular atrophy in the rat: in vivo and in vitro studies. Exp Mol Pathol 52:155–169CrossRef

de la Hunty A, Gibson S, Ashwell M (2006) A review of the effectiveness of aspartame in helping with weight control. Nutr Bull 31:115–128CrossRef

DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD (2000) Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24:794–800CrossRef

10.

Drewnowski A, Bellisle F (2007) Liquid calories, sugar, and body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 85:651–661

11.

Duffey KJ, Popkin BM (2006) Adults with healthier dietary patterns have healthier beverage patterns. J Nutr 136:2901–2907

12.

Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Osganian SK, Chomitz VR, Ellenbogen SJ, Ludwig DS (2006) Effects of decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescents: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Pediatrics 117:673–680CrossRef

13.

EFSA (2007) EFSA Scientific colloquium 6 summary report: Risk-benefit analysis of foods—methods and approaches. In: Risk-benefit analysis of foods—methods and approaches. European Food Safety Authority, Parma

14.

EFSA European Food safety authority. http://efsa.europe.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_home.htm . Accessed 7 Dec 2009

15.

EFSA (2006) Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with Food on a request from the commission related to a new long-term carcinogenicity study on aspartame. European Food Safety Authority, Parma, pp 1–44

16.

EFSA (2008) The setting of nutrient profiles for foods bearing nutrition and health claims pursuant to article 4 of the regulation (EC) º No 1924/2006. European Food Safety Authority, Parma, pp 1–44

17.

EFSA (2009) Updated opinion on a request from the European Commission related to the 2nd ERF carcinogenicity study on aspartame, taking into consideration study data submitted by the Ramazzini Foundation in February 2009. European Food Safety Authority, Parma, pp 1–18

18.

Elcock M, Morgan RW (1993) Update on artificial sweeteners and bladder cancer. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 17:35–43CrossRef

19.

Forshee RA, Anderson PA, Storey ML (2008) Sugar-sweetened beverages and body mass index in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 87:1662–1671

20.

Fransen H, de Jong N, Hendriksen M, Mengelers M, Castenmiller J, Hoekstra J, van Leeuwen R, Verhagen HA (2010) Tiered approach for risk-benefit assessment of foods. Risk Anal [Epub ahead of print]

21.

Gallus S, Scotti L, Negri E, Talamini R, Franceschi S, Montella M, Giacosa A, Dal Maso L, La Vecchia C (2007) Artificial sweeteners and cancer risk in a network of case-control studies. Ann Oncol 18:40–44CrossRef

22.

Gurney JG, Pogoda JM, Holly EA, Hecht SS, Preston-Martin S (1997) Aspartame consumption in relation to childhood brain tumor risk: results from a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:1072–1074CrossRef

23.

Harrington S (2008) The role of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in adolescent obesity: a review of the literature. J Sch Nurs 24:3–12CrossRef

24.

Hulshof KFAM, Balder HF, ter Doest D (2006) Suikers in de Nederlandse Voeding. TNO Kwaliteit van Leven, Zeist

25.

Hulshof KFAM, Ocké MC, van Rossum CTM, Buurma-Rethans EJM, Brants HAM, Drijvers JJMM, ter Doest D (2003) Resultaten van de Voedselconsumptiepeiling 2003. Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Bilthoven

26.

Husoy T, Mangschou B, Fotland TO, Kolset SO, Notvik Jakobsen H, Tommerberg I, Bergsten C, Alexander J, Frost Andersen L (2008) Reducing added sugar intake in Norway by replacing sugar sweetened beverages with beverages containing intense sweeteners—A risk benefit assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 46:3099–3105CrossRef

27.

Ilback NG, Alzin M, Jahrl S, Enghardt-Barbieri H, Busk L (2003) Estimated intake of the artificial sweeteners acesulfame-K, aspartame, cyclamate and saccharin in a group of Swedish diabetics. Food Addit Contam 20:99–114CrossRef

28.

Key TJ, Spencer EA (2007) Carbohydrates and cancer: an overview of the epidemiological evidence. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(Suppl 1):S112–S121CrossRef

29.

Kroger M, Meister K, Kava R (2006) Low-calorie sweeteners and other sugar substitutes: a review of the safety issues. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 5:35–47CrossRef

30.

Kvaavik E, Andersen LF, Klepp KI (2005) The stability of soft drinks intake from adolescence to adult age and the association between long-term consumption of soft drinks and lifestyle factors and body weight. Public Health Nutr 8:149–157CrossRef

31.

Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A (2006) Consumption of sugar and sugar-sweetened foods and the risk of pancreatic cancer in a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr 84:1171–1176

32.

Leclercq C, Berardi D, Sorbillo MR, Lambe J (1999) Intake of saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame K and cyclamate in Italian teenagers: present levels and projections. Food Addit Contam 16:99–109CrossRef

33.

Libuda L, Alexy U, Remer T, Stehle P, Schoenau E, Kersting M (2008) Association between long-term consumption of soft drinks and variables of bone modeling and remodeling in a sample of healthy German children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 88:1670–1677CrossRef

34.

Libuda L, Alexy U, Sichert-Hellert W, Stehle P, Karaolis-Danckert N, Buyken AE, Kersting M (2008) Pattern of beverage consumption and long-term association with body-weight status in German adolescents–results from the DONALD study. Br J Nutr 99:1370–1379CrossRef

35.

Lien L, Lien N, Heyerdahl S, Thoresen M, Bjertness E (2006) Consumption of soft drinks and hyperactivity, mental distress, and conduct problems among adolescents in Oslo, Norway. Am J Public Health 96:1815–1820CrossRef

36.

