Introduction
Literature search methods
Discussion
Aetiology
Author (year) | Affiliation | diagnosis | N patients (% of AS patients) | N lesions | Trauma | Posterior elements | (Trans)discal | Trans vertebral | Symptomatic | Level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cawley (1972) | Reu | Destructive lesion | 15 (–) | >18 | 4 | 3× fracture | All | – | 14 (93%) | >5 T, 2 TL, 8 L |
Modena (1978) | Reu | Spondylodiscitis | 9 (14%) | >22 | n.k. | n.k. | All | – | n.k. | n.k. |
Chan (1987) | Rad | Pseudarthrosis | 18 (–) | 22 | n.k. | 15× fracture 5× unfused fj | 22 | – | 18 (100%) | 4 T, 7 TL, 5 L |
Wu (1987), Fang (1988) | Ort | Pseudarthrosis | 35 (15.9%) | 40 | 7 | 34× fracture, 6× unfused fj | 37 | 3 | 31 (89%) | 13 T, 9 TL, 18 L |
Rasker (1996) | Reu | Spondylodiscitis | 6 (1.5%) | 11 | 0 | n.k. | 6 | – | 6 (100%) | 5 T, 1 TL, 3 L, 2 LS |
Kabasakal (1996) | Reu | Spondylodiscitis | 12 (8%) | 32 | 0 | 0 | 32 | – | 2 (17%) | 6 T, 4 TL, 21 L, 1 LS |
Shih (2001) | Rad | Fractures or pseudarthrosis | 16 (–) | 16 | 12 | 16× fracture | 12 | 4 | 16 (100%) | 1 C, 8 T, 3 TL, 4 L |
Langlois (2005) | Reu | Aseptic discitis | 14 (18%) | 16 | 1 | n.k. | 16 | – | 12 (86%) | 1 C, 5 T, 3 TL, 6 L, 1 LS |
Chan (2006) | Ort | Pseudarthrosis | 30 (–) | 30 | 30 | 30× fracture | 30 | – | 30 (100%) | All between : T9 and L3 |
Kim (2007) | Ort | Pseudarthrosis | 12 (–) | 19 | 4 | n.k. | 19 | – | 7 (58%) | 10 T, 1 TL, 7 L, 1 LS |
Inflammation
Author (year) | Tissue retrieval | Samples | Description | Diagnosis |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fang (1988) and Wu (1987) | Surgical resection | 18 | Fibrous tissue with a poorly vascularised central zone containing irregular bundles of collagen fibres and aggregates of blood vessels. Irregular destruction of endplates extending into subchondral bone. Fragments of necrotic bone and cartilage across vertebral border. Inflammatory cells generally absent | PA |
Arnold (1989) | Surgical resection | 1 | Fibrocartilage with low grade inflammatory infiltrate and necrotic bone fragments | DL |
Peh (1993) | Surgical resection | 1 | Vascularised fibrous tissue and organising fibrinous exudate adjacent to fragments of bone and cartilage | PA |
Rasker (1996) | Open biopsy | 2 | Aspecific reactive changes infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and scarce macrophages and destruction of bone | SD |
Lim (1996) | Open biopsy | 1 | Scanty inflammatory infiltrates | SD |
Petterson (1996) | Open biopsy (1); fine needle (1) | 2 | Non-specific chronic inflammation and degenerative changes | PA |
Nikolaisen (2005) | Fine needle aspiration | 1 | Dense collagenous tissue diffusely infiltrated by regular plasma cells and lymphocytes (CD3 +) | SD |
Langlois (2005) | Open biopsy | 3 | Tissue repair, no evidence of inflammation | D |
Kim (2007) | Surgical resection | 19 | Hypovascular fibrous tissue with fibrinoid necrosis and chondrodysplasia. Irregular destruction of endplates with sclerotic bony spincules. Fragments of necrotic bone and cartilage within the degenerated fibrotic marrow | PA |