Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports 2/2013

01.06.2013 | The Global Epidemic (Q Abdool Karim, Section Editor)

Use of Antiretrovirals for HIV Prevention: What Do We Know and What Don’t We Know?

verfasst von: Jared M. Baeten, Robert Grant

Erschienen in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports | Ausgabe 2/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), in which HIV uninfected persons with ongoing HIV risk use antiretroviral medications as chemoprophylaxis against sexual HIV acquisition, is a promising new HIV prevention strategy. Proof-of-concept that PrEP, as oral or vaginal topical tenofovir-based products, protects against sexual HIV acquisition has been demonstrated in clinical trials conducted among men who have sex with men and heterosexual men and women. The degree of HIV protection in these trials was strongly related to the level of adherence to PrEP. Many questions are yet unanswered – including how to motivate uptake of and sustain adherence to PrEP for HIV prevention, how much PrEP use is enough to achieve HIV protection, and the potential of “next-generation” PrEP agents to improve on this effective technology.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen MS, Gay C, Kashuba AD, Blower S, Paxton L. Narrative review: antiretroviral therapy to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:591–601.PubMedCrossRef Cohen MS, Gay C, Kashuba AD, Blower S, Paxton L. Narrative review: antiretroviral therapy to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:591–601.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Baeten J, Celum C. Systemic and topical drugs for the prevention of HIV infection: antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis. Annu Rev Med. 2012;27:27. Baeten J, Celum C. Systemic and topical drugs for the prevention of HIV infection: antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis. Annu Rev Med. 2012;27:27.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:493–505. This randomized clinical trial provided definitive evidence that use of antiretroviral treatment by HIV-infected persons reduces the risk of HIV transmission to sexual partner. Use of antiretroviral medications for treatment of HIV infected persons to reduce infectiousness and PrEP for HIV uninfected persons to reduce susceptibility are complementary prevention strategies.PubMedCrossRef •• Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:493–505. This randomized clinical trial provided definitive evidence that use of antiretroviral treatment by HIV-infected persons reduces the risk of HIV transmission to sexual partner. Use of antiretroviral medications for treatment of HIV infected persons to reduce infectiousness and PrEP for HIV uninfected persons to reduce susceptibility are complementary prevention strategies.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Donnell D, Baeten JM, Kiarie J, Thomas KK, Stevens W, et al. Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:2092–8.PubMedCrossRef Donnell D, Baeten JM, Kiarie J, Thomas KK, Stevens W, et al. Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:2092–8.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, Mugo NR, Campbell JD, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:399–410. This randomized clinical trial demonstrated that oral PrEP using daily oral FTC/TDF and daily oral TDF alon, was efficacious for prevention of HIV acquisition in both heterosexual men and women who were in HIV serodiscordant partnerships.PubMedCrossRef •• Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, Mugo NR, Campbell JD, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:399–410. This randomized clinical trial demonstrated that oral PrEP using daily oral FTC/TDF and daily oral TDF alon, was efficacious for prevention of HIV acquisition in both heterosexual men and women who were in HIV serodiscordant partnerships.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu AY, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2587–99. This randomized clincal trial demonstrated that oral PrEP, using daily oral FTC/TDF, was efficacious for prevention of HIV acquisition in men who have sex with men.PubMedCrossRef •• Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu AY, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2587–99. This randomized clincal trial demonstrated that oral PrEP, using daily oral FTC/TDF, was efficacious for prevention of HIV acquisition in men who have sex with men.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Thigpen MC, Kebaabetswe PM, Paxton LA, Smith DK, Rose CE, et al. Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in Botswana. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:423–34. This randomized clinical trial provides additional evidence of the efficacy FTC/TDF PrEP for HIV prevention among heterosexuals.PubMedCrossRef •• Thigpen MC, Kebaabetswe PM, Paxton LA, Smith DK, Rose CE, et al. Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in Botswana. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:423–34. This randomized clinical trial provides additional evidence of the efficacy FTC/TDF PrEP for HIV prevention among heterosexuals.PubMedCrossRef
