Skip to main content
Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior 4/2007

01.07.2007 | Original Paper

Barebacking, the Internet, and Harm Reduction: An Intercept Survey with Gay and Bisexual Men in Los Angeles and New York City

verfasst von: Christian Grov, Jonathan A. DeBusk, David S. Bimbi, Sarit A. Golub, Jose E. Nanin, Jeffrey T. Parsons

Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior | Ausgabe 4/2007

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Researchers have suggested that intentional unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among gay and bisexual men (colloquially called barebacking), is on the rise. Further, they have linked this increase in barebacking to the growth of the Internet as a medium for men to meet sex partners. Data were used from large-scale gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) community events in New York and Los Angeles collected between 2003 and 2004. In total 1178 men who have sex with men (MSM) responded to questions about the use of the Internet, willingness to have unplanned UAI, intentions toward planned UAI, and “barebacker identity.” Compared to nonbarebackers, barebackers spent significantly more time on the Internet looking for sex and looking for dates. Further, HIV-positive barebackers specifically spent the most time online looking for dates. Further analyses of willingness and intentions to have UAI, and the specific sexual behaviors of self-identified barebackers, found evidence of strategic positioning and serosorting, both harm reduction strategies. These data suggest both HIV-positive and HIV-negative barebackers may be engaged in efforts to reduce the risk of HIV transmission when engaged in unprotected sex.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Angel, S., Kravcik, E., Balaskas, P., Yen, A. D., Badley, D., & Cameron, W., et al. (2000, January). Documentation of HIV-1 superinfection and acceleration of disease progression. Paper presented at the 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, CA. Angel, S., Kravcik, E., Balaskas, P., Yen, A. D., Badley, D., & Cameron, W., et al. (2000, January). Documentation of HIV-1 superinfection and acceleration of disease progression. Paper presented at the 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, CA.
Zurück zum Zitat Benotsch, E. G., Kalichman, S., & Cage, M. (2002). Men who have met sex partners via the Internet: Prevalence, predictors, and implications for HIV prevention. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 177–183.PubMedCrossRef Benotsch, E. G., Kalichman, S., & Cage, M. (2002). Men who have met sex partners via the Internet: Prevalence, predictors, and implications for HIV prevention. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 177–183.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Boden, D., Hurley, A., Zhang, L., Cao, Y., Jones, E., Tsay, J., et al. (1999). HIV-1 drug resistance in newly infected individuals. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 135–141.CrossRef Boden, D., Hurley, A., Zhang, L., Cao, Y., Jones, E., Tsay, J., et al. (1999). HIV-1 drug resistance in newly infected individuals. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 135–141.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Carey, M. P., Braaten, L. S., Jaworski, B. C., Durant, L. E., & Forsyth, A. D. (1999). HIV and AIDS relative to other health, social, and relationship concerns among low-income women: A brief report. Journal of Women’s Health and Gender Based Medicine, 8, 657–661.PubMed Carey, M. P., Braaten, L. S., Jaworski, B. C., Durant, L. E., & Forsyth, A. D. (1999). HIV and AIDS relative to other health, social, and relationship concerns among low-income women: A brief report. Journal of Women’s Health and Gender Based Medicine, 8, 657–661.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2003a). Press release: New study shows overall increase in HIV diagnoses. Office of Communications, November 26, 2003. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2003a). Press release: New study shows overall increase in HIV diagnoses. Office of Communications, November 26, 2003.
Zurück zum Zitat Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2003b). Press release: HIV diagnoses climbing among gay and bisexual men. Office of Communications, July 28, 2003. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2003b). Press release: HIV diagnoses climbing among gay and bisexual men. Office of Communications, July 28, 2003.
