Skip to main content
Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior 1/2010

01.02.2010 | Original Paper

Validation and Abbreviation of an HIV Stigma Scale in an Adult Spanish-Speaking Population in Urban Peru

verfasst von: Molly F. Franke, Maribel Muñoz, Karen Finnegan, Jhon Zeladita, José Luis Sebastian, Jaime N. Bayona, Sonya S. Shin

Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior | Ausgabe 1/2010

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the Berger HIV Stigma Scale in an urban Spanish-speaking population in Peru and create a valid and reliable abridged version of the scale. Participants were HIV-infected adults enrolled in an observational study to examine the effectiveness of a community-based antiretroviral therapy adherence intervention. Approximately half of participants were female, and the median age at enrollment was 30.5 years. The Spanish version of the full HIV Stigma Scale was internally reliable, demonstrated good construct validity, and was sensitive to change over time. The full HIV Stigma Scale was abbreviated by removing items that impaired subscale internal reliability, did not correlate with other subscale items, or demonstrated low factor correlations. The resulting abridged scale contained 21 of the 40 original items and revealed properties similar to the full Spanish version.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Allen, S., Tice, J., Van de Perre, P., Serufilira, A., Hudes, E., Nsengumuremyi, F., et al. (1992). Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa. British Medical Journal, 304, 1605–1609.CrossRefPubMed Allen, S., Tice, J., Van de Perre, P., Serufilira, A., Hudes, E., Nsengumuremyi, F., et al. (1992). Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa. British Medical Journal, 304, 1605–1609.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Badia, X., Podzamczer, D., Garcia, M., López-Lavid, C. C., & Consiglio, E. (1999). A randomized study comparing instruments for measuring health-related quality of life in HIV-infected patients. Spanish MOS-HIV and MQOL-HIV Validation Group. Medical outcomes study HIV health survey. AIDS (London, England), 13(13), 1727–1735. doi:10.1097/00002030-199909100-00017. Badia, X., Podzamczer, D., Garcia, M., López-Lavid, C. C., & Consiglio, E. (1999). A randomized study comparing instruments for measuring health-related quality of life in HIV-infected patients. Spanish MOS-HIV and MQOL-HIV Validation Group. Medical outcomes study HIV health survey. AIDS (London, England), 13(13), 1727–1735. doi:10.​1097/​00002030-199909100-00017.
Zurück zum Zitat Badia, X., Podzamczer, D., Casado, A., Lopez-Lavid, C., & Garcia, M. (2000). Evaluating changes in health status in HIV-infected patients: Medical Outcomes Study-HIV and multidimensional quality of life-HIV quality of life questionnaires. Spanish MOS-HIV and MQOL-HIV Validation Group. AIDS (London, England), 14(10), 1439–1447. doi:10.1097/00002030-200007070-00018. Badia, X., Podzamczer, D., Casado, A., Lopez-Lavid, C., & Garcia, M. (2000). Evaluating changes in health status in HIV-infected patients: Medical Outcomes Study-HIV and multidimensional quality of life-HIV quality of life questionnaires. Spanish MOS-HIV and MQOL-HIV Validation Group. AIDS (London, England), 14(10), 1439–1447. doi:10.​1097/​00002030-200007070-00018.
Zurück zum Zitat Bangsberg, D. R., Perry, S., Charlebois, E. D., Clark, R. A., Roberston, M., Zolopa, A. R., et al. (2001). Non-adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy predicts progression to AIDS. AIDS (London, England), 15(9), 1181–1183. doi:10.1097/00002030-200106150-00015. Bangsberg, D. R., Perry, S., Charlebois, E. D., Clark, R. A., Roberston, M., Zolopa, A. R., et al. (2001). Non-adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy predicts progression to AIDS. AIDS (London, England), 15(9), 1181–1183. doi:10.​1097/​00002030-200106150-00015.