8.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat UNAIDS/WHO. AIDS Epidemic Update 2009. UNAIDS/WHO. AIDS Epidemic Update 2009.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Pettifor AE, Rees HV, Kleinschmidt I, Steffenson AE, MacPhail C, et al. Young people's sexual health in South Africa: HIV prevalence and sexual behaviors from a nationally representative household survey. AIDS. 2005;19:1525–34.PubMedCrossRef Pettifor AE, Rees HV, Kleinschmidt I, Steffenson AE, MacPhail C, et al. Young people's sexual health in South Africa: HIV prevalence and sexual behaviors from a nationally representative household survey. AIDS. 2005;19:1525–34.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunkle KL, Stephenson R, Karita E, Chomba E, Kayitenkore K, et al. New heterosexually transmitted HIV infections in married or cohabitating couples in urban Zambia and Rwanda: an analysis of survey and clinical data. Lancet. 2008;371:2183–91.PubMedCrossRef Dunkle KL, Stephenson R, Karita E, Chomba E, Kayitenkore K, et al. New heterosexually transmitted HIV infections in married or cohabitating couples in urban Zambia and Rwanda: an analysis of survey and clinical data. Lancet. 2008;371:2183–91.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Curran K, Baeten JM, Coates TJ, Kurth A, Mugo NR, Celum C. HIV-1 prevention for HIV-1 serodiscordant couples. Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 2012;9:160–70.PubMedCrossRef Curran K, Baeten JM, Coates TJ, Kurth A, Mugo NR, Celum C. HIV-1 prevention for HIV-1 serodiscordant couples. Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 2012;9:160–70.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Baral S, Sifakis F, Cleghorn F, Beyrer C. Elevated risk for HIV infection among men who have sex with men in low- and middle-income countries 2000–2006: a systematic review. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e339.PubMedCrossRef Baral S, Sifakis F, Cleghorn F, Beyrer C. Elevated risk for HIV infection among men who have sex with men in low- and middle-income countries 2000–2006: a systematic review. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e339.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumwenda NI, Hoover DR, Mofenson LM, Thigpen MC, Kafulafula G, et al. Extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to reduce breast-milk HIV-1 transmission. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:119–29.PubMedCrossRef Kumwenda NI, Hoover DR, Mofenson LM, Thigpen MC, Kafulafula G, et al. Extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to reduce breast-milk HIV-1 transmission. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:119–29.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Mofenson LM. Protecting the next generation–eliminating perinatal HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:2316–8.PubMedCrossRef Mofenson LM. Protecting the next generation–eliminating perinatal HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:2316–8.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, Kiselev P, Scott G, et al. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1173–80.PubMedCrossRef Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, Kiselev P, Scott G, et al. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1173–80.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T, Bagenda D, Allen M, et al. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;354:795–802.PubMed Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T, Bagenda D, Allen M, et al. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;354:795–802.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Garcia-Lerma JG, Otten RA, Qari SH, Jackson E, Cong ME, et al. Prevention of rectal SHIV transmission in macaques by daily or intermittent prophylaxis with emtricitabine and tenofovir. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e28.PubMedCrossRef Garcia-Lerma JG, Otten RA, Qari SH, Jackson E, Cong ME, et al. Prevention of rectal SHIV transmission in macaques by daily or intermittent prophylaxis with emtricitabine and tenofovir. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e28.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsai CC, Follis KE, Sabo A, Beck TW, Grant RF, et al. Prevention of SIV infection in macaques by (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine. Science. 1995;270:1197–9.PubMedCrossRef Tsai CC, Follis KE, Sabo A, Beck TW, Grant RF, et al. Prevention of SIV infection in macaques by (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine. Science. 1995;270:1197–9.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Garcia-Lerma JG, Cong ME, Mitchell J, Youngpairoj AS, Zheng Q, et al. Intermittent prophylaxis with oral truvada protects macaques from rectal SHIV infection. Sci Transl Med. 2010;2:14ra4.PubMedCrossRef Garcia-Lerma JG, Cong ME, Mitchell J, Youngpairoj AS, Zheng Q, et al. Intermittent prophylaxis with oral truvada protects macaques from rectal SHIV infection. Sci Transl Med. 2010;2:14ra4.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Parikh UM, Dobard C, Sharma S, Cong ME, Jia H, et al. Complete protection from repeated vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus exposures in macaques by a topical gel containing tenofovir alone or with emtricitabine. J Virol. 2009;83:10358–65.PubMedCrossRef Parikh UM, Dobard C, Sharma S, Cong ME, Jia H, et al. Complete protection from repeated vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus exposures in macaques by a topical gel containing tenofovir alone or with emtricitabine. J Virol. 