Zurück zum Zitat Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2004). High-risk sexual behavior by HIV-positive men who have sex with men—16 Sites, United States, 2000–2002. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, October 1, 2004/53, 891–894. Accessed online on December 12, 2006 at www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5338a1.htm. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2004). High-risk sexual behavior by HIV-positive men who have sex with men—16 Sites, United States, 2000–2002. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, October 1, 2004/53, 891–894. Accessed online on December 12, 2006 at www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5338a1.htm.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, J. L., Kodagoda, D., Lawrence, A. M., & Kerndt, P. R. (2002). Rapid public health interventions in response to an outbreak of syphilis in Los Angeles. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 29, 285–287.CrossRef Chen, J. L., Kodagoda, D., Lawrence, A. M., & Kerndt, P. R. (2002). Rapid public health interventions in response to an outbreak of syphilis in Los Angeles. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 29, 285–287.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chiasson, M. A., Parsons J. T., Tesoriero J., Carballo-Dieguez, A., Hirshfield, S., & Remien, R. H. (2006). HIV behavioral research online. Journal of Urban Health, 83, 1–13.CrossRef Chiasson, M. A., Parsons J. T., Tesoriero J., Carballo-Dieguez, A., Hirshfield, S., & Remien, R. H. (2006). HIV behavioral research online. Journal of Urban Health, 83, 1–13.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ciccarone, D. H., Kanouse, D. E., Collins, R. L., Miu, A., Chen, J. L., Morton, S. C., et al. (2003). Sex without disclosure of positive HIV serostatus in a US probability sample of persons receiving medical care for HIV infection. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 949–954.PubMed Ciccarone, D. H., Kanouse, D. E., Collins, R. L., Miu, A., Chen, J. L., Morton, S. C., et al. (2003). Sex without disclosure of positive HIV serostatus in a US probability sample of persons receiving medical care for HIV infection. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 949–954.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper, A., Putnam, D. E., Planchon, L. A., & Boies, S. C. (1999). Online sexual compulsivity: Getting tangled in the net. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity, 6, 79–104. Cooper, A., Putnam, D. E., Planchon, L. A., & Boies, S. C. (1999). Online sexual compulsivity: Getting tangled in the net. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity, 6, 79–104.
Zurück zum Zitat Dilley, J. W., Woods, W. J., & McFarland, W. (1997). Are advances in treatment changing views about high-risk sex? New England Journal of Medicine, 337, 501–502.PubMedCrossRef Dilley, J. W., Woods, W. J., & McFarland, W. (1997). Are advances in treatment changing views about high-risk sex? New England Journal of Medicine, 337, 501–502.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Elford, J., Bolding, G., & Sherr, L. (2001). Seeking sex on the Internet and sexual risk behavior among gay men using London gyms. AIDS, 15, 1409–1415.PubMedCrossRef Elford, J., Bolding, G., & Sherr, L. (2001). Seeking sex on the Internet and sexual risk behavior among gay men using London gyms. AIDS, 15, 1409–1415.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fultz, P., Wei, Q., & Yue, L. (1998). Are infections of two (or more) HIV-1 strains really rare events? Paper presented at the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, CA. Fultz, P., Wei, Q., & Yue, L. (1998). Are infections of two (or more) HIV-1 strains really rare events? Paper presented at the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, CA.
Zurück zum Zitat Gauthier, D. K., & Forsyth, C. J. (1999). Bareback sex, bug chasers, and the gift of death. Deviant Behavior, 20, 85–100.CrossRef Gauthier, D. K., & Forsyth, C. J. (1999). Bareback sex, bug chasers, and the gift of death. Deviant Behavior, 20, 85–100.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Geidin, S. (1997, June). Riding bareback. POZ, 64–65. Geidin, S. (1997, June). Riding bareback. POZ, 64–65.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodroad, B. K., Kirksey, K. M., & Butensky, E. (2000). Bareback sex and gay men: An HIV prevention failure. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 11, 29–36.PubMedCrossRef Goodroad, B. K., Kirksey, K. M., & Butensky, E. (2000). Bareback sex and gay men: An HIV prevention failure. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 11, 29–36.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Grov, C. (2004). Make me your death slave: Men who have sex with men and use the Internet to intentionally spread HIV. Deviant Behavior, 25, 239–349.CrossRef Grov, C. (2004). Make me your death slave: Men who have sex with men and use the Internet to intentionally spread HIV. Deviant Behavior, 25, 239–349.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Grov, C. (2006). Barebacking websites: Electronic environments for reducing or inducing HIV risk. AIDS Care, 18, 990–997.PubMedCrossRef Grov, C. (2006). Barebacking websites: Electronic environments for reducing or inducing HIV risk. AIDS Care, 18, 990–997.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Halkitis, P. N. (2000, June). Negotiating and decision making for HIV-positive gay men: Sexual dealings. The Body Positive, 31–34. Halkitis, P. N. (2000, June). Negotiating and decision making for HIV-positive gay men: Sexual dealings. The Body Positive, 31–34.