Zurück zum Zitat Berger, B. E., Ferrans, C. E., & Lashley, F. R. (2001). Measuring stigma in people with HIV: Psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale. Research in Nursing & Health, 24(6), 518–529. doi:10.1002/nur.10011.CrossRef Berger, B. E., Ferrans, C. E., & Lashley, F. R. (2001). Measuring stigma in people with HIV: Psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale. Research in Nursing & Health, 24(6), 518–529. doi:10.​1002/​nur.​10011.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cepeda-Benito, A., & Gleaves, D. H. (2000). Cross-ethnic equivalence of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-21 in European American, African American, and Latino college students. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6(3), 297–308. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.6.3.297.CrossRef Cepeda-Benito, A., & Gleaves, D. H. (2000). Cross-ethnic equivalence of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-21 in European American, African American, and Latino college students. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6(3), 297–308. doi:10.​1037/​1099-9809.​6.​3.​297.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Clayson, D. J., Wild, D. J., Quarterman, P., Duprat-Lomon, I., Kubin, M., & Coons, S. J. (2006). A comparative review of health-related quality-of-life measures for use in HIV/AIDS clinical trials. PharmacoEconomics, 24, 751–765. doi:10.2165/00019053-200624080-00003.CrossRefPubMed Clayson, D. J., Wild, D. J., Quarterman, P., Duprat-Lomon, I., Kubin, M., & Coons, S. J. (2006). A comparative review of health-related quality-of-life measures for use in HIV/AIDS clinical trials. PharmacoEconomics, 24, 751–765. doi:10.​2165/​00019053-200624080-00003.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates. Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates.
Zurück zum Zitat Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., Uhlenhuth, E. H., & Covi, L. (1974a). The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A measure of primary symptom dimensions. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 7, 79–110.PubMed Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., Uhlenhuth, E. H., & Covi, L. (1974a). The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A measure of primary symptom dimensions. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 7, 79–110.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Emlet, C. A. (2006). An examination of the social networks and social isolation in older and younger adults living with HIV/AIDS. Health & Social Work, 31(4), 299–308. Emlet, C. A. (2006). An examination of the social networks and social isolation in older and younger adults living with HIV/AIDS. Health & Social Work, 31(4), 299–308.
Zurück zum Zitat García de Olalla, P., Knobel, H., Carmona, A., Guelar, A., López-Colomés, J. L., & Caylà, J. A. (2002). Impact of adherence and highly active antiretroviral therapy on survival in HIV-infected patients. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 30, 1105–1110. doi:10.1097/00126334-200205010-00014. García de Olalla, P., Knobel, H., Carmona, A., Guelar, A., López-Colomés, J. L., & Caylà, J. A. (2002). Impact of adherence and highly active antiretroviral therapy on survival in HIV-infected patients. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 30, 1105–1110. doi:10.​1097/​00126334-200205010-00014.
Zurück zum Zitat Genberg, B. L., Kawichai, S., Chingono, A., Sendah, M., Chariyalertsak, S., Konda, K. A., et al. (2007). Assessing HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination in developing countries. AIDS and Behavior, 12, 772–780.CrossRefPubMed Genberg, B. L., Kawichai, S., Chingono, A., Sendah, M., Chariyalertsak, S., Konda, K. A., et al. (2007). Assessing HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination in developing countries. AIDS and Behavior, 12, 772–780.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Joseph, J. G., Caumartin, S. M., Tal, M., Kirscht, J. P., Kessler, R. C., Ostrow, D. G., et al. (1990). Psychological functioning in a cohort of gay men at risk for AIDS. A three-year descriptive study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 607–615. doi:10.1097/00005053-199010000-00001.CrossRefPubMed Joseph, J. G., Caumartin, S. M., Tal, M., Kirscht, J. P., Kessler, R. C., Ostrow, D. G., et al. (1990). Psychological functioning in a cohort of gay men at risk for AIDS. A three-year descriptive study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 607–615. doi:10.​1097/​00005053-199010000-00001.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kalichman, S. C., DiMarco, M., Austin, J., Luke, W., & DiFonzo, K. (2003). Stress, social support, and HIV-status disclosure to family and friends among HIV-positive men and women. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26(4), 315–332. doi:10.1023/A:1024252926930.CrossRefPubMed Kalichman, S. C., DiMarco, M., Austin, J., Luke, W., & DiFonzo, K. (2003). Stress, social support, and HIV-status disclosure to family and friends among HIV-positive men and women. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26(4), 315–332. doi:10.​1023/​A:​1024252926930.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Jooste, S., Toefy, Y., Cain, D., Cherry, C., et al. (2005). Development of a brief scale to measure AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. AIDS and Behavior, 9(2), 135–143. doi:10.1007/s10461-005-3895-x.CrossRefPubMed Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Jooste, S., Toefy, Y., Cain, D., Cherry, C., et al. (2005). Development of a brief scale to measure AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. AIDS and Behavior, 9(2), 135–143. doi:10.