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European Journal of Applied Physiology

Erschienen in:

01.03.2011 | Original Article

Disuse of the musculo-skeletal system in space and on earth

verfasst von: M. V. Narici, M. D. de Boer

Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Ausgabe 3/2011

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Abstract

Muscle mass and strength are well known to decline in response to actual and simulated microgravity exposure. However, despite the considerable knowledge gained on the physiological changes induced by spaceflight, the mechanisms of muscle atrophy and the effectiveness of in-flight countermeasures still need to be fully elucidated. The present review examines the effects and mechanisms of actual and simulated microgravity on single fibre and whole muscle structural and functional properties, protein metabolism, tendon mechanical properties, neural drive and reflex excitability. The effects of inflight countermeasures are also discussed in the light of recent advances in resistive loading techniques, in combined physical, pharmacological and nutritional interventions as well as in the development of artificial gravity systems. Emphasis has been given to the pioneering work of Pietro Enrico di Prampero in the development of artificial gravity systems and in the progress of knowledge on the limits of human muscular performance in space.

Maximum unloaded shortening velocity (V ₀) is estimated in isolated preparations using the so-called ‘slack’ test (Edman (1979). A contracting muscle is rapidly shortened by a known distance (at a velocity greater than V _max) so that the fibres become slack and will then shorten without any external load. The time for the fibre to take up the slack and start pulling on the force transducer gives a measure of the velocity of unloaded shortening. Maximum shortening velocity (V _max) is estimated from the force–velocity relationship, which in turn is determined from a series of consecutive isotonic steps. V _max is defined as the intercept of the force–velocity curve with the velocity axis.

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Titel: Disuse of the musculo-skeletal system in space and on earth
verfasst von: M. V. Narici
M. D. de Boer
Publikationsdatum: 01.03.2011
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology / Ausgabe 3/2011
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Elektronische ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1556-x

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