Zurück zum Zitat Halkitis, P. N. (2001). An exploration of perceptions of masculinity among gay men living with HIV. Journal of Men’s Studies, 9, 413–429.CrossRef Halkitis, P. N. (2001). An exploration of perceptions of masculinity among gay men living with HIV. Journal of Men’s Studies, 9, 413–429.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Halkitis, P. N. (in press). Behavioral patterns, identity, and health characteristics of self-identified barebackers: Implications for HIV prevention and intervention. Journal of LGBT Health Research. Halkitis, P. N. (in press). Behavioral patterns, identity, and health characteristics of self-identified barebackers: Implications for HIV prevention and intervention. Journal of LGBT Health Research.
Zurück zum Zitat Halkitis, P. N., & Parsons, J. T. (1998). Drawing conclusions on barebacking. New York Blade, 2(37), 19. Halkitis, P. N., & Parsons, J. T. (1998). Drawing conclusions on barebacking. New York Blade, 2(37), 19.
Zurück zum Zitat Halkitis, P. N., & Parsons, J. T. (2002). Recreational drug use and HIV-risk sexual behavior among men frequenting gay social venues. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 14, 19–38.CrossRef Halkitis, P. N., & Parsons, J. T. (2002). Recreational drug use and HIV-risk sexual behavior among men frequenting gay social venues. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 14, 19–38.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Halkitis, P. N., & Parsons, J. T. (2003). Intentional unsafe sex (barebacking) among HIV-positive gay men who seek sexual partners on the Internet. AIDS Care, 15, 367–378.PubMedCrossRef Halkitis, P. N., & Parsons, J. T. (2003). Intentional unsafe sex (barebacking) among HIV-positive gay men who seek sexual partners on the Internet. AIDS Care, 15, 367–378.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Halkitis, P. N., Parsons, J. T., & Stirratt, M. J. (2001). A double epidemic: Crystal methamphetamine drug use in relation to HIV transmission among gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 41, 17–35.PubMedCrossRef Halkitis, P. N., Parsons, J. T., & Stirratt, M. J. (2001). A double epidemic: Crystal methamphetamine drug use in relation to HIV transmission among gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 41, 17–35.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Halkitis, P. N., Parsons, J. T., & Wilton, L. (2003). Barebacking among gay and bisexual men in New York City: Explanations for the emergence of intentional unsafe behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 351–357.PubMedCrossRef Halkitis, P. N., Parsons, J. T., & Wilton, L. (2003). Barebacking among gay and bisexual men in New York City: Explanations for the emergence of intentional unsafe behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 351–357.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Halkitis, P. N., & Wilton, L. (1999). Beyond complacency: The effects of treatment advances on HIV transmission. Focus: A Guide to AIDS Research and Counseling, 14, 1–5. Halkitis, P. N., & Wilton, L. (1999). Beyond complacency: The effects of treatment advances on HIV transmission. Focus: A Guide to AIDS Research and Counseling, 14, 1–5.
Zurück zum Zitat Hicks, C., Eron, J., Lennox, C., Pilcher, C., Menenzes, P., Giner, J., et al. (2001, February). Resistance to antiretroviral agents in a cohort of patients with acute HIV infection acquired in non-urban areas in the Southeastern USA. Paper presented at the 8th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Chicago, IL. Hicks, C., Eron, J., Lennox, C., Pilcher, C., Menenzes, P., Giner, J., et al. (2001, February). Resistance to antiretroviral agents in a cohort of patients with acute HIV infection acquired in non-urban areas in the Southeastern USA. Paper presented at the 8th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Chicago, IL.