​1007/​s10461-005-3895-x.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat King, R., Katuntu, D., Lifshay, J., Packel, L., Batamwita, R., Nakayiwa, S., et al. (2008). Processes and outcomes of HIV serostatus disclosure to sexual partners among people living with HIV in Uganda. AIDS and Behavior, 12(2), 232–243. doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9307-7.CrossRefPubMed King, R., Katuntu, D., Lifshay, J., Packel, L., Batamwita, R., Nakayiwa, S., et al. (2008). Processes and outcomes of HIV serostatus disclosure to sexual partners among people living with HIV in Uganda. AIDS and Behavior, 12(2), 232–243. doi:10.​1007/​s10461-007-9307-7.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kumarasamy, N., Safren, S. A., Raminani, S. R., Pickard, R., James, R., Krishnan, A. K., et al. (2005). Barriers and facilitators to antiretroviral medication adherence among patients with HIV in Chennai, India: a qualitative study. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 19(8), 526–537. doi:10.1089/apc.2005.19.526.CrossRefPubMed Kumarasamy, N., Safren, S. A., Raminani, S. R., Pickard, R., James, R., Krishnan, A. K., et al. (2005). Barriers and facilitators to antiretroviral medication adherence among patients with HIV in Chennai, India: a qualitative study. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 19(8), 526–537. doi:10.​1089/​apc.​2005.​19.​526.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lackner, J. B., Joseph, J. G., Ostrow, D. G., & Eshleman, S. (1993). The effects of social support on Hopkins Symptom Checklist-assessed depression and distress in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-positive and -negative gay men. A longitudinal study at six time points. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 632–638. doi:10.1097/00005053-199310000-00010.CrossRefPubMed Lackner, J. B., Joseph, J. G., Ostrow, D. G., & Eshleman, S. (1993). The effects of social support on Hopkins Symptom Checklist-assessed depression and distress in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-positive and -negative gay men. A longitudinal study at six time points. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 632–638. doi:10.​1097/​00005053-199310000-00010.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lange, J. W. (2002). Methodological concerns for non-Hispanic investigators conducting research with Hispanic Americans. Research in Nursing & Health, 25(5), 411–419. doi:10.1002/nur.10049.CrossRef Lange, J. W. (2002). Methodological concerns for non-Hispanic investigators conducting research with Hispanic Americans. Research in Nursing & Health, 25(5), 411–419. doi:10.​1002/​nur.​10049.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Macdonald, G. (1994). Self esteem and the promotion of mental health. In D. Trent & C. Reed (Eds.), Promotion of Mental Health (Vol. 3, pp. 19–20). Avebury: Aldershot. Macdonald, G. (1994). Self esteem and the promotion of mental health. In D. Trent & C. Reed (Eds.), Promotion of Mental Health (Vol. 3, pp. 19–20). Avebury: Aldershot.
Zurück zum Zitat Moth, I. A., Ayayo, A. B., & Kaseje, D. O. (2005). Assessment of utilisation of PMTCT services at Nyanza Provincial Hospital, Kenya. Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance, 2(2), 244–250.PubMed Moth, I. A., Ayayo, A. B., & Kaseje, D. O. (2005). Assessment of utilisation of PMTCT services at Nyanza Provincial Hospital, Kenya. Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance, 2(2), 244–250.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nachega, J. B., Hislop, M., Dowdy, D. W., Lo, M., Omer, S. B., Regensberg, L., et al. (2006). Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy assessed by pharmacy claims predicts survival in HIV-infected South African adults. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 43(1), 78–84. doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000225015.43266.46.CrossRef Nachega, J. B., Hislop, M., Dowdy, D. W., Lo, M., Omer, S. B., Regensberg, L., et al. (2006). Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy assessed by pharmacy claims predicts survival in HIV-infected South African adults. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 43(1), 78–84. doi:10.​1097/​01.​qai.​0000225015.​43266.​46.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Zurück zum Zitat Paterson, D. L., Swindells, S., & Mohr, J. (2000). Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 133(1), 21–30.PubMed Paterson, D. L., Swindells, S., & Mohr, J. (2000). Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 133(1), 21–30.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sabin, C. A., Smith, C. J., Youle, M., Lampe, F. C., Bell, D. R., Puradiredja, D., et al. (2006a). Deaths in the era of HAART: contribution of late presentation, treatment exposure, resistance and abnormal laboratory markers. AIDS (London, England), 20(1), 67–71. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000196178.73174.24. Sabin, C. A., Smith, C. J., Youle, M., Lampe, F. C., Bell, D. R., Puradiredja, D., et al. (2006a). Deaths in the era of HAART: contribution of late presentation, treatment exposure, resistance and abnormal laboratory markers. AIDS (London, England), 20(1), 67–71. doi:10.​1097/​01.​aids.​0000196178.​73174.​24.