2009;83:10358–65.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Subbarao S, Otten RA, Ramos A, Kim C, Jackson E, et al. Chemoprophylaxis with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate provided partial protection against infection with simian human immunodeficiency virus in macaques given multiple virus challenges. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:904–11.PubMedCrossRef Subbarao S, Otten RA, Ramos A, Kim C, Jackson E, et al. Chemoprophylaxis with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate provided partial protection against infection with simian human immunodeficiency virus in macaques given multiple virus challenges. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:904–11.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat • Hendrix CW. The clinical pharmacology of antiretrovirals for HIV prevention. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2012;7:498–504. This recent article comprehensively reviews the clinical pharmacology of PrEP for HIV prevention.PubMedCrossRef • Hendrix CW. The clinical pharmacology of antiretrovirals for HIV prevention. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2012;7:498–504. This recent article comprehensively reviews the clinical pharmacology of PrEP for HIV prevention.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Kashuba AD, Patterson KB, Dumond JB, Cohen MS. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: how to predict success. Lancet. 2011;6:6. Kashuba AD, Patterson KB, Dumond JB, Cohen MS. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: how to predict success. Lancet. 2011;6:6.
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Patterson KB, Prince HA, Kraft E, Jenkins AJ, Shaheen NJ, et al. Penetration of tenofovir and emtricitabine in mucosal tissues: implications for prevention of HIV-1 transmission. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3:112re4.PubMedCrossRef Patterson KB, Prince HA, Kraft E, Jenkins AJ, Shaheen NJ, et al. Penetration of tenofovir and emtricitabine in mucosal tissues: implications for prevention of HIV-1 transmission. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3:112re4.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat • Abdool Karim SS, Kashuba AD, Werner L, Abdool Karim QA. Drug concentrations after topical and oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis: implications for HIV prevention in women. Lancet. 2011;378:279–81. This report details the relationship between tenofovir exposure and HIV protection in the CAPRISA 004 study.CrossRef • Abdool Karim SS, Kashuba AD, Werner L, Abdool Karim QA. Drug concentrations after topical and oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis: implications for HIV prevention in women. Lancet. 2011;378:279–81. This report details the relationship between tenofovir exposure and HIV protection in the CAPRISA 004 study.CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, Frohlich JA, Grobler AC, Baxter C, et al. Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Science. 2010;329:1168–74. This randomized clinical trial demonstrated that 1 % tenofovir vaginal gel, when used with coitus, reduced HIV risk in South African women.PubMedCrossRef •• Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, Frohlich JA, Grobler AC, Baxter C, et al. Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Science. 2010;329:1168–74. This randomized clinical trial demonstrated that 1 % tenofovir vaginal gel, when used with coitus, reduced HIV risk in South African women.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Stein ZA. HIV prevention: the need for methods women can use. Am J Public Health. 1990;80:460–2.PubMedCrossRef Stein ZA. HIV prevention: the need for methods women can use. Am J Public Health. 1990;80:460–2.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Mujugira A, Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, Mugo NR, et al. Characteristics of HIV-1 serodiscordant couples enrolled in a clinical trial of antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25828.PubMedCrossRef Mujugira A, Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, Mugo NR, et al. Characteristics of HIV-1 serodiscordant couples enrolled in a clinical trial of antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25828.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat • Karim SS, Karim QA. Antiretroviral prophylaxis: a defining moment in HIV control. Lancet. 2011;378:e23–5. This commentary succinctly presents the importance of PrEP trials for HIV prevention.PubMedCrossRef • Karim SS, Karim QA. Antiretroviral prophylaxis: a defining moment in HIV control. Lancet. 2011;378:e23–5. This commentary succinctly presents the importance of PrEP trials for HIV prevention.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat • van der Straten A, Van Damme L, Haberer JE, Bangsberg DR. Unraveling the divergent results of pre-exposure prophylaxis trials for HIV prevention. AIDS. 2012;26:F13–9. This review article summarizes possible hypotheses for divergent PrEP trial results.PubMedCrossRef • van der Straten A, Van Damme L, Haberer JE, Bangsberg DR. Unraveling the divergent results of pre-exposure prophylaxis trials for HIV prevention. AIDS. 2012;26:F13–9. This review article summarizes possible hypotheses for divergent PrEP trial results.