Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Lung 1/2013

01.02.2013

Meta-Analysis: The Association Between HIV Infection and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis

verfasst von: Cho Naing, Joon Wah Mak, Mala Maung, Shew Fung Wong, Ani Izzuani Binti Mohd Kassim

Erschienen in: Lung | Ausgabe 1/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis has been an AIDS-defining condition. Individual studies that highlight the association between HIV and extrapulmonary TB are available. Our objectives were to synthesis evidence on the association between extrapulmonary tuberculosis and HIV and to explore the effective preventive measures of these two diseases.

Methods

This is a meta-analysis of observational studies reporting effect estimates on how HIV is associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. We searched for the eligible studies in the electronic databases using search terms related to HIV and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Where possible, we estimated the summary odds ratios using random effects meta-analysis. We stratified analysis by the type of study design. We assessed heterogeneity of effect estimates within each group of studies was assessed using I 2 test.

Results

Nineteen studies (7 case control studies and 12 cohort studies) were identified for the present study. The pooled analysis shows a significant association between HIV and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (summary odds ratio: 1.3; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.05–1.6; I 2: 0 %). In a subgroup analysis with two studies, a significant association was found between CD4+ count less than 100 and the incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (summary OR: 1.31; 95 % CI 1.02–1.68; I 2: 0 %).