Zurück zum Zitat Sabin, M., Lopes Cardozo, B., Nackerud, L., Kaiser, R., & Varese, L. (2003). Factors associated with poor mental health among Guatemalan refugees living in Mexico 20 years after conflict. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(5), 635–642. doi:10.1001/jama.290.5.635.CrossRefPubMed Sabin, M., Lopes Cardozo, B., Nackerud, L., Kaiser, R., & Varese, L. (2003). Factors associated with poor mental health among Guatemalan refugees living in Mexico 20 years after conflict. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(5), 635–642. doi:10.​1001/​jama.​290.​5.​635.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sabin, M., Sabin, K., Kim, H. Y., Vergara, M., & Varese, L. (2006b). The mental health status of Mayan refugees after repatriation to Guatemala. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica, 19(3), 163–171. doi:10.1590/S1020-49892006000300004.PubMed Sabin, M., Sabin, K., Kim, H. Y., Vergara, M., & Varese, L. (2006b). The mental health status of Mayan refugees after repatriation to Guatemala. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica, 19(3), 163–171. doi:10.​1590/​S1020-4989200600030000​4.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sayles, J. N., Hays, R. D., Sarkisian, C. A., Mahajan, A. P., Spritzer, K. L., & Cunningham, W. E. (2008). Development and psychometric assessment of a multidimensional measure of internalized HIV stigma in a sample of HIV-positive adults. AIDS and Behavior, 12, 748–758.CrossRefPubMed Sayles, J. N., Hays, R. D., Sarkisian, C. A., Mahajan, A. P., Spritzer, K. L., & Cunningham, W. E. (2008). Development and psychometric assessment of a multidimensional measure of internalized HIV stigma in a sample of HIV-positive adults. AIDS and Behavior, 12, 748–758.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Stein, J. A., & Li, L. (2007). Measuring HIV-related stigma among chinese service providers: Confirmatory Factor Analysis of a Multidimensional Scale. AIDS and Behavior, 2, 789–795. Stein, J. A., & Li, L. (2007). Measuring HIV-related stigma among chinese service providers: Confirmatory Factor Analysis of a Multidimensional Scale. AIDS and Behavior, 2, 789–795.
Zurück zum Zitat Stringer, J. S., Zulu, I., Levy, J., Stringer, E. M., Mwango, A., Chi, B. H., et al. (2006). Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy at primary care sites in Zambia: feasibility and early outcomes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296(7), 782–793. doi:10.1001/jama.296.7.782.CrossRefPubMed Stringer, J. S., Zulu, I., Levy, J., Stringer, E. M., Mwango, A., Chi, B. H., et al. (2006). Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy at primary care sites in Zambia: feasibility and early outcomes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296(7), 782–793. doi:10.​1001/​jama.​296.​7.​782.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Van Rie, A., Sengupta, S., Pungrassami, P., Balthip, Q., Choonuan, S., Kasetjaroen, Y., et al. (2008). Measuring stigma associated with tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS in southern Thailand: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of two new scales. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 13(1), 21–30. Van Rie, A., Sengupta, S., Pungrassami, P., Balthip, Q., Choonuan, S., Kasetjaroen, Y., et al. (2008). Measuring stigma associated with tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS in southern Thailand: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of two new scales. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 13(1), 21–30.
