Introduction
Methods
Study participants
Skin autofluorescence (AF)
Muscle strength and power
Assessment of other variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Range (unit, AU) | Tertiles of skin autofluorescence | P for trenda | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low (n = 78) (1.28–1.84) | Middle (n = 77) (1.84–2.09) | High (n = 77) (2.09–4.44) | ||
Age (years) | 40.0 (35.0, 51.0) | 45.0 (38.0, 57.0) | 52.0 (40.0, 58.5) | <0.01 |
BMI (kg/m) | 23.7 (22.1, 25.7) | 23.7 (21.8, 25.9) | 23.6 (21.7, 26.2) | 0.89 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 84.0 (77.8, 91.0) | 86.0 (79.5, 90.5) | 85.0 (80.0, 91.5) | 0.29 |
SBP (mmHg) | 130.0 (120.0, 137.3) | 129.0 (116.0, 139.0) | 130.0 (120.0, 142.0) | 0.42 |
DBP (mmHg) | 80.0 (74.0, 90.0) | 80.0 (76.0, 88.5) | 84.0 (74.0, 90.0) | 0.44 |
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) | 92.0 (88.8, 97.5) | 93.0 (88.0, 100.0) | 95.0 (88.5, 103.5) | 0.06 |
TG (mg/dl) | 110.5 (69.5, 153.5) | 141.0 (79.5, 198.5) | 131.0 (86.0, 186.5) | 0.09 |
LDL (mg/dl) | 120.0 (93.0, 139.0) | 121.0 (95.0, 133.0) | 122.0 (109.0, 144.5) | 0.21 |
HDL (mg/dl) | 53.0 (45.5, 63.3) | 50.0 (42.5, 59.0) | 52.0 (42.5, 56.5) | 0.15 |
Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 1910.9 (1599.7, 2409.1) | 1806.8 (1569.9, 2201.5) | 1747.7 (1416.0, 2267.8) | 0.39 |
Vitamin C intake ([mg/d]/2000 kcal) | 84.0 (61.4, 121.9) | 93.8 (73.1, 128.6) | 95.9 (66.7, 126.4) | 0.72 |
High PA (%, median values: 48.0 METs·h/week) | 43.6 | 28.6 | 40.3 | 0.09 |
Middle PA (%, median values: 12.1 METs·h/week) | 39.7 | 46.8 | 36.4 | 0.05 |
Smoking status | ||||
Current (%) | 29.5 | 40.3 | 49.4 | 0.04 |
Former (%) | 12.8 | 20.8 | 10.4 | 0.17 |
Drinking status | ||||
7 drinks/week (%) | 28.2 | 29.9 | 23.4 | 0.64 |
≥1 drinks/week (%) | 59.0 | 54.5 | 58.4 | 0.83 |
Depressive symptoms (SDS ≥ 45, %) | 30.8 | 31.2 | 29.9 | 0.98 |
Education (≥college, %) | 43.6 | 35.1 | 40.3 | 0.55 |
Desk work (%) | 87.2 | 74.0 | 77.9 | 0.12 |
Diabetes (%) | 6.4 | 10.4 | 9.1 | 0.67 |
Kidney disease (%) | 2.6 | 1.3 | 6.5 | 0.23 |
MS (JASSO, %) | 20.5 | 24.7 | 27.3 | 0.61 |
Range (unit, AU) | Tertiles of skin autofluorescence | P for trenda | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Middle | High | ||
(1.28–1.84) | (1.84–2.09) | (2.09–4.44) | ||
No. of participants | 78 | 77 | 77 | – |
Grip strength (kg) | ||||
Crude | 44.7 (43.3, 46.1) | 41.7 (40.3, 43.1)f
| 41.8 (40.4, 43.2)f
| <0.01 |
Model 1b
| 44.3 (43.0, 45.7) | 41.8 (40.4, 43.1)f
| 42.1 (40.8, 43.5) | 0.03 |
Model 2c
| 44.5 (43.2, 45.9) | 42.0 (40.7, 43.4)f
| 41.6 (40.2, 43.0)f
| <0.01 |
Model 3d
| 44.5 (43.2, 45.9) | 42.0 (40.7, 43.3)f
| 41.7 (40.3, 43.0)f
| <0.01 |
Model 4e