Conclusions

Findings show evidence on the association between extrapulmonary tuberculosis and HIV, based on case control studies. Further studies to understand the mechanisms of interaction of the two pathogens are recommended.
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Pawlowski A, Jansson M, Sköld M, Rottenberg ME, Källenius G (2012) Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection. PLoS Pathog 8(2):e1002464PubMedCrossRef Pawlowski A, Jansson M, Sköld M, Rottenberg ME, Källenius G (2012) Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection. PLoS Pathog 8(2):e1002464PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Barnes PF, Bloch AB, Davidson PT, Snider DE Jr (1991) Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 324:1644–1650PubMedCrossRef Barnes PF, Bloch AB, Davidson PT, Snider DE Jr (1991) Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 324:1644–1650PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Peto HM, Pratt RH, Harrington TA, LoBue PA, Armstrong LR (2009) Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States, 1993–2006. Clin Infect Dis 49:1350–1357PubMedCrossRef Peto HM, Pratt RH, Harrington TA, LoBue PA, Armstrong LR (2009) Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States, 1993–2006. Clin Infect Dis 49:1350–1357PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Otaibi F, El Hazmi MM (2010) Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 53:227–231PubMedCrossRef Al-Otaibi F, El Hazmi MM (2010) Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 53:227–231PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Greenland S, Robins JM (1985) Estimation of a common effect parameter from sparse follow-up Data. Biometrics 41:55–68PubMedCrossRef Greenland S, Robins JM (1985) Estimation of a common effect parameter from sparse follow-up Data. Biometrics 41:55–68PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Higgins JPT, Green S (2009) Principles of meta-analysis. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (eds) Cochrane handbook for systemic reviews of interventions. Cochrane book series. Wiley, West Sussex, pp 419–429 Higgins JPT, Green S (2009) Principles of meta-analysis. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (eds) Cochrane handbook for systemic reviews of interventions. Cochrane book series. Wiley, West Sussex, pp 419–429
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Buskin SE, Gale JL, Weiss NS, Nolan CM (1994) Tuberculosis risk factors in adults in King County, Washington, 1988 through 1990. Am J Public Health 84:1750–1756PubMedCrossRef Buskin SE, Gale JL, Weiss NS, Nolan CM (1994) Tuberculosis risk factors in adults in King County, Washington, 1988 through 1990. Am J Public Health 84:1750–1756PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang KC, Leung CC, Yew WW, Ho SC, Tam CM (2004) A nested case-control study on treatment-related risk factors for early relapse of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170:1124–1130PubMedCrossRef Chang KC, Leung CC, Yew WW, Ho SC, Tam CM (2004) A nested case-control study on treatment-related risk factors for early relapse of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170:1124–1130PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen CH, Lian JD, Cheng CH, Wu MJ, Lee WC, Shu KH (2006) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection following renal transplantation in Taiwan. Transpl Infect Dis 8:148–156PubMedCrossRef Chen CH, Lian JD, Cheng CH, Wu MJ, Lee WC, Shu KH (2006) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection following renal transplantation in Taiwan. Transpl Infect Dis 8:148–156PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Harstad I, Jacobsen GW, Heldal E et al (2010) The role of entry screening in case finding of tuberculosis among asylum seekers in Norway. BMC Public Health 10:670PubMedCrossRef Harstad I, Jacobsen GW, Heldal E et al (2010) The role of entry screening in case finding of tuberculosis among asylum seekers in Norway. BMC Public Health 10:670PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Lorent N, Mugwaneza P, Mugabekazi J et al (2008) Risk factors for delay in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis at a referral hospital in Rwanda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12:392–396PubMed Lorent N, Mugwaneza P, Mugabekazi J et al (2008) Risk factors for delay in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis at a referral hospital in Rwanda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12:392–396PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Shetty N, Shemko M, Vaz M, D’Souza G (2006) An epidemiological evaluation of risk factors for tuberculosis in South India: a matched case control study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10:80–86PubMed Shetty N, Shemko M, Vaz M, D’Souza G (2006) An epidemiological evaluation of risk factors for tuberculosis in South India: a matched case control study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10:80–86PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Sterling TR, Dorman SE, Chaisson RE et al (2001) Human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative adults with extrapulmonary tuberculosis have abnormal innate immune responses. Clin Infect Dis 33:976–982PubMedCrossRef Sterling TR, Dorman SE, Chaisson RE et al (2001) Human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative adults with extrapulmonary tuberculosis have abnormal innate immune responses. Clin Infect Dis 33:976–982PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Wasif GS, Sulaiman SAS, Ali JA (2011) Clinical presentation and association among tuberculosis patients; cohort comparison between smokers versus never-smoke in Penang, Malaysia. IRJP 2:66–75 Wasif GS, Sulaiman SAS, Ali JA (2011) Clinical presentation and association among tuberculosis patients; cohort comparison between smokers versus never-smoke in Penang, Malaysia. IRJP 2:66–75