Zurück zum Zitat Vanable, P. A., Carey, M. P., Blair, D. C., & Littlewood, R. A. (2006). Impact of HIV-related stigma on health behaviors and psychological adjustment among HIV-positive men and women. AIDS and Behavior, 10(5), 473–482. doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9099-1.CrossRefPubMed Vanable, P. A., Carey, M. P., Blair, D. C., & Littlewood, R. A. (2006). Impact of HIV-related stigma on health behaviors and psychological adjustment among HIV-positive men and women. AIDS and Behavior, 10(5), 473–482. doi:10.​1007/​s10461-006-9099-1.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Visser, M. J., Kershaw, T., Makin, J. D., & Forsyth, B. W. (2008). Development of Parallel Scales to measure HIV-related stigma. AIDS and Behavior, 12, 759–771.CrossRefPubMed Visser, M. J., Kershaw, T., Makin, J. D., & Forsyth, B. W. (2008). Development of Parallel Scales to measure HIV-related stigma. AIDS and Behavior, 12, 759–771.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wolfe, W. R., Weiser, S. D., Bangsberg, D. R., Thior, I., Makhema, J. M., Dickinson, D. B., et al. (2006). Effects of HIV-related stigma among an early sample of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Botswana. AIDS Care, 18(8), 931–933. doi:10.1080/09540120500333558.CrossRefPubMed Wolfe, W. R., Weiser, S. D., Bangsberg, D. R., Thior, I., Makhema, J. M., Dickinson, D. B., et al. (2006). Effects of HIV-related stigma among an early sample of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Botswana. AIDS Care, 18(8), 931–933. doi:10.​1080/​0954012050033355​8.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Weiss, J. J., Mulder, C. L., Antoni, M. H., de Vroome, E. M., Garssen, B., & Goodkin, K. (2003). Effects of a supportive-expressive group intervention on long-term psychosocial adjustment in HIV-infected gay men. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 72, 132–140. doi:10.1159/000069732.CrossRefPubMed Weiss, J. J., Mulder, C. L., Antoni, M. H., de Vroome, E. M., Garssen, B., & Goodkin, K. (2003). Effects of a supportive-expressive group intervention on long-term psychosocial adjustment in HIV-infected gay men. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 72, 132–140. doi:10.​1159/​000069732.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wu, A. W., Rubin, H. R., Mathews, W. C., Ware, J. E., Jr, Brysk, L. T., Hardy, W. D., et al. (1991). A health status questionnaire using 30 items from the Medical Outcomes Study. Preliminary validation in persons with early HIV infection. Medical Care, 29, 786–798. doi:10.1097/00005650-199108000-00011.CrossRefPubMed Wu, A. W., Rubin, H. R., Mathews, W. C., Ware, J. E., Jr, Brysk, L. T., Hardy, W. D., et al. (1991). A health status questionnaire using 30 items from the Medical Outcomes Study. Preliminary validation in persons with early HIV infection. Medical Care, 29, 786–798. doi:10.​1097/​00005650-199108000-00011.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wu, A. W., Revicki, D. A., Jacobson, D., & Malitz, F. E. (1997). Evidence for reliability, validity and usefulness of the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV). Quality of Life Research, 6(6), 481–493. doi:10.1023/A:1018451930750.CrossRefPubMed Wu, A. W., Revicki, D. A., Jacobson, D., & Malitz, F. E. (1997). Evidence for reliability, validity and usefulness of the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV). Quality of Life Research, 6(6), 481–493. doi:10.​1023/​A:​1018451930750.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Zelaya, C. E., Sivaram, S., Johnson, S.·C., Srikrishnan, A. K., Solomon, S., & Celentano, D. D. (2007). HIV/AIDS stigma: Reliability and validity of a new measurement instrument in Chennai, India. AIDS and Behavior, 12, 781–788.CrossRefPubMed Zelaya, C. E., Sivaram, S., Johnson, S.·C., Srikrishnan, A. K., Solomon, S., & Celentano, D. D. (2007). HIV/AIDS stigma: Reliability and validity of a new measurement instrument in Chennai, India. AIDS and Behavior, 12, 781–788.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Validation and Abbreviation of an HIV Stigma Scale in an Adult Spanish-Speaking Population in Urban Peru
verfasst von
Molly F. Franke
Maribel Muñoz
Karen Finnegan
Jhon Zeladita
José Luis Sebastian
Jaime N. Bayona
Sonya S. Shin
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2010
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
AIDS and Behavior / Ausgabe 1/2010
Print ISSN: 1090-7165
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3254
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9474-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2010

AIDS and Behavior 1/2010 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

25.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.