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Van Damme L, Corneli A, Ahmed K, Agot K, Lombaard J, et al. Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:411–22. This randomized clinical trial among women from Kenya, South Africa, and Tanzania failed to demonstration HIV protection using emtricitabine/tenofovir oral PrEP, likely as a result of low PrEP use.PubMedCrossRef •• Van Damme L, Corneli A, Ahmed K, Agot K, Lombaard J, et al. Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:411–22. This randomized clinical trial among women from Kenya, South Africa, and Tanzania failed to demonstration HIV protection using emtricitabine/tenofovir oral PrEP, likely as a result of low PrEP use.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin M, Vanichseni S, Suntharasamai P, Sangkum U, Chuachoowong R, et al. Enrollment characteristics and risk behaviors of injection drug users participating in the Bangkok Tenofovir Study, Thailand. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25127.PubMedCrossRef Martin M, Vanichseni S, Suntharasamai P, Sangkum U, Chuachoowong R, et al. Enrollment characteristics and risk behaviors of injection drug users participating in the Bangkok Tenofovir Study, Thailand. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25127.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat • Anderson PL, Glidden DV, Liu A, Buchbinder S, Lama JR, et al. Emtricitabine-tenofovir concentrations and pre-exposure prophylaxis efficacy in men who have sex with men. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4:151ra25. This recent article details the relationship between PrEP blood concentrations and HIV protection in the iPrEx study.CrossRef • Anderson PL, Glidden DV, Liu A, Buchbinder S, Lama JR, et al. Emtricitabine-tenofovir concentrations and pre-exposure prophylaxis efficacy in men who have sex with men. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4:151ra25. This recent article details the relationship between PrEP blood concentrations and HIV protection in the iPrEx study.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Bangsberg D, Haberer J, Psaros C, Baeten J, Katabira E, et al. High adherence and high effectiveness observed in HIV discordant couples: Partners PrEP Study, adherence monitoring and counseling substudy. Proc. 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), Seattle, WA, 2012:Abstract 1067. Bangsberg D, Haberer J, Psaros C, Baeten J, Katabira E, et al. High adherence and high effectiveness observed in HIV discordant couples: Partners PrEP Study, adherence monitoring and counseling substudy. Proc. 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), Seattle, WA, 2012:Abstract 1067.
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Donnell D, Baeten J, Hendrix C, Bumpus N, Bangsberg D, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug levels indicate PrEP use is strongly correlated with HIV-1 protective effects: Kenya and Uganda. Proc. 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), Seattle, WA, 2012:Abstract 30. Donnell D, Baeten J, Hendrix C, Bumpus N, Bangsberg D, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug levels indicate PrEP use is strongly correlated with HIV-1 protective effects: Kenya and Uganda. Proc. 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), Seattle, WA, 2012:Abstract 30.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu A, Vittinghoff E, Irby R, Mulligan K, Sellmeyer D, et al. BMD loss in HIV– men participating in a TDF PrEP clinical trial in San Francisco. Proc. 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), Boston, MA, 2011:Abstract 93. Liu A, Vittinghoff E, Irby R, Mulligan K, Sellmeyer D, et al. BMD loss in HIV– men participating in a TDF PrEP clinical trial in San Francisco. Proc. 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), Boston, MA, 2011:Abstract 93.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Mugo N, Celum C, Donnell D, Campbell J, Bukusi E, et al. Pregnancy incidence and birth outcomes in a clinical trial of PrEP: Uganda and Kenya. Proc. 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, USA, 5–8 March 2012:Abstract 1060. Mugo N, Celum C, Donnell D, Campbell J, Bukusi E, et al. Pregnancy incidence and birth outcomes in a clinical trial of PrEP: Uganda and Kenya. Proc. 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, USA, 5–8 March 2012:Abstract 1060.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson P, Meditz A, Zheng J-H, Predhomme J, Klein B, et al. Cellular pharmacology of tenofovir and emtricitabine in blood, rectal, and cervical cells from HIV– volunteers. Proc. 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), Seattle, WA, 2012:Abstract 587. Anderson P, Meditz A, Zheng J-H, Predhomme J, Klein B, et al. Cellular pharmacology of tenofovir and emtricitabine in blood, rectal, and cervical cells from HIV– volunteers. Proc. 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), Seattle, WA, 2012:Abstract 587.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat • Amico KR. Adherence to preexposure chemoprophylaxis: the behavioral bridge from efficacy to effectiveness. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2012;7:542–8. This review article addresses key challenges in adherence to PrEP.PubMedCrossRef • Amico KR. Adherence to preexposure chemoprophylaxis: the behavioral bridge from efficacy to effectiveness. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2012;7:542–8. This review article addresses key challenges in adherence to PrEP.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Matthews LT, Baeten JM, Celum C, Bangsberg DR. Periconception pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV transmission: benefits, risks, and challenges to implementation. AIDS. 2010;24:1975–82.PubMedCrossRef Matthews LT, Baeten JM, Celum C, Bangsberg DR. Periconception pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV transmission: benefits, risks, and challenges to implementation. AIDS. 2010;24:1975–82.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Mutua G, Sanders E, Mugo P, Anzala O, Haberer JE, et al. Safety and adherence to intermittent pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV-1 in African men who have sex with men and female sex workers. PLoS One. 2012;7:e33103.PubMedCrossRef Mutua G, Sanders E, Mugo P, Anzala O, Haberer JE, et al. Safety and adherence to intermittent pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV-1 in African men who have sex with men and female sex workers. PLoS One. 2012;7:e33103.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat • World Health Organization. Guidance on pre-exposure oral prophylaxis (PrEP) for serodiscordant couples, men and transgender women who have sex with men at high risk of HIV: recommendation for use in the context of demonstration projects, World Health Organization, Geneva. 2012. WHO guidance on next steps for implementing PrEP for HIV prevention. • World Health Organization. Guidance on pre-exposure oral prophylaxis (PrEP) for serodiscordant couples, men and transgender women who have sex with men at high risk of HIV: recommendation for use in the context of demonstration projects, World Health Organization, Geneva. 2012. WHO guidance on next steps for implementing PrEP for HIV prevention.
50.
Zurück zum Zitat • Interim guidance for clinicians considering the use of preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in heterosexually active adults. MMWR. 2012;61:586–9. US CDC guidance on prescribing PrEP for HIV prevention in heterosexuals. • Interim guidance for clinicians considering the use of preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in heterosexually active adults. MMWR. 2012;61:586–9. US CDC guidance on prescribing PrEP for HIV prevention in heterosexuals.
51.
Zurück zum Zitat • Interim guidance: preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. MMWR. 2011;60:65–8. US CDC guidance on prescribing PrEP for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. • Interim guidance: preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. MMWR. 2011;60:65–8. US CDC guidance on prescribing PrEP for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Hallett TB, Baeten JM, Heffron R, Barnabas R, de Bruyn G, et al. Optimal uses of antiretrovirals for prevention in HIV-1 serodiscordant heterosexual couples in South Africa: a modelling study. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1001123.PubMedCrossRef Hallett TB, Baeten JM, Heffron R, Barnabas R, de Bruyn G, et al. Optimal uses of antiretrovirals for prevention in HIV-1 serodiscordant heterosexual couples in South Africa: a modelling study. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1001123.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Juusola JL, Brandeau ML, Owens DK, Bendavid E. The cost-effectiveness of preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in the United States in men who have sex with men. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:541–50.PubMedCrossRef Juusola JL, Brandeau ML, Owens DK, Bendavid E. The cost-effectiveness of preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in the United States in men who have sex with men. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:541–50.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Walensky RP, Park JE, Wood R, Freedberg KA, Scott CA, et al. The cost-effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection in South African women. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1504–13.PubMedCrossRef Walensky RP, Park JE, Wood R, Freedberg KA, Scott CA, et al. The cost-effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection in South African women. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1504–13.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Karim SS, Kashuba AD, Werner L, Karim QA. Drug concentrations after topical and oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis: implications for HIV prevention in women. Lancet. 2011;378:279–81.PubMedCrossRef Karim SS, Kashuba AD, Werner L, Karim QA. Drug concentrations after topical and oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis: implications for HIV prevention in women. Lancet. 2011;378:279–81.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Use of Antiretrovirals for HIV Prevention: What Do We Know and What Don’t We Know?
verfasst von
Jared M. Baeten
Robert Grant
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2013
Verlag
Current Science Inc.
Erschienen in
Current HIV/AIDS Reports / Ausgabe 2/2013
Print ISSN: 1548-3568
Elektronische ISSN: 1548-3576
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-013-0157-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2013