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Cagatay AA, Caliskan Y, Aksoz S et al (2004) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in immunocompetent adults. Scand J Infect Dis 36:799–806PubMedCrossRef Cagatay AA, Caliskan Y, Aksoz S et al (2004) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in immunocompetent adults. Scand J Infect Dis 36:799–806PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Hesselink DA, Yoo SM, Verhoeven GT, Brouwers JW, Smit FJ, van Saase JL (2003) A high prevalence of culture-positive extrapulmonary tuberculosis in a large Dutch teaching hospital. Neth J Med 61:65–70PubMed Hesselink DA, Yoo SM, Verhoeven GT, Brouwers JW, Smit FJ, van Saase JL (2003) A high prevalence of culture-positive extrapulmonary tuberculosis in a large Dutch teaching hospital. Neth J Med 61:65–70PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Hou CL, Tsai YC, Chen LC, Huang JL (2008) Tuberculosis infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: pulmonary and extrapulmonary infection compared. Clin Rheumatol 27:557–563PubMedCrossRef Hou CL, Tsai YC, Chen LC, Huang JL (2008) Tuberculosis infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: pulmonary and extrapulmonary infection compared. Clin Rheumatol 27:557–563PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Young F, Wotton CJ, Critchley JA, Unwin NC, Goldacre MJ (2010) Increased risk of tuberculosis disease in people with diabetes mellitus: record-linkage study in a UK population. J Epidemiol Community Health. doi:10.1136/jech.2010.114595 PubMed Young F, Wotton CJ, Critchley JA, Unwin NC, Goldacre MJ (2010) Increased risk of tuberculosis disease in people with diabetes mellitus: record-linkage study in a UK population. J Epidemiol Community Health. doi:10.​1136/​jech.​2010.​114595 PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Maltezou HC, Spyridis P, Kafetzis DA (2000) Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Arch Dis Child 83:342–346PubMedCrossRef Maltezou HC, Spyridis P, Kafetzis DA (2000) Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Arch Dis Child 83:342–346PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Ullah S, Shah SH, Aziz-ur-Rehman, Kamal A, Begum N, Khan G (2008) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, NWFP, Pakistan: survey of biopsy results. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 20:43–46PubMed Ullah S, Shah SH, Aziz-ur-Rehman, Kamal A, Begum N, Khan G (2008) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, NWFP, Pakistan: survey of biopsy results. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 20:43–46PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoon HJ, Song YG, Park W, Choi JP, Chang KH, Kim JM (2004) Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Yonsei Med J 45:453–461PubMed Yoon HJ, Song YG, Park W, Choi JP, Chang KH, Kim JM (2004) Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Yonsei Med J 45:453–461PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Leeds IL, Magee MJ, Kurbatova EV et al (2012) Site of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is associated with HIV infection. Clin Inf Dis 55:75–81CrossRef Leeds IL, Magee MJ, Kurbatova EV et al (2012) Site of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is associated with HIV infection. Clin Inf Dis 55:75–81CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Forssbohm M, Zwahlen M, Loddenkemper R, Rieder HL (2008) Demographic characteristics of patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Germany. Eur Respir J 31:99–105PubMedCrossRef Forssbohm M, Zwahlen M, Loddenkemper R, Rieder HL (2008) Demographic characteristics of patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Germany. Eur Respir J 31:99–105PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Kruijshaar ME, Abubakar I (2009) Increase in extrapulmonary tuberculosis in England and Wales 1999–2006. Thorax 64:1090–1095PubMedCrossRef Kruijshaar ME, Abubakar I (2009) Increase in extrapulmonary tuberculosis in England and Wales 1999–2006. Thorax 64:1090–1095PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Manangan L, Elmore K, Lewis B et al (2009) Disparities in tuberculosis between Asian/Pacific Islanders and non-Hispanic Whites, United States, 1993–2006. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 13:1077–1085PubMed Manangan L, Elmore K, Lewis B et al (2009) Disparities in tuberculosis between Asian/Pacific Islanders and non-Hispanic Whites, United States, 1993–2006. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 13:1077–1085PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Mehta JB, Dutt A, Harvill L, Mathews KM (1991) Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. A comparative analysis with pre-AIDS era. Chest 99:1134–1138PubMedCrossRef Mehta JB, Dutt A, Harvill L, Mathews KM (1991) Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. A comparative analysis with pre-AIDS era. Chest 99:1134–1138PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramos JM, Reyes F, Tesfamariam A (2010) Childhood and adult tuberculosis in a rural hospital in Southeast Ethiopia: a ten-year retrospective study. BMC Public Health 10:215PubMedCrossRef Ramos JM, Reyes F, Tesfamariam A (2010) Childhood and adult tuberculosis in a rural hospital in Southeast Ethiopia: a ten-year retrospective study. BMC Public Health 10:215PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang JY, Hsueh PR, Jan IS et al (2007) The effect of smoking on tuberculosis: different patterns and poorer outcomes. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11:143–149PubMed Wang JY, Hsueh PR, Jan IS et al (2007) The effect of smoking on tuberculosis: different patterns and poorer outcomes. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11:143–149PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Gunal S, Yang Z, Agarwal M, Koroglu M, Arici ZK, Durmaz R (2011) Demographic and microbial characteristics of extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases diagnosed in Malatya, Turkey, 2001–2007. BMC Public Health 11:154PubMedCrossRef Gunal S, Yang Z, Agarwal M, Koroglu M, Arici ZK, Durmaz R (2011) Demographic and microbial characteristics of extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases diagnosed in Malatya, Turkey, 2001–2007. BMC Public Health 11:154PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Musellim B, Erturan S, Duman ES, Ongen G (2005) Comparison of extra-pulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis cases: factors influencing the site of reactivation. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9:1220–1223PubMed Musellim B, Erturan S, Duman ES, Ongen G (2005) Comparison of extra-pulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis cases: factors influencing the site of reactivation. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9:1220–1223PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Nur N, Ozsahin SL, Sumer H (2009) An evaluation of gender differences in the epidemiology of tuberculosis. Health Med 3:352–358 Nur N, Ozsahin SL, Sumer H (2009) An evaluation of gender differences in the epidemiology of tuberculosis. Health Med 3:352–358
