1 Introduction
2 Sleep, sleep architecture, and ageing
3 The inter-relationships between sleep duration, testosterone and ageing
3.1 Testosterone and ageing
3.2 Sleep duration, testosterone, and aging
Study | Subjects (n) | Age (yrs.) Mean ± SD; BMI (Kg/m2) Mean ± SD | Study Design | SLEEP OPPORTUNITY | Time of Testosterone Measurement | Results of Testosterone Levels | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CONTROL # Of Days x Hours/day | SLEEP RESTRICTION # Of Days x Hours/day | ||||||||||
Days | Hours | Days | Hours | AM | PM | 24 Hours | |||||
Studies that Assessed Testosterone for 24 Hours | |||||||||||
Liu et al. [40] | 17 M (“young men”) | 24.1 ± 2.9; Median 25 (IQR 22.9–27.5) | Randomized crossover | 1 | 8 2200–0600 | 1 | 0 | Q10 min × 24 Hrs 1800–1800 | ⬇ 0600–0900 | ⬇ 1500–1800 | ⬇ |
18 M (“older men”) | 63.9 ± 4.0; Median 29.5 (IQR 26.4–31.7) | Randomized crossover | 1 | 8 2200–0600 | 1 | 0 | Q10 min × 24 Hrs 1800–1800 | ⬇ 0600–0900 | ⬇ 1500–1800 | ⬇ | |
Leproult and Van Cauter [41] | 10 M | 24.3 ± 4.3; 23.5 ± 2.4 | Fixed order | 3 | 10 2200–0800 | 8 | 5 0030–0530 | Q15-30 min × 24 Hrs 1400–1400 | NR | ⬇ 1400–2200 | ⬇ 0800–2200 |
Dattilo et al. [42] | 10 M Undergoing strenuous exercise | 24.5 ± 2.9; 22.7 ± 2.3 | Randomized crossover | 3 | 8 2300–0700 | 2 | 0 | Q2 Hrs. × 24 Hrs 1900–1900 | NR | NR | ⬌ |
Studies that Assessed Testosterone for less than 24 Hours | |||||||||||
Schmid et al. [43] | 15 M | 27.1 ± 5.0; 22.9 ± 1.2 | Crossover, Balanced order | 2 (Allowed to leave lab 0700–2000) | 8 2245–0700 | 2 (Allowed to leave lab 0700–2000) | 4 0245–0700 | 0740, then Q1 Hrs 0800–2300 | ⬌ | ⬌ | ⬌ |
Schmid et al. [43] | 8 M | 24.5 ± 3.1; | Randomized balanced order, 3-period | 1 | 7 2200–0600 | 1 | 0 | 0700 | ⬇ | NR | NR |
23.7 ± 1.7 | 1 | 7 2200–0600 | 1 | 4.5 2200–0330 | 0700 | ⬇ | NR | NR | |||
Reynolds et al. [44] | 14 M | 27.4 ± 3.8; 23.5 ± 2.9 | Fixed order | 2 | 10 2200–0800 | 5 | 4 0400–0800 | 0900, then Q2 Hrs 1000–2000 | ⬌ | ⬌ | NR |
Lamon et al. [45] | 7 M | 22 ± 1.8; 22.6 ± 4.1 | Randomized crossover | 1 (At home) | 9 2200–0700 | 1 | 0 | 0700, 1000, 1300, 1500 | NR | NR | ⬇ |
6 F | 20 ± 1.3; 20.7 ± 3.2 | NR | NR | ⬌ | |||||||
Amal et al. [46] | 14 M | 31.4 ± 3.9; 24.0 ± 2.0 | Randomized fixed order, crossover | 6 (Last night in-lab) | 8–8.5 2330–0700 “Habitual sleep” | 1 | 0 | 0700, 1700 | ⬇ | ⬌ | NR |
6 (Last night in-lab) | 10 2100–0700 “Habitual sleep” | 1 | 0 | 0700, 1700 | ⬇ | ⬇ | NR | ||||
Sauvet et al. [47] | 16 M | 27.3 ± 5.4; 23.6 ± 0.6 | Fixed order | 1 | 8 2300–0700 | 1 | 0 | 0700 | ⬇ | NR | NR |
Carter et al. [48] | 14 M | 22 ± 1; 25.5 ± NR | Randomized order | 1(at home) (Home actigraphy) | 7.3 ± 0.2 On preceding nights Usual sleep | 1 | 0 | 0730 | ⬇ | NR | NR |
13F | 22 ± 1; 22.8 ± NR | ⬌ | NR | NR | |||||||
Akerstedt et al. [49] | 12 M | NR (Range 19–30); NR | Fixed order | 1 | NR “Habituation night” | 2 | 0 | 0800 | ⬇ | NR | NR |
Smith et al. [50] | 11 M | 36.6 ± 5.6; 24.2 ± 1.1 | Randomized crossover | 5 | 9 2000–0700 | 3–5 | 4 0100–0500 | 0730 | ⬌ | NR | NR |