Zurück zum Zitat Huebner, D. M., Proescholdbell, R. J., & Nemeroff, C. J. (2006). Do gay and bisexual men share researchers’ definitions of barebacking? Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 18, 67–77.CrossRef Huebner, D. M., Proescholdbell, R. J., & Nemeroff, C. J. (2006). Do gay and bisexual men share researchers’ definitions of barebacking? Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 18, 67–77.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kalichman, S. C., Benotsch, E., Rompa, D., Gore-Felton, C., Austin, J., Luke, W., et al. (2001). Unwanted sexual experiences and sexual risks in gay and bisexual men: Associations among revictimization, substance use and psychiatric symptoms. Journal of Sex Research, 28, 1–9. Kalichman, S. C., Benotsch, E., Rompa, D., Gore-Felton, C., Austin, J., Luke, W., et al. (2001). Unwanted sexual experiences and sexual risks in gay and bisexual men: Associations among revictimization, substance use and psychiatric symptoms. Journal of Sex Research, 28, 1–9.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalichman, S. C., & Nachimson, D. (1999). Self-efficacy and disclosure of HIV-positive serostatus to sex partners. Health Psychology, 18, 281–287.PubMedCrossRef Kalichman, S. C., & Nachimson, D. (1999). Self-efficacy and disclosure of HIV-positive serostatus to sex partners. Health Psychology, 18, 281–287.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kalichman, S. C., Nachimson, D., Cherry, C., & Williams, E., (1998). AIDS treatment advances and behavioral prevention setbacks: Preliminary assessment of reduced perceived threat of HIV-AIDS. Health Psychology, 17, 546–550.PubMedCrossRef Kalichman, S. C., Nachimson, D., Cherry, C., & Williams, E., (1998). AIDS treatment advances and behavioral prevention setbacks: Preliminary assessment of reduced perceived threat of HIV-AIDS. Health Psychology, 17, 546–550.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kalichman, S. C., & Simbaya, L. (2004a). Sexual assault history and risks for sexually transmitted infections among women in an African township in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Care, 16, 681–689.CrossRef Kalichman, S. C., & Simbaya, L. (2004a). Sexual assault history and risks for sexually transmitted infections among women in an African township in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Care, 16, 681–689.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kalichman, S. C., & Simbaya, L. (2004b). Traditional beliefs about the cause of AIDS and AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. AIDS Care, 16, 572–580.CrossRef Kalichman, S. C., & Simbaya, L. (2004b). Traditional beliefs about the cause of AIDS and AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. AIDS Care, 16, 572–580.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kippax, S., & Race, K. (2003). Sustaining safe practice: Twenty years on. Social Science and Medicine, 57, 1–12.PubMedCrossRef Kippax, S., & Race, K. (2003). Sustaining safe practice: Twenty years on. Social Science and Medicine, 57, 1–12.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kirby, C. (1999, April 13). Risky business: Barebacking celebrates unprotected sex and raises difficult issues about AIDS prevention. The Advocate, 41–45. Kirby, C. (1999, April 13). Risky business: Barebacking celebrates unprotected sex and raises difficult issues about AIDS prevention. The Advocate, 41–45.
Zurück zum Zitat Klausner, J., Wolf, W., Fisher-Ponce, L., Zolt, I., & Katz, M. (2000). Tracing a syphilis outbreak through cyberspace. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 447–449.PubMedCrossRef Klausner, J., Wolf, W., Fisher-Ponce, L., Zolt, I., & Katz, M. (2000). Tracing a syphilis outbreak through cyberspace. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 447–449.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kravcik, S., Victor, G., Houston, S., Sutherland, D., Hgarber, G. E., Hawley-Foss, N., et al. (1998). Effect of antiretroviral therapy and viral load on the perceived risk of HIV transmission and the need for safer sexual practices. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 19, 124–129.PubMed Kravcik, S., Victor, G., Houston, S., Sutherland, D., Hgarber, G. E., Hawley-Foss, N., et al. (1998). Effect of antiretroviral therapy and viral load on the perceived risk of HIV transmission and the need for safer sexual practices. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 19, 124–129.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Liau, A., Millett, G., & Marks, G. (2006). Meta-analytic examination of online sex-seeking and sexual risk behavior among men who have sex with men. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 33, 576–584.PubMedCrossRef Liau, A., Millett, G., & Marks, G. (2006). Meta-analytic examination of online sex-seeking and sexual risk behavior among men who have sex with men. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 33, 576–584.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Little, S. J., Daar, E. S., D’aquila, R. T., Keiser, P. H., Connick, E., Whitcomb, J. M., et al. (1999). Reduced HIV drug susceptibility among patients with primary HIV infection. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 1142–1149.PubMedCrossRef Little, S. J., Daar, E. S., D’aquila, R. T., Keiser, P. H., Connick, E., Whitcomb, J. M., et al. (1999). Reduced HIV drug susceptibility among patients with primary HIV infection. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 1142–1149.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mann, W. J. (1999, October 29). Why some gay men are choosing to have sex without condoms. Frontiers Newsmagazine, 8–12. Mann, W. J. (1999, October 29). Why some gay men are choosing to have sex without condoms. Frontiers Newsmagazine, 8–12.