Lim U, Subar AF, Mouw T, Hartge P, Morton LM, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Campbell D, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A (2006) Consumption of aspartame-containing beverages and incidence of hematopoietic and brain malignancies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:1654–1659CrossRef

37.

Magnuson BA, Burdock GA, Doull J, Kroes RM, Marsh GM, Pariza MW, Spencer PS, Waddell WJ, Walker R, Williams GM (2007) Aspartame: a safety evaluation based on current use levels, regulations, and toxicological and epidemiological studies. Crit Rev Toxicol 37:629–727CrossRef

38.

Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB (2006) Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 84:274–288

39.

Mann J (2007) Dietary carbohydrate: relationship to cardiovascular disease and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(Suppl 1):S100–S111CrossRef

40.

McNeill G (2000) Energy intake and expenditure. In: Garrow J, James W, Ralph A (eds) Human nutrition and dietetics. Churchill Livingstone, London, p 900

41.

Morgan RW, Wong O (1985) A review of epidemiological studies on artificial sweeteners and bladder cancer. Food Chem Toxicol 23:529–533CrossRef

42.

Porikos KP, Hesser MF, van Itallie TB (1982) Caloric regulation in normal-weight men maintained on a palatable diet of conventional foods. Physiol Behav 29:293–300CrossRef

43.

Raben A, Vasilaras TH, Moller AC, Astrup A (2002) Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 76:721–729

44.

Rennie KL, Livingstone MB (2007) Associations between dietary added sugar intake and micronutrient intake: a systematic review. Br J Nutr 97:832–841CrossRef

45.

Renwick AG, Nordmann H (2007) First European conference on aspartame: putting safety and benefits into perspective. Synopsis of presentations and conclusions. Food Chem Toxicol 45:1308–1313CrossRef

46.

Renwick AG, Thompson JP, O’Shaughnessy M, Walter EJ (2004) The metabolism of cyclamate to cyclohexylamine in humans during long-term administration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 196:367–380CrossRef

47.

Ruxton CH (2003) Dietary guidelines for sugar: the need for evidence. Br J Nutr 90:245–247CrossRef

48.

SCF (2000) Opinion: re-evaluation of acesulfame-K with reference to the previous SCF opinion of 1991. Scientific Committee on Food. European Commission, Brussels

49.

SCF (2000) Revised opinion on cyclamic acid and its sodium and calcium salts. Scientific committee on food. European Commission, Brussels

50.

Schernhammer ES, Hu FB, Giovannucci E, Michaud DS, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS (2005) Sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer in two prospective cohorts. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:2098–2105CrossRef

51.

Schofield WN (1985) Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 39(Suppl 1):5–41

52.

Schulze MB, Manson JE, Ludwig DS, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB (2004) Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. Jama 292:927–934CrossRef

53.

Serra-Majem L, Bassas L, Garcia-Glosas R, Ribas L, Ingles C, Casals I, Saavedra P, Renwick AG (2003) Cyclamate intake and cyclohexylamine excretion are not related to male fertility in humans. Food Addit Contam 20:1097–1104CrossRef

54.

Sichieri R, Paula Trotte A, de Souza RA, Veiga GV (2009) School randomised trial on prevention of excessive weight gain by discouraging students from drinking sodas. Public Health Nutr 12:197–202CrossRef

55.

Sigman-Grant M, Morita J (2003) Defining and interpreting intakes of sugars. Am J Clin Nutr 78:815S–826S

56.

Tordoff MG, Alleva AM (1990) Effect of drinking soda sweetened with aspartame or high-fructose corn syrup on food intake and body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 51:963–969

57.

Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP (2006) Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: the Framingham osteoporosis study. Am J Clin Nutr 84:936–942

58.

van Dam RM, Seidell JC (2007) Carbohydrate intake and obesity. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(Suppl 1):S75–S99

59.

Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD (2007) Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 97:667–675CrossRef

60.

Vermunt SH, Pasman WJ, Schaafsma G, Kardinaal AF (2003) Effects of sugar intake on body weight: a review. Obes Rev 4:91–99CrossRef

61.

Whiting SJ, Vatanparast H, Baxter-Jones A, Faulkner RA, Mirwald R, Bailey DA (2004) Factors that affect bone mineral accrual in the adolescent growth spurt. J Nutr 134:696S–700S

62.

WHO (2003) Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. World Health Organization, Geneva

63.

WHO Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). http://www.who.int/ipcs/food/jecfa/en/ . Accessed 7 Dec 2009

64.

WHO (1993) Saccharin and its salts. WHO food additives series 32. World Health Organization, Geneva

65.

Wolraich ML, Wilson DB, White JW (1995) The effect of sugar on behavior or cognition in children. A meta-analysis. Jama 274:1617–1621CrossRef

Titel: Impact of substituting added sugar in carbonated soft drinks by intense sweeteners in young adults in the Netherlands: example of a benefit–risk approach
verfasst von: Marieke A. Hendriksen
Mariken J. Tijhuis
Heidi P. Fransen
Hans Verhagen
Jeljer Hoekstra
Publikationsdatum: 01.02.2011
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: European Journal of Nutrition / Ausgabe 1/2011
Print ISSN: 1436-6207
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-6215
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-010-0113-z

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

25.04.2024 Allergien und Intoleranzreaktionen Nachrichten

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

25.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2011

Cloudy apple juice protects against chemical-induced oxidative stress in rat

Organic acid bioavailability from banana and sweet potato using an in vitro digestion and Caco-2 cell model

Health benefits of probiotics: are mixtures more effective than single strains?

A legume-based hypocaloric diet reduces proinflammatory status and improves metabolic features in overweight/obese subjects

Effects of de-alcoholised wines with different polyphenol content on DNA oxidative damage, gene expression of peripheral lymphocytes, and haemorheology: an intervention study in post-menopausal women