Jauch-Chara et al. [51] | 10 M | 25.3 ± 4.4; NR (Range 20.7–25) | Balanced order | 1 | ~ 7 1030–0530 | 1 | 0 | 0700 | ⬇ | NR | NR |
4 The inter-relationships between sleep duration, cortisol and ageing
4.1 Cortisol and ageing
4.2 Sleep duration, cortisol and ageing
Study | Subjects (n) | Age (yrs.) Mean ± SD; BMI (Kg/m2) Mean ± SD | Study Design | SLEEP OPPORTUNITY | Cortisol Measurement Frequency and Duration | Results of Cortisol Levels | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CONTROL # Of Days x Hours/day | SLEEP RESTRICTION # Of Days x Hours/day | ||||||||||
Days | Hours | Days | Hours | AM | PM | 24 HR | |||||
Liu et al. [40] | 17 M “Young men” | 24.1 ± 2.9; | Randomized order | 1 | 8 2200–0600 | 1 | 0 | Q10 min × 24 Hrs 1800- 1800 | ⬌ | ⬌ | ⬌ |
Median 25 (IQR 22.9–27.5) | 0600–0900 | 1500–1800 | |||||||||
18 M “Older men” | 63.9 ± 4.0; | Randomized order | 1 | 8 2200–0600 | 1 | 0 | Q10 min × 24 Hrs 1800–1800 | ⬌ | ⬆ | ⬌ | |
Median 29.5 (IQR 26.4–31.7) | 0600–0900 | 1500–1800 | |||||||||
Broussard et al. [78] | 19 M | 23.5 ± 3.1; | Randomized order | 4 | 8.5 2300–0730 | 4 | 4.5 0100–0530 | Q15-30 min × 24 Hrs 2130 – 2130 | NR | ⬆ | NR |
23.4 ± 1.7 | 1900–2130 2300–0100 | ||||||||||
Nedeltcheva et al. [79] | 6 M 5 F | 39 ± 5; | Randomized order | 14 | 8.5 \(\sim\)2315- ~0740 | 14 | 5.5 ~ 0030- ~ 0600 | Q15-30 min × 24 Hrs 2000 – 2000 | ⬌ | ⬆ | ⬌ |
Sedentary | 26.5 ± 1.5 | AM peak Cortisol | 2000–2200 | ||||||||
Leproult and Van Cauter [41] | 10 M | 24.3 ± 4.3; 23.5 ± 2.4 | Fixed order | 3 | 10 2200–0800 | 8 | 5 0030–0530 | Q15-30 min × 24 Hrs 1400 – 1400 | NR | NR | ⬌ |
Vgontzas et al. [80] | 12 M 13 F | M: 25.6 ± 4.1; 24.6 ± 1.5 F: 24.8 ± 3.4; 23.1 ± 2.7 | Fixed order | 4 | 8 2230–0630 | 8 | 6 2230–0430 | Q30 min × 24 Hrs 0800 – 0730 | ⬇ AM peak Cortisol | ⬌ | ⬌ |
Wright et al. [57] | 14 M 3 F | 31.7 ± 6.1; NR | Fixed order | 6 | 8 (Habitual sleep) | 1 | 0 | Q30 min × 24 Hrs 2400 – 2400 | ⬆ \(\sim\)0900–1100 | ⬆ \(\sim\)1300, \(\sim\)1600 | ⬆ |
Pejovic et al. [81] | 16 M 14 F | 24.7 ± 3.5; 23.6 ± 2.4 | Fixed order | 4 | 8 2230–0630 | 6 | 6 2230–0430 | Q1 Hr. × 24 Hrs 0800 –0800 | ⬇ AM peak cortisol | ⬌ | ⬌ |
Ackermann et al. [82] | 12 M | 23 ± 5; NR | Fixed order | 1 | 8 2300–0700 | 1 | 0 | Q1Hr. × 24 Hrs 1200 – 1200 | NR | NR | ⬌ |
Benedict et al. [83] | 14 M | 22.6 ± 3.0; 23.9 ± 1.9 | Randomized balanced order | 1 | 8 2300–630-0700 | 1 | 0 | 1800, 2100, then Q90 min 2400 – 0900, Q60 min 1000 –1300, then 1500 & 1800 | ⬇ 0730 ⬆ 0900 | ⬆ 1200, 1500 | ⬆ |
Axelsson et al. [84] | 9 M | Range 23–28; Range 21–26 | Fixed order | 2 | 8 2300–0700 | 5 | 4 0300–0700 | Q1 Hrs 2300 – 0800, then Q3 Hrs 0800 – 2300 | NR | ⬆ 2000 | ⬌ |
Simpson et al. [9] | 8 M 8 F | 24.9 ± 4.4; 24.8 ± 3.2 | Randomized balanced order | 5 | 8 2300–0700 | 5 | 4 0300–0700 | Q2 Hrs. × 24 Hrs 2330 – 2130 | ⬆ 0730 | ⬌ | NR |
Dattilo et al. [42] | 10 M Undergoing strenuous exercise | 24.5 ± 2.9; 22.7 ± 2.3 | Randomized order | 2 | 8 2300–0700 | 2 | 0 | Q2 Hrs. × 24 Hrs 1900–1900 | NR | NR | ⬆ |