Zurück zum Zitat Mansergh, G., Marks, G., Colfax, G. N., Guzman, R., Rader, M., & Buchbinder, S. (2002). “Barebacking” in a diverse sample of men who have sex with men. AIDS, 16, 653–659.PubMedCrossRef Mansergh, G., Marks, G., Colfax, G. N., Guzman, R., Rader, M., & Buchbinder, S. (2002). “Barebacking” in a diverse sample of men who have sex with men. AIDS, 16, 653–659.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mao, L., Crawford, J. M., & Hospers, H. J. (2006). ‘Serosorting’ in casual anal sex of HIV-negative gay men is noteworthy and is increasing in Sydney, Australia. AIDS, 20, 1204–1206.PubMedCrossRef Mao, L., Crawford, J. M., & Hospers, H. J. (2006). ‘Serosorting’ in casual anal sex of HIV-negative gay men is noteworthy and is increasing in Sydney, Australia. AIDS, 20, 1204–1206.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Miller, M., Meyer, L., Boufassa, F., Persoz, A., Sarr, A., Robain, M., et al. (2000). Sexual behavior changes and protease inhibitor therapy. AIDS, 14, 33–39.CrossRef Miller, M., Meyer, L., Boufassa, F., Persoz, A., Sarr, A., Robain, M., et al. (2000). Sexual behavior changes and protease inhibitor therapy. AIDS, 14, 33–39.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Miller, K. W., Wilder, L. B., Stillman, F. A., & Becker, D. M. (1997). The feasibility of a street–intercept survey method in an African-American community. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 655–658.PubMedCrossRef Miller, K. W., Wilder, L. B., Stillman, F. A., & Becker, D. M. (1997). The feasibility of a street–intercept survey method in an African-American community. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 655–658.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Murphy, S. T., Miller, L. C., Appleby, P. R., Marks, G., & Mansergh, G. (1999, August). Antiretroviral drugs and sexual behavior in gay and bisexual men: When optimism enhances risk. Paper presented at the National Prevention Conference, Atlanta, GA. Murphy, S. T., Miller, L. C., Appleby, P. R., Marks, G., & Mansergh, G. (1999, August). Antiretroviral drugs and sexual behavior in gay and bisexual men: When optimism enhances risk. Paper presented at the National Prevention Conference, Atlanta, GA.
Zurück zum Zitat Nanin, J. E., & Parsons, J. (2006). Club drug use and risky sex among gay and bisexual men in New York City. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 10, 111–122.CrossRef Nanin, J. E., & Parsons, J. (2006). Club drug use and risky sex among gay and bisexual men in New York City. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 10, 111–122.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nanin, J. E., Bimbi, D. S., & Parsons, J. T. (2006, November). Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of specialized sexual behavior (SSB) and “extreme” sexual behaviors among gay and bisexual men. Paper presented at the National Conference of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, Las Vegas, NV. Nanin, J. E., Bimbi, D. S., & Parsons, J. T. (2006, November). Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of specialized sexual behavior (SSB) and “extreme” sexual behaviors among gay and bisexual men. Paper presented at the National Conference of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, Las Vegas, NV.
Zurück zum Zitat Nanin, J. E., Bimbi, D., Brown, J., Severino, J., & Parsons, J. T. (2005, May). Profiles of gay/bisexual men who engage in specialized sexual behavior. Paper presented at the Western Region Conference of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality: San Francisco, CA. Nanin, J. E., Bimbi, D., Brown, J., Severino, J., & Parsons, J. T. (2005, May). Profiles of gay/bisexual men who engage in specialized sexual behavior. Paper presented at the Western Region Conference of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality: San Francisco, CA.
Zurück zum Zitat Parsons, J. T. (2004). HIV-positive gay and bisexual men. In S. C. Kalichman (Ed.), Positive prevention: reducing HIV transmission among people living with HIV/AIDS (pp. 99–133). New York: Kluwer. Parsons, J. T. (2004). HIV-positive gay and bisexual men. In S. C. Kalichman (Ed.), Positive prevention: reducing HIV transmission among people living with HIV/AIDS (pp. 99–133). New York: Kluwer.