| 44.5 (43.2, 45.9) | 42.0 (40.6, 43.3)f
| 41.7 (40.3, 43.1)f
| <0.01 |
Range (unit, AU) | Tertiles of skin autofluorescence | P for trenda | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low (n = 46) (1.28–1.84) | Middle (n = 46) (1.84–2.09) | High (n = 46) (2.09–4.44) | ||
Age (years) | 42.5 (35.0, 53.3) | 43.5 (37.0, 57.0) | 55.5 (46.8, 60.0) | <0.01 |
BMI (kg/m) | 23.7 (21.7, 25.6) | 23.8 (21.9, 25.8) | 23.4 (21.5, 25.9) | 0.92 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 84.0 (77.0, 92.0) | 87.0 (78.8, 92.0) | 86.0 (80.8, 91.3) | 0.38 |
SBP (mmHg) | 128.0 (119.5, 137.8) | 130.0 (115.5, 140.3) | 132.0 (117.5, 140.0) | 0.59 |
DBP (mmHg) | 80.0 (73.5, 88.3) | 80.0 (73.5, 90.3) | 81.5 (75.5, 86.3) | 0.61 |
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) | 93.0 (88.8, 100.3) | 90.5 (88.0, 96.0) | 96.0 (88.5, 105.3) | 0.02 |
TG (mg/dl) | 111.5 (69.5, 154.3) | 140.0 (75.8, 187.8) | 131.5 (84.0, 186.0) | 0.41 |
LDL (mg/dl) | 117.5 (91.0, 137.5) | 123.0 (105.3, 133.0) | 121.0 (109.0, 152.8) | 0.27 |
HDL (mg/dl) | 53.0 (45.5, 61.8) | 52.0 (43.8, 59.0) | 53.5 (44.0, 60.0) | 0.73 |
Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 1887.1 (1509.9, 2378.0) | 1783.3 (1580.2, 2244.2) | 1655.2 (1354.0, 2314.1) | 0.47 |
Vitamin C intake ([mg/d]/2000 kcal) | 82.4 (61.4, 127.7) | 97.1 (65.9, 124.5) | 103.7 (76.2, 132.5) | 0.36 |
High PA (%, median values: 48.0 METs·h/week) | 39.1 | 28.3 | 32.6 | 0.54 |
Middle PA (%, median values: 12.1 METs·h/week) | 32.6 | 34.8 | 32.6 | 0.97 |
Smoking status | ||||
Current (%) | 28.3 | 34.8 | 41.3 | 0.43 |
Former (%) | 10.9 | 19.6 | 15.2 | 0.52 |
Drinking status | ||||
7 drinks/week (%) | 28.3 | 34.8 | 17.4 | 0.17 |
≥1 drinks/week (%) | 60.9 | 52.2 | 56.5 | 0.73 |
Depressive symptoms (SDS ≥ 45, %) | 28.3 | 34.8 | 32.6 | 0.56 |
Education (≥college, %) | 39.1 | 37.0 | 39.1 | 0.97 |
Desk work (%) | 89.1 | 69.6 | 84.8 | 0.05 |
Diabetes (%) | 6.5 | 6.5 | 19.6 | 0.09 |
Kidney disease (%) | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.00 |
MS (JASSO, %) | 19.6 | 26.1 | 21.7 | 0.75 |
Range (unit, AU) | Tertiles of skin autofluorescence | P for trenda | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Middle | High | ||
(1.29–1.81) | (1.81–2.07) | (2.07–4.44) | ||
No. of participants | 46 | 46 | 46 | – |
Leg extension power (W/kg) | ||||
Crude | 18.6 (17.0, 20.0) | 17.4 (16.2, 19.1) | 15.5 (14.5, 16.2)f
| <0.01 |
Model 1b
| 18.2 (17.0, 19.5) | 17.4 (16.2, 18.6) | 15.8 (14.8, 17.0)f
| 0.01 |
Model 2c
| 17.8 (16.6, 19.1) | 17.4 (16.2, 18.6) | 15.8 (14.8, 17.4) | <0.05 |
Model 3d
| 17.8 (16.6, 19.1) | 17.4 (16.2, 18.6) | 16.2 (14.8, 17.4) | 0.05 |
Model 4e
| 17.8 (16.6, 19.1) | 17.5 (16.4, 18.7) | 16.0 (14.9, 17.1) | 0.04 |