Introduction
Methods
Subjects
Experimental design
Testing procedures
Preliminary session
Neuromuscular tests
Measurements
Exercise responses
Torque measurement
Electromyography (EMG)
Stimulation procedure
Data analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Time to exhaustion
Exercise responses
Exercise onset
Rate of change
Temperature | Altitude | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Temperate | Warm | Sea level | Moderate altitude | |
Tcore (°C/min) | 0.030 ± 0.002 | 0.050 ± 0.005* | 0.037 ± 0.004 | 0.043 ± 0.004 |
Tskin (°C/min) | 0.042 ± 0.008 | 0.035 ± 0.005 | 0.034 ± 0.005 | 0.043 ± 0.006 |
HR (beats/min) | 1.468 ± 0.196 | 2.382 ± 0.242* | 1.423 ± 0.202 | 2.427 ± 0.239#
|
SpO2 (%/min) | −0.085 ± 0.029 | −0.117 ± 0.068 | −0.013 ± 0.010 | −0.189 ± 0.075#
|
RPE (point/min) | 0.269 ± 0.037 | 0.426 ± 0.048* | 0.249 ± 0.037 | 0.445 ± 0.045#
|
Exhaustion
Neuromuscular data
Pre-tests | Post-tests | ANOVA | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Hot | Hypoxia | Hot + hypoxia | Control | Hot | Hypoxia | Hot + hypoxia | ||
Rest | |||||||||
M
MAX (mV) | 8.75 ± 2.93 | 5.63 ± 1.56 | 7.20 ± 2.90 | 5.38 ± 2.05 | 8.25 ± 2.59 | 5.72 ± 1.47 | 7.07 ± 2.52 | 5.14 ± 2.04 |
T
|
H
MAX (mV) | 3.31 ± 2.15 | 3.37 ± 1.64 | 3.07 ± 2.06 | 2.23 ± 1.57 | 2.78 ± 2.14 | 1.89 ± 1.13 | 2.57 ± 1.76 | 1.96 ± 1.41 |
E
|
H
MAX/M
MAX (%) | 38.3 ± 18.8 | 59.5 ± 24.2 | 41.2 ± 17.8 | 43.2 ± 31.3 | 32.4 ± 19.8 | 33.0 ± 17.9 | 36.9 ± 19.5 | 40.7 ± 37.6 |
E
|
20 % MVC | |||||||||
M
SUP (mV) | 8.88 ± 3.63 | 6.06 ± 1.74 | 7.53 ± 2.58 | 5.97 ± 2.40 | 8.59 ± 2.80 | 6.19 ± 2.12 | 7.26 ± 2.57 | 5.89 ± 2.04 |
T
|
H
SUP (mV) | 3.51 ± 2.24 | 2.76 ± 1.40 | 3.15 ± 1.91 | 2.44 ± 1.32 | 3.36 ± 2.31 | 2.72 ± 1.01 | 2.68 ± 1.89 | 2.40 ± 1.63 | |
H
SUP/M
SUP (%) | 41.4 ± 18.5 | 43.6 ± 14.2 | 41.3 ± 16.0 | 43.8 ± 24.3 | 39.3 ± 22.8 | 45.0 ± 12.4 | 38.0 ± 23.1 | 39.5 ± 27.0 | |
100 % MVC | |||||||||
M
SUP (mV) | 9.73 ± 2.73 | 6.36 ± 1.64 | 7.76 ± 2.57 | 5.93 ± 1.95 | 8.21 ± 2.57 | 7.21 ± 2.41 | 7.97 ± 2.60 | 6.28 ± 2.17 |
T
|
H
SUP (mV) | 3.99 ± 2.00 | 2.79 ± 1.40 | 3.10 ± 1.43 | 2.92 ± 1.52 | 4.34 ± 1.82 | 3.46 ± 1.03 | 3.30 ± 1.54 | 3.06 ± 1.26 | |
H
SUP/M
SUP (%) | 39.4 ± 11.1 | 42.1 ± 18.1 | 42.9 ± 20.6 | 50.7 ± 23.5 | 51.7 ± 13.6 | 49.9 ± 15.6 | 42.7 ± 19.0 | 50.9 ± 21.8 | |
V
SUP (mV) | 2.35 ± 1.79 | 1.61 ± 0.81 | 1.98 ± 0.92 | 1.72 ± 0.70 | 2.11 ± 1.27 | 1.58 ± 0.89 | 1.86 ± 1.02 | 1.53 ± 1.13 |
T
|
V
SUP/M
SUP (%) | 22.2 ± 13.0 | 24.5 ± 11.1 | 25.7 ± 8.2 | 31.1 ± 14.3 | 24.9 ± 11.5 | 23.9 ± 17.8 | 23.8 ± 11.4 | 23.8 ± 14.4 | |
RMS TA (mV) | 0.047 ± 0.018 | 0.043 ± 0.011 | 0.046 ± 0.013 | 0.043 ± 0.007 | 0.042 ± 0.016 | 0.039 ± 0.013 | 0.041 ± 0.012 | 0.037 ± 0.017 |
E
|
RMS SOL (mV) | 0.287 ± 0.138 | 0.195 ± 0.070 | 0.254 ± 0.076 | 0.201 ± 0.080 | 0.261 ± 0.138 | 0.196 ± 0.077 | 0.233 ± 0.081 | 0.186 ± 0.070 |
E, T
|
RMS/M
SUP (au) | 0.029 ± 0.009 | 0.032 ± 0.010 | 0.035 ± 0.011 | 0.034 ± 0.007 | 0.033 ± 0.015 | 0.028 ± 0.008 | 0.030 ± 0.013 | 0.031 ± 0.013 |