Zurück zum Zitat Parsons, J. T. (2005). Motivating the unmotivated: A treatment model for barebackers. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 9, 129–148.CrossRef Parsons, J. T. (2005). Motivating the unmotivated: A treatment model for barebackers. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 9, 129–148.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Parsons, J. T., & Bimbi, D. S. (2007). Intentional unprotected anal intercourse among men who have sex with men: Barebacking—from behavior to identity. AIDS and Behavior, 11, 277–287.PubMedCrossRef Parsons, J. T., & Bimbi, D. S. (2007). Intentional unprotected anal intercourse among men who have sex with men: Barebacking—from behavior to identity. AIDS and Behavior, 11, 277–287.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Parsons, J. T., Schrimshaw, E. W., Wolitski, R. J., Halkitis, P. N., Purcell, D. W., Hoff, C. C., et al. (2005). Sexual harm reduction practices of HIV-seropositive gay and bisexual men: Serosorting, strategic positioning, and withdrawal before ejaculation. AIDS, 19, s13–s25.PubMedCrossRef Parsons, J. T., Schrimshaw, E. W., Wolitski, R. J., Halkitis, P. N., Purcell, D. W., Hoff, C. C., et al. (2005). Sexual harm reduction practices of HIV-seropositive gay and bisexual men: Serosorting, strategic positioning, and withdrawal before ejaculation. AIDS, 19, s13–s25.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Patel, P., Taylor, M. M., & Montoya, J. A. (2006). Circuit parties: Sexual behaviors and HIV disclosure practices among men who have sex with men at the White Party, Palm Springs, California, 2003. AIDS Care, 18, 1046–1049.PubMedCrossRef Patel, P., Taylor, M. M., & Montoya, J. A. (2006). Circuit parties: Sexual behaviors and HIV disclosure practices among men who have sex with men at the White Party, Palm Springs, California, 2003. AIDS Care, 18, 1046–1049.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pinkerton, S. D., & Abramson, P. R. (1992). Is risky sex rational? Journal of Sex Research, 29, 561–568.CrossRef Pinkerton, S. D., & Abramson, P. R. (1992). Is risky sex rational? Journal of Sex Research, 29, 561–568.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pinkerton, S. D., & Holtgrave, D. (1999). Combination antiretroviral therapies for HIV: Some economic considerations. In D. G. Ostrow, S. Kalichman (Eds), Psychosocial and public health impacts of new HIV therapies (pp. 83–107). New York: Kluwer Academics. Pinkerton, S. D., & Holtgrave, D. (1999). Combination antiretroviral therapies for HIV: Some economic considerations. In D. G. Ostrow, S. Kalichman (Eds), Psychosocial and public health impacts of new HIV therapies (pp. 83–107). New York: Kluwer Academics.
Zurück zum Zitat Remien, R. H., Halkitis, P. N., O’Leary, A., & Hays, R. (1998, August). Medical treatment advances: Attitudes and sexual risk among HIV positive men. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA. Remien, R. H., Halkitis, P. N., O’Leary, A., & Hays, R. (1998, August). Medical treatment advances: Attitudes and sexual risk among HIV positive men. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.
Zurück zum Zitat Renwick, N., Halaby, T., & Weverling, G. J. (1998). Seroconversion for human herpesvirus 8 during HIV infection is highly predictive of Kaposi’s Sarcoma. AIDS, 12, 2481–2488.PubMedCrossRef Renwick, N., Halaby, T., & Weverling, G. J. (1998). Seroconversion for human herpesvirus 8 during HIV infection is highly predictive of Kaposi’s Sarcoma. AIDS, 12, 2481–2488.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rofes, E. (1999a, April 12). Barebacking and the new AIDS hysteria: AIDS leaders defame gay men, misread data, and demand a crisis mentality. Is it any wonder gay men are tuning them out? (Electronic version). The Stranger. Retrieved on November 3, 2004, from http://www.managingdesire.org/sexpanic/rofes499.html. Rofes, E. (1999a, April 12). Barebacking and the new AIDS hysteria: AIDS leaders defame gay men, misread data, and demand a crisis mentality. Is it any wonder gay men are tuning them out? (Electronic version). The Stranger. Retrieved on November 3, 2004, from http://​www.​managingdesire.​org/​sexpanic/​rofes499.​html.​
Zurück zum Zitat Rofes, E. (1999b, July). Barebacking and unprotected anal sex: Identical, distinct, or flip sides of the same coin? Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on the Biopsychosocial Aspects of AIDS, Ottawa, Canada. Rofes, E. (1999b, July). Barebacking and unprotected anal sex: Identical, distinct, or flip sides of the same coin? Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on the Biopsychosocial Aspects of AIDS, Ottawa, Canada.