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Antony SJ, Harrel V, Christie JD, Adams HG, Rumley RL (1995) Clinical differences between pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a 5-year retrospective study. J Natl Med Assoc 87:187–192PubMed Antony SJ, Harrel V, Christie JD, Adams HG, Rumley RL (1995) Clinical differences between pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a 5-year retrospective study. J Natl Med Assoc 87:187–192PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Fiske CT, Griffin MR, Erin H et al (2010) Black race, sex, and extrapulmonary tuberculosis risk: an observational study. BMC Infect Dis 10:16PubMedCrossRef Fiske CT, Griffin MR, Erin H et al (2010) Black race, sex, and extrapulmonary tuberculosis risk: an observational study. BMC Infect Dis 10:16PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez OY, Adams G, Teeter LD, Bui TT, Musser JM, Graviss EA (2003) Extrapulmonary manifestations in a large metropolitan area with a low incidence of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 7:1178–1185PubMed Gonzalez OY, Adams G, Teeter LD, Bui TT, Musser JM, Graviss EA (2003) Extrapulmonary manifestations in a large metropolitan area with a low incidence of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 7:1178–1185PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Kipp AM, Stout JE, Hamilton CD, Van Rie A (2008) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, and foreign birth in North Carolina, 1993–2006. BMC Public Health 8:107PubMedCrossRef Kipp AM, Stout JE, Hamilton CD, Van Rie A (2008) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, and foreign birth in North Carolina, 1993–2006. BMC Public Health 8:107PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Ong A, Creasman J, Hopewell PC et al (2004) A molecular epidemiological assessment of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in San Francisco. Clin Infect Dis 38:25–31PubMedCrossRef Ong A, Creasman J, Hopewell PC et al (2004) A molecular epidemiological assessment of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in San Francisco. Clin Infect Dis 38:25–31PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang Z, Kong Y, Wilson F, Foxman B, Fowler AH, Marrs CF et al (2004) Identification of risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 38:199–205PubMedCrossRef Yang Z, Kong Y, Wilson F, Foxman B, Fowler AH, Marrs CF et al (2004) Identification of risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 38:199–205PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Castilla J, Gutierrez A, Guerra L et al (1997) Pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis at AIDS diagnosis in Spain: epidemiological differences and implications for control. AIDS 11:1583PubMedCrossRef Castilla J, Gutierrez A, Guerra L et al (1997) Pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis at AIDS diagnosis in Spain: epidemiological differences and implications for control. AIDS 11:1583PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat García-Rodríguez JF, Álvarez-Díaz H, Lorenzo-García MV, Mariño-Callejo A, Fernández-Rial Á, Sesma-Sánchez P (2011) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: epidemiology and risk factors. Enferm Infect Microbiol Clin 29:502–509CrossRef García-Rodríguez JF, Álvarez-Díaz H, Lorenzo-García MV, Mariño-Callejo A, Fernández-Rial Á, Sesma-Sánchez P (2011) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: epidemiology and risk factors. Enferm Infect Microbiol Clin 29:502–509CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Malkin JE, Prazuck T, Simonnet F et al (1997) Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in West Burkina Faso: clinical presentation and clinical evolution. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1:68–74PubMed Malkin JE, Prazuck T, Simonnet F et al (1997) Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in West Burkina Faso: clinical presentation and clinical evolution. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1:68–74PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Gupta S, Shenoy VP, Bairy I, Srinivasa H, Mukhopadhyay C (2011) Diabetes mellitus and HIV as co-morbidities in tuberculosis patients of rural south India. J Infect Public Health 4:140–144PubMedCrossRef Gupta S, Shenoy VP, Bairy I, Srinivasa H, Mukhopadhyay C (2011) Diabetes mellitus and HIV as co-morbidities in tuberculosis patients of rural south India. J Infect Public Health 4:140–144PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin HP, Deng CY, Chou P (2009) Diagnosis and treatment delay among pulmonary tuberculosis patients identified using the Taiwan reporting enquiry system, 2002–2006. BMC Public Health 9:55PubMedCrossRef Lin HP, Deng CY, Chou P (2009) Diagnosis and treatment delay among pulmonary tuberculosis patients identified using the Taiwan reporting enquiry system, 2002–2006. BMC Public Health 9:55PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Cailhol J, Decludt B, Che D (2005) Sociodemographic factors that contribute to the development of extrapulmonary tuberculosis were identified. J Clin Epidemiol 58:1066–1071PubMedCrossRef Cailhol J, Decludt B, Che D (2005) Sociodemographic factors that contribute to the development of extrapulmonary tuberculosis were identified. J Clin Epidemiol 58:1066–1071PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Noertjojo K, Tam CM, Chan SL, Chan-Yeung MMW (2002) Extra-pulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Kong. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6:879–886PubMed Noertjojo K, Tam CM, Chan SL, Chan-Yeung MMW (2002) Extra-pulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Kong. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6:879–886PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Sreeramareddy CT, Panduru KV, Verma SC, Joshi HS, Bates MN (2008) Comparison of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Nepal: a hospital-based retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis 8:8PubMedCrossRef Sreeramareddy CT, Panduru KV, Verma SC, Joshi HS, Bates MN (2008) Comparison of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Nepal: a hospital-based retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis 8:8PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Te Beek LA, van der Werf MJ, Richter C, Borgdorff MW (2006) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis by nationality, the Netherlands, 1993–2001. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1375–1382CrossRef Te Beek LA, van der Werf MJ, Richter C, Borgdorff MW (2006) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis by nationality, the Netherlands, 1993–2001. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1375–1382CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Kherad O, Hermann FR, Zellweger JP, Rochat T, Janssens JP (2009) Clinical presentation, demographics and outcome of tuberculosis (TB) in a low incidence area: a 4-year study in Geneva. Switzerland. BMC Infect Dis 9:217CrossRef Kherad O, Hermann FR, Zellweger JP, Rochat T, Janssens JP (2009) Clinical presentation, demographics and outcome of tuberculosis (TB) in a low incidence area: a 4-year study in Geneva. Switzerland. BMC Infect Dis 9:217CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Madhi SA, Huebner RE, Doedens L, Aduc T, Wesley D, Cooper PA (2000) HIV-1 co-infection in children hospitalized with tuberculosis in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 4:448–454PubMed Madhi SA, Huebner RE, Doedens L, Aduc T, Wesley D, Cooper PA (2000) HIV-1 co-infection in children hospitalized with tuberculosis in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 4:448–454PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Kingkaew N, Sangtong B, Amnuaiphon W et al (2009) HIV-associated extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Thailand: epidemiology and risk factors for death. Int J Infect Dis 13:722–729PubMedCrossRef Kingkaew N, Sangtong B, Amnuaiphon W et al (2009) HIV-associated extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Thailand: epidemiology and risk factors for death. Int J Infect Dis 13:722–729PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Orme IM (2011) Development of new vaccines and drugs for TB: limitations and potential strategic errors. Future Microbiol 6:161–177PubMedCrossRef Orme IM (2011) Development of new vaccines and drugs for TB: limitations and potential strategic errors. Future Microbiol 6:161–177PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharma SK, Mohan A, Kadhiravan T (2005) HIV-TB co-infection: epidemiology, diagnosis & management. Indian J Med Res 121:550–567PubMed Sharma SK, Mohan A, Kadhiravan T (2005) HIV-TB co-infection: epidemiology, diagnosis & management. Indian J Med Res 121:550–567PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Cowie RL, Sharpe JW (1998) Tuberculosis among immigrants: interval from arrival in Canada to diagnosis. A 5-year study in southern Alberta. CMAJ 158:599–602PubMed Cowie RL, Sharpe JW (1998) Tuberculosis among immigrants: interval from arrival in Canada to diagnosis. A 5-year study in southern Alberta. CMAJ 158:599–602PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Harries AD, Parry C, Nyongonya ML et al (1997) The pattern of tuberculosis in Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi: 1986–1995. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1:346–351PubMed Harries AD, Parry C, Nyongonya ML et al (1997) The pattern of tuberculosis in Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi: 1986–1995. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1:346–351PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Steingart KR, Henry M, Laal S et al (2007) Commercial serological antibody detection tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review. PLoS Med 4:e202 (Erratum, 2007;4(8):e254)PubMedCrossRef Steingart KR, Henry M, Laal S et al (2007) Commercial serological antibody detection tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review. PLoS Med 4:e202 (Erratum, 2007;4(8):e254)PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Steingart KR, Dendukuri N, Henry M et al (2009) Performance of purified antigens for serodiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 16:260–276PubMedCrossRef Steingart KR, Dendukuri N, Henry M et al (2009) Performance of purified antigens for serodiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 16:260–276PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Steingart KR, Flores LL, Dendukuri N et al (2011) Commercial serological tests for the diagnosis of active pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 8:e1001062PubMedCrossRef Steingart KR, Flores LL, Dendukuri N et al (2011) Commercial serological tests for the diagnosis of active pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 8:e1001062PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Meta-Analysis: The Association Between HIV Infection and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
verfasst von
Cho Naing
Joon Wah Mak
Mala Maung
Shew Fung Wong
Ani Izzuani Binti Mohd Kassim
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2013
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Lung / Ausgabe 1/2013
Print ISSN: 0341-2040
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1750
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-012-9440-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2013