Current HIV/AIDS Reports 2/2013 Zur Ausgabe

The Global Epidemic (Q Abdool Karim, Section Editor)

Overview of the Current State of the Epidemic

The Global Epidemic (Q Abdool Karim, Section Editor)

Reducing HIV and AIDS in Adolescents: Opportunities and Challenges

The Global Epidemic (Q Abdool Karim, Section Editor)

Antiretroviral Therapy for Prevention Is a Combination Strategy

The Global Epidemic (Q Abdool Karim, Section Editor)

Addressing Injecting Drug Use in Asia and Eastern Europe

The Global Epidemic (Q Abdool Karim, Section Editor)

HIV Testing: Current Practice and Future Directions

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Alphablocker schützt vor Miktionsproblemen nach der Biopsie

16.05.2024 alpha-1-Rezeptorantagonisten Nachrichten

Nach einer Prostatabiopsie treten häufig Probleme beim Wasserlassen auf. Ob sich das durch den periinterventionellen Einsatz von Alphablockern verhindern lässt, haben australische Mediziner im Zuge einer Metaanalyse untersucht.

Eingreifen von Umstehenden rettet vor Erstickungstod!

15.05.2024 Fremdkörperaspiration Nachrichten

Wer sich an einem Essensrest verschluckt und um Luft ringt, benötigt vor allem rasche Hilfe. Dass Umstehende nur in jedem zweiten Erstickungsnotfall bereit waren, diese zu leisten, ist das ernüchternde Ergebnis einer Beobachtungsstudie aus Japan. Doch es gibt auch eine gute Nachricht.

Neue S3-Leitlinie zur unkomplizierten Zystitis: Auf Antibiotika verzichten?

15.05.2024 Harnwegsinfektionen Nachrichten

Welche Antibiotika darf man bei unkomplizierter Zystitis verwenden und wovon sollte man die Finger lassen? Welche pflanzlichen Präparate können helfen? Was taugt der zugelassene Impfstoff? Antworten vom Koordinator der frisch überarbeiteten S3-Leitlinie, Prof. Florian Wagenlehner.

Schadet Ärger den Gefäßen?

14.05.2024 Arteriosklerose Nachrichten

In einer Studie aus New York wirkte sich Ärger kurzfristig deutlich negativ auf die Endothelfunktion gesunder Probanden aus. Möglicherweise hat dies Einfluss auf die kardiovaskuläre Gesundheit.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.