Zurück zum Zitat Ross, M. (2005). Typing, doing, and being: Sexuality and the Internet. Journal of Sex Research, 42, 342–352.PubMed Ross, M. (2005). Typing, doing, and being: Sexuality and the Internet. Journal of Sex Research, 42, 342–352.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ross, M. W., Rosser, B. R., Coleman, E., & Mazin, R. (2006). Misrepresentation on the Internet and in real life about sex and HIV: A study of Latino men who have sex with men. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 8, 133–144.CrossRef Ross, M. W., Rosser, B. R., Coleman, E., & Mazin, R. (2006). Misrepresentation on the Internet and in real life about sex and HIV: A study of Latino men who have sex with men. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 8, 133–144.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Mann, T., Newman, P. A., Grusky, O., Frerichs, R. R., Wight, R. G., et al. (2001). A street–intercept survey to assess HIV-testing attitudes and behaviors. AIDS Education and Prevention, 13, 229–238.PubMedCrossRef Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Mann, T., Newman, P. A., Grusky, O., Frerichs, R. R., Wight, R. G., et al. (2001). A street–intercept survey to assess HIV-testing attitudes and behaviors. AIDS Education and Prevention, 13, 229–238.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Salyer, D. (1999, April). Along the latex highway: Getting real about barebacking [online]. Retrieved on December 12, 2006, from http://www.thebody.com/asp/apr99/barebacking.html. Salyer, D. (1999, April). Along the latex highway: Getting real about barebacking [online]. Retrieved on December 12, 2006, from http://​www.​thebody.​com/​asp/​apr99/​barebacking.​html.​
Zurück zum Zitat Scarce, M. (1998, August 21). Back to barebacking [Electronic version]. The New York Blade. Retrieved on November 3, 2004, from http://www.managingdesire.org/scarcebtb.html. Scarce, M. (1998, August 21). Back to barebacking [Electronic version]. The New York Blade. Retrieved on November 3, 2004, from http://​www.​managingdesire.​org/​scarcebtb.​html.​
Zurück zum Zitat Scarce, M. (1999, February). A ride on the wild side. POZ, 52–55, 70–71. Scarce, M. (1999, February). A ride on the wild side. POZ, 52–55, 70–71.
Zurück zum Zitat Schifter, J., & Madrigal, J. (1992). Hombres que aman hombres. San Jose, CA: Ediciones ILPES. Schifter, J., & Madrigal, J. (1992). Hombres que aman hombres. San Jose, CA: Ediciones ILPES.
Zurück zum Zitat Shaw, D. F. (1997). Gay men and computer communication: A disclosure of sex and identity in cyberspace. In S. G. Jones (Ed.), Virtual culture: identity and communication in cybersociety (pp. 133–/145). London: Sage. Shaw, D. F. (1997). Gay men and computer communication: A disclosure of sex and identity in cyberspace. In S. G. Jones (Ed.), Virtual culture: identity and communication in cybersociety (pp. 133–/145). London: Sage.
Zurück zum Zitat Shernoff, M. (2005). Without condoms: Unprotected sex, gay men, and barebacking. New York: Routledge. Shernoff, M. (2005). Without condoms: Unprotected sex, gay men, and barebacking. New York: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Simoni, J. M., & Pantalone, D. W. (2004) Secrets and safety in the age of AIDS: Does HIV disclosure lead to safer sex? International AIDS Society—USA, Topics in HIV Medicine, 12, 109–118. Simoni, J. M., & Pantalone, D. W. (2004) Secrets and safety in the age of AIDS: Does HIV disclosure lead to safer sex? International AIDS Society—USA, Topics in HIV Medicine, 12, 109–118.
Zurück zum Zitat Spengler, U., & Rockstroth, J. (1998). Hepatitis C in the patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of Hepatalogy, 29, 1023–1030.CrossRef Spengler, U., & Rockstroth, J. (1998). Hepatitis C in the patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of Hepatalogy, 29, 1023–1030.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Suarez, T., & Miller, J. (2001). Negotiating risks in context: A perspective on unprotected anal intercourse and barebacking among men who have sex with men—Where do we go from here? Archives of Sexual Research, 30, 287–300.CrossRef Suarez, T., & Miller, J. (2001). Negotiating risks in context: A perspective on unprotected anal intercourse and barebacking among men who have sex with men—Where do we go from here? Archives of Sexual Research, 30, 287–300.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (2001). A Provider’s introduction to substance abuse treatment for lesbians, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (2001). A Provider’s introduction to substance abuse treatment for lesbians, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA.
Zurück zum Zitat Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Zurück zum Zitat Tewksbury, R. (2003). Bareback sex and the quest for HIV: Assessing the relationship in Internet personal advertisements of men who have sex with men. Deviant Behavior, 24, 467–483. Tewksbury, R. (2003). Bareback sex and the quest for HIV: Assessing the relationship in Internet personal advertisements of men who have sex with men. Deviant Behavior, 24, 467–483.