Lung 1/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Echinokokkose medikamentös behandeln oder operieren?

06.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Therapie von Echinokokkosen sollte immer in spezialisierten Zentren erfolgen. Eine symptomlose Echinokokkose kann – egal ob von Hunde- oder Fuchsbandwurm ausgelöst – konservativ erfolgen. Wenn eine Op. nötig ist, kann es sinnvoll sein, vorher Zysten zu leeren und zu desinfizieren. 

Aquatherapie bei Fibromyalgie wirksamer als Trockenübungen

03.05.2024 Fibromyalgiesyndrom Nachrichten

Bewegungs-, Dehnungs- und Entspannungsübungen im Wasser lindern die Beschwerden von Patientinnen mit Fibromyalgie besser als das Üben auf trockenem Land. Das geht aus einer spanisch-brasilianischen Vergleichsstudie hervor.

Wo hapert es noch bei der Umsetzung der POMGAT-Leitlinie?

03.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Seit November 2023 gibt es evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zum perioperativen Management bei gastrointestinalen Tumoren (POMGAT) auf S3-Niveau. Vieles wird schon entsprechend der Empfehlungen durchgeführt. Wo es im Alltag noch hapert, zeigt eine Umfrage in einem Klinikverbund.

Das Risiko für Vorhofflimmern in der Bevölkerung steigt

02.05.2024 Vorhofflimmern Nachrichten

Das Risiko, im Lauf des Lebens an Vorhofflimmern zu erkranken, ist in den vergangenen 20 Jahren gestiegen: Laut dänischen Zahlen wird es drei von zehn Personen treffen. Das hat Folgen weit über die Schlaganfallgefährdung hinaus.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.