Zurück zum Zitat Tomso, G. (2004). Bug chasing, barebacking and the risks of care. Literature and Medicine, 23, 88–111.PubMedCrossRef Tomso, G. (2004). Bug chasing, barebacking and the risks of care. Literature and Medicine, 23, 88–111.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Van de Ven, P., Kippax, S., Knox, S., Prestage, G., & Crawford, J. (1999). HIV treatment optimism and sexual behavior among gay men in Sydney and Melbourne. AIDS, 13, 2289–/2294.PubMedCrossRef Van de Ven, P., Kippax, S., Knox, S., Prestage, G., & Crawford, J. (1999). HIV treatment optimism and sexual behavior among gay men in Sydney and Melbourne. AIDS, 13, 2289–/2294.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Van de Ven, P., Kippax, S., Crawford, J., Rawstorne, P., Prestage, G., Grulich, A., et al. (2002). In a minority of gay men, sexual risk practice indicates strategic positioning for perceived risk reduction rather than unbridled sex. AIDS Care, 14, 471–480.PubMedCrossRef Van de Ven, P., Kippax, S., Crawford, J., Rawstorne, P., Prestage, G., Grulich, A., et al. (2002). In a minority of gay men, sexual risk practice indicates strategic positioning for perceived risk reduction rather than unbridled sex. AIDS Care, 14, 471–480.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Vanable, P. A., Ostrow, D. G., McKirnan, D. J., Taywaditep, K. J., Hope, B. A. (2000). Impact of combination therapies on HIV risk perceptions and sexual risk taking among HIV-positive and HIV-negative gay and bisexual men. Health Psychology, 19, 134–145.PubMedCrossRef Vanable, P. A., Ostrow, D. G., McKirnan, D. J., Taywaditep, K. J., Hope, B. A. (2000). Impact of combination therapies on HIV risk perceptions and sexual risk taking among HIV-positive and HIV-negative gay and bisexual men. Health Psychology, 19, 134–145.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Vittinghoff, E., Douglas, J., Judson, F., McKirnan, D., MacQueen, K., Buchbinder, S. P. (1999). Per-contact risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners. American Journal of Epidemiology, 150, 306–311.PubMed Vittinghoff, E., Douglas, J., Judson, F., McKirnan, D., MacQueen, K., Buchbinder, S. P. (1999). Per-contact risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners. American Journal of Epidemiology, 150, 306–311.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Warner, M. (1999) The trouble with normal: Sex, politics, and the ethics of queer life. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Warner, M. (1999) The trouble with normal: Sex, politics, and the ethics of queer life. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Weinrich, J. D. (1997). Strange bedfellows: Homosexuality, gay liberation and the Internet. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 22, 58–66. Weinrich, J. D. (1997). Strange bedfellows: Homosexuality, gay liberation and the Internet. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 22, 58–66.
Zurück zum Zitat Wheater, C. P., Cook, P. A., Clark, P., Syed, Q., & Bellis, M. A. (2003). Re-emerging syphilis: A detrended correspondence analysis of the behavior of HIV positive and negative gay men. BMC Public Health, 3, 34.PubMedCrossRef Wheater, C. P., Cook, P. A., Clark, P., Syed, Q., & Bellis, M. A. (2003). Re-emerging syphilis: A detrended correspondence analysis of the behavior of HIV positive and negative gay men. BMC Public Health, 3, 34.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wiley, D. J., Visscher, B. R., Grosser, S., Hoover, D. R., Day, R., Gange, S., et al. (2000). Evidence that anoreceptive intercourse with ejaculate exposure is associated with rapid CD4 loss. AIDS, 14, 707–715.PubMedCrossRef Wiley, D. J., Visscher, B. R., Grosser, S., Hoover, D. R., Day, R., Gange, S., et al. (2000). Evidence that anoreceptive intercourse with ejaculate exposure is associated with rapid CD4 loss. AIDS, 14, 707–715.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Barebacking, the Internet, and Harm Reduction: An Intercept Survey with Gay and Bisexual Men in Los Angeles and New York City
verfasst von
Christian Grov
Jonathan A. DeBusk
David S. Bimbi
Sarit A. Golub
Jose E. Nanin
Jeffrey T. Parsons
Publikationsdatum
01.07.2007
Erschienen in
AIDS and Behavior / Ausgabe 4/2007
Print ISSN: 1090-7165
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3254
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-007-9234-7

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2007

AIDS and Behavior 4/2